Cermet ncomo amazinyo ngaphambili. Ama kokuya: iifoto, iindleko

Akukho mntu ongakhathaliyo ngenkangeleko yakhe. Kwinkcukacha ebalulekileyo echaphazela umtsalane - imeko kwisisu ngomlomo, kwaye kanye amazinyo ngaphambili.

Xa kunjalo, xa uneengxaki zamazinyo, kufuneka uqhagamshelane specialist efanelekileyo. Bamazinyo eMoscow, eSt Petersburg, Rostov kunye nezinye izixeko zelizwe lethu kuyafikeleleka kakhulu. Thina nje kufuneka ukhethe indlela ekhethwayo akho onyango. Enye kakhulu ophezulu ezikumgangatho kunye nefikelelekayo kakhulu Iintlobo zokwenziwa kukho cermet (amazinyo ngaphambili), uhlaziyo ezishiya Akukho mathandabuzo kwi ukhetho.

Makhe sihlolisise le nkqubo zolwimi ngokunzulu.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo

oogqirha bamazinyo abaninzi zokwenziwa amazinyo isakhiwo yonakele isetyenziswa, kuqulethe isiseko sisinyithi ilandwa apho ukutyabeka okhethekileyo. Lena cermet. Iifoto iziphumo zolu hlobo afakelweyo lilapha ngezantsi. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ngezithsaba, lokuvelisa ngazo aba okanye ezinye aluminium zisetyenziswa.

Ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nazo zonke iimfuno, zitho cermet eyenziweyo aluminiyamu chromium-based kunye ayibe okanye nickel. Kwiimeko ezikhethekileyo, njengaxa iminqweno lobuqu yesigulane, ingasetyenziswa imidibaniso ezahlukeneyo amatye anqabileyo ye platinum negolide. Hi ndlela leyi, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwenza kube lula ukuphumeza ukufana ubuninzi kunye amazinyo enempilo.

Nangona kunjalo, ezi ndlela kuchaphazela kakhulu kangakanani kubiza cermet ekugqibeleni, njengoko mali lokugqibela ibandakanya kungekuphela Kuthe kanti umvuzo, kodwa iindleko zokwakha.

Ngaphandle koku, asimele sibe ayeke kwi iinketho cheap kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba iziphumo zokugqibela ziya kuxhomekeka ubuhle kokuqaqamba bebukeka uncumo lwakho. Cermet, intengo asezantsi kwaye ke umgangatho nakakhulu, kuya kuba ngombala owahlukileyo ukusuka ezinye kwamazinyo eziya ukongeza ukuba uyolo lokubona ukubonakaliswa yakhe esipilini.

iimpawu zokwenziwa

, Siya kugxininisa ezinye iinkalo eziya kuba nomdla phambi kokugqithela inkcazo macala ezilungileyo nezingalunganga ezi zitho zesinyithi sintered, kwakunye ukuba ibali yokuqhuba ngayo le nkqubo.

1. Ngenxa yokuba ngexesha incoko ngoncumo ukrozo ngaphambili kwamazinyo usoloko emehlweni, imbonakalo yazo kufuneka ibe egqibeleleyo. Ngenxa yokuba, nangona iindleko eziphezulu, kucetyiswa ukuba wenze aluminiyamu cermet-based equlethe igolide platinum.
   
   iintlobo ze iikhompawundi chromium echazwe ngasentla abe umbala nombala, ngenxa yokuba wadibana kunye afakelweyo wokukhanya onamandla (umzekelo, ngosuku zasehlotyeni sunny) cermet abe nombala eziliqela nemvelo.
   
   Ukongeza, kukho amathuba lifathul ngaphantsi koko iye gum izihlunu, njengoko lwezi methali, phofu ecothayo-, kodwa oxidized. Kakade ke, kusenokwenzeka ukuba indawo chromium ngenxa titanium, kuba akukho usabela mpilo. Noko ke, umbala wayo ishiya kangako.
   
   Kwakhona Gold unalo n'wina kakhulu umbala zendalo, kuba oko kwamkelekile ukuba zisetyenziswe busebenzisa. The main ethile - ixabiso eliphezulu sokwenziwa Noko ke, leyo, zingqinelana nomgangatho efumaneka.
   
   
2. Le nguqu kakhulu aokusetyenziswa xa cermet isetyenziswa zokwenziwa ababini, abathathu okanye abane phambi-mqolo amazinyo emgceni. Kuqala kwinto zonke, ukusetyenziswa kwebhulorho ivumela phantse umyalelo yobukhulu ukwehlisa iindleko zomsebenzi owenziwayo. Ukongeza, umahluko kunokwenzeka zibe nombala njengeceba egqume ilungu iisoyi kunye lwawo umbala akayi kuba kubonakala xa bethetha, kuba amazinyo lilungu sokwenziwa zicwangciswe symmetrically.
   
   
3. Kufuneka kulawulwe ukuze ukulungiselela amalungu kwisisu ngomlomo kumqolo wangaphambili, ekuveliseni ngexesha kumalungiselelo abo busebenzisa, wenziwa ngokuthobela ngokungqongqo ngeteknoloji kuyimfuneko.

Okokuqala, imiphezulu processing kwicala wengxoxo kwamazinyo wadibana khona imizimba osecaleni (enempilo). Emva koko, le-kuthiwa inkxaso iphedi kunye nomphezulu nkqo (zibonakala kwemiqhele nje elincinane). Kwinqanaba lokugqibela inkxaso ngaphezulu, leyo ngokohlobo umsantsa encinane ngenkankulu olungaveliyo ngaphezu komhlaba gum. Ngoko ke, ngokuzenzekelayo, de kuyimfuneko zokwenziwa ngaphandle depulpation. Eyona yakutshanje Isigaba - unyango komhlaba waza wajika wabuyela ulwimi.

eziluncedo zobuchwepheshe

Ukuba isigulana kuneengxaki amazinyo akhe, ukuba abaphathe isicelo ubugcisa ezahlukeneyo, enye kuphela apho - cermet. Ama ekusebenziseni le ndlela nkulu ukufana Umbala wezakhiwo iisoyi kunye lwawo zendalo. Enempembelelo enkulu kuyafikelelwa xa amazinyo eminzinzi ukuphathwa.

Ngenxa iibhulorho zamazinyo ngentsimbi sintered kunye zitho umbandela esifanayo badla asetyenziswe yonyango kumqolo wangaphambili amazinyo. amazinyo Artificial uya kunika uncumo lwakho nenkangeleko yendalo kunye nomtsalane.

Bamazinyo eMoscow, eSt Petersburg kunye nezinye izixeko zelizwe lethu yenza ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ubuchwepheshe ezichazwe. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, le yokugqibela ukwanazo nezinye eziluncedo ezininzi (leyo uveza review):

• Inika umbala echanekileyo afanayo nezinyo yendalo afakelweyo umthunzi lwawo (oku sele ikhankanyiwe apha ngasentla), nto leyo evumela isiphumo kakhulu esthetic.
• Ukuba usebenzisa kanye le ndlela ukufaka amazinyo (cermet), ixabiso zifumaneka lula, yaye baya kuhlala ixesha elide kakhulu - kangangeminyaka eli-10.
• Imilo lobume ogqityiweyo zamazinyo nge-100% ngokuchanekileyo ephinda isimo izinyo.
• Zitho kunye ibhulorho of cermets bangabi kutshatyalaliswa ngexesha ukusetyenziswa, ube ukuthembeka eliphezulu elide.
• Iindlela yofakelo kunye nezixhobo efunekayo iyafumaneka ezininzi kwiiklinikhi amazinyo.

ezinye bokuqonda

Cermet kwi amazinyo ngaphambili, ncomo apho uninzi lwazo HIV, kwaye ezinye kuneengxaki kakiee. Nazi ezinye zazo:

• Kukho imfuneko yokuba ebizwa ngokuba yi-depulpation abachaphazelekayo amalungu, leyo kunciphisa ngokwemvelo babo nobomi kwaye yehlise kwayo yonke.
• Ngaphambi kokufaka afakelweyo wenza iinkqubo linegunya, balungiselela amazinyo phantsi metallokeramiku: ukulungiswa kwaye utshintsha ubungakanani kwicala ngalinye.
• Xa asetyenziselwa ukunyanga amazinyo cermet, kule meko ngengqondo kufuneka wenziwe kunye nosetyenziso lwezixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu, nto leyo evumela ukuba ecaleni ngokupheleleyo kukuvela negazi lakho.
• Kukho ubungozi kwenkqubo kwiintetho ezikralayo, ukuba bamazinyo, busebenzisa leyo kwenziwa waphula umthetho nkqubo alithathwanga unonophelo kwakubhiyozelwa ngenyameko konke ongase emiselweyo.

Cermet yokufakelwa

Yintoni ubaluleke ukukhankanya apha? Ukuba une amazinyo abolileyo, kukho nolunye uhlobo ukusebenzisa sokwenziwa ezichazwe. Sithetha ngayo ixesha elide ukusebenzisa indlela cermet yokuhlala wokutshiza yokufakelwa pre-lusekiwe. Le ndlela, phakathi kwezinye izinto, likuvumela ukuba ukubuyisela bayo kunye nesidima kwamazinyo sobuKristu xa mali zaneleyo esiqwini bone efunekayo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo.

Kuqala wacinga ukuba ukuba unyango isicelo cermet, sokwenziwa usebenzisa ingxubevange metal ekhethiwe. Ngoku, ke, isetyenziswa kuphela xa kubanjiswene kunye koko iye okhethekileyo itshintsha i ingcambu nezinyo yendalo.

Olu hlobo sokubuyiselwa kubuhle lisetyenziswa iintlobo eziliqela:

• njengoko sokwenziwa nenye ibekwe kwi ingcambu eyenziweyo;
• ibhulorho ziqulathe nobuninzi ziikhowudi (inani kubo, ke, mayingagqithi iziqwenga 5);
• sokwenziwa, nabanako lula zisuswe xa kuyimfuneko.

Umbuzo ophakamayo, kutheni implants it efakwe spray cermet. Into yokuba ukusebenzisa kuphela oku izinto ezintsha ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kweengcambu izinyo ngumntu kunzima kakhulu: oko ngokulula zitshatyalaliswe yaye ukuba crumbled emlonyeni. Kodwa uvelisa isiphumo ilungileyo nobuhle, kuba ngawo noku.

Ngoko ke udale olu dibaniso evumela ukufikelela amandla eyimfuneko ndikunike encumile "Hollywood" Malukhanye ngokunjalo.

Zokuqala isigaba Lokulinganisa

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka ngqo afakelweyo zokukhusela phantsi cermets amazinyo kufuneka ilungiswe ngenyameko. Ezi ziganeko zilandelayo zibanjwa ngexesha kutyelelo lokuqala ukuya yincutshe.

1. iimviwo X-ray. Lo mfanekiso ubonisa wamazinyo nangoko ibhaqa amanxeba ukudumba, kwakunye neenkqubo ezingalunganga kunokwenzeka entsimini, ngaphambili alunyangwanga. Zonke izifo ezikhoyo kufuneka kuvalwe xa ukhetha le ndlela ukufaka amazinyo (cermet, apho ixabiso ayibandakanyi iinkqubo preliminary, ekhwele kuphela umzimba usempilweni ngokupheleleyo).
2. Ngelo wokulungiselela eqongeni, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kufuneka isonjululwe umba isicelo kumqukumbelo weBhayibhile ebizwa ngokuba copings. ukusetyenziswa kwayo iyaboniswa xa wamazinyo wafumana intshabalalo ebalulekileyo izinyo yomguli. Kubini amatyala abanaluncedo emzimbeni ukugcwala umiselwe pin ohambelana (ngaphandle imihlathi).
3. Depulpatsiya. Le nkqubo kubangelwa yindlela isithsaba wamazinyo ziya ifakelwe. Reviews kule nkqubo iyohluka, ngokuxhomekeke ekliniki, apho kubanjwe Prosthetic. Okwangoku, kukho iindlela ezivumela ukuba ukuseka isithsaba izinyo kunye luvo.

iinkqubo Ukuvala

Kamva ukuzakhela cermet. Ubomi inkonzo afakelweyo ogqityiweyo kuxhomekeka kumgangatho zonke iinkqubo ezinkulu. Ezi ziquka iinkqubo ezinjalo.

1. Babetha onke amalungu eyimfuneko kwisisu ngomlomo. Ukususela umgangatho kule nkqubo kuxhomekeke ngqo kwinani eminyaka adlulileyo apho bahlala efakiweyo cermet. Amafoto ukulungisa amazinyo thaca kweli nqaku.
2. Ukwenza sokwenziwa (othwesa ngezithsaba). Oveliswa bokuba mveliso ezizodwa. Isiseko likhanyisa ethathwe kwangaphambili wenza wamazinyo okhethekileyo, nto leyo ezikhethiweyo cermet amazinyo ngaphambili. Uphengululo (HIV okanye negative) loMthetho umgangatho womsebenzi owenziwa zizakuxhomekeka kwindlela ngokuchanekileyo iisampuli afakelweyo isusiwe.
3. Ngexesha phakathi kwendalo bahle, ukufakela afakelweyo (ukuze kukhuselwe izinyo baphathwa) imise apha isithsaba yethutyana, eyenziwe ngeplastiki. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, it ikuvumela ukuba ugcine bayo emlonyeni xa bethetha.
4. Ukongeza kwiincwadi, ukukhethwa ngenyameko kuxhomekeke yokuhlikihla sokwenziwa ogqityiweyo. Kubhaliwe ekhethiweyo ngabanye kunye nombala beziza izinyo lwawo. Cermet, apho ixabiso ibaluleke ngakumbi, ivumela ukuchaneka eliphezulu lokuyivelisa zonke semitones eziyimfuneko.
5. Ngaphambi kokuba nokusebenzisa umaleko ukutyabeka sokugqibela onesiphumo ofanelekayo isithsaba. Oku kukuvumela ukuba wenze uhlengahlengiso eyongezelelweyo ubukhulu afakelweyo.
6. Emva kokuba sigaba hlengiso lokugqibela kuza ekutshintsheni Injengokubengezela.
7. Nokukhusela amazinyo kwi ndawo kwenziwa kuzo yokuncamathelisa ezizodwa, usisiqinisekiso eqwalasele oluthembekileyo isakhiwo ogqityiweyo em- ngomlomo.

Ifakela cermet ngaphandle depulpation

Okwangoku ukwabiwa ezizodwa zifumaneka iteknoloji ukuseka PFM isithsaba nezinyo ethe obala ingcambu lomsele.

Le nkqubo ixesha elide ngakumbi, kodwa ezinye iingenelo phezu busebenzisa njengesiqhelo.

1. A umzimba ophilayo (oko kukuthi izinyo, leyo yokuwasindisa luvo) iphezulu kakhulu depulpirovannogo esemgangathweni. Last emva kwexesha elithile uba krobo kakhulu. Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva umzimba ke baphathwe lowanyathela nesigubungelo metallokeramikoy.Vo zakhe ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba iingcali phambi kokuba afakelweyo lifakwa amazinyo baphathwa ke, nezikhonkwane zonke izinto ezahlukeneyo. Le nkqubo kubonisiwe kwiimeko ezininzi, ngaphandle amazinyo ngomva zokufakelwa enkulu (imihlathi). Isixa kwethambo kuzo, ngoko ke likuvumela ukuba yanxitywa ngokunqabisekileyo zitho.
2. Yezinyo, umgcini-luvo, ukuxhathisa ngcono imiphumela emibi kokusingqongileyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa imizimba ezinjalo kakhulu kunqabile ukuxilongwa yidityaniso.
3. Ukuba ukuvala inkqubo depulpatsii, iindleko ucutho angoozenzele. Emva kokuba Umgaqo qualitative ukulahla izinyo-luvo kufuna ngeendleko omkhulu. Ngaphezu koko, engahlawulwanga umsebenzi ukumisela isikhonkwane lwangaphakathi, ekubeni isithsaba wentsimbi nenxitywa ngaphandle kwayo.
4. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, le hlobo afakelweyo ikuvumela ukuba nigcine mgaqo uphambili amayeza, "Musa umonakalo omkhulu."
5. Igcina luvo ikuvumela ukuba akathathi umgaqo ukuyilungisa, eneneni ayibuyise umzimba babulala akwenzeki.

Features sokwenziwa ngaphandle depulpation

Izinto eziluncedo ze-ndlela zisekuhleni kanye, kodwa Prosthetic ezinxulumene kunye neengxaki ezithile. Cinga ezinye iimpawu ezikhethekileyo.

1. Pre-unyango lwenziwa ukusetyenziswa oluninzi ulwelo. Umsebenzi wenziwa kancinci kunye iziphazamiso embalwa, kunye Ukubulawa lendawo. Oku kwenziwa ukuze ukuveza luvo izinyo boniswa lobushushu eliphezulu. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukuba bagcine ezi mfuno zilandelayo:
   
   ● sebenzisa isixhobo tip okhethekileyo;
   ● Ihlathi ngokuba unyango kufuneka entsha kuphela.
   
   Ukuba umphezulu ukusika sele isetyenziswa, ilaphu izinyo akuthinteleki nangoko, apho luvo itshiswa kwaye afe kwiimpembelelo ezibi lwangaphandle.
2. Emva kokuba inkqubo kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa yayisoma special zokhuselo. Kungenjalo, i-luvo angaba ngu ezasulelayo efuna ukususwa kwaso phambi sokwenziwa.
3. Ngqo emva nokulungiswa kwamazinyo, ngethuba leseshoni impatho efanayo, zenziwe kwaye ifakwe zeplastiki isithsaba okwethutyana. Oku kuvumela nje ukugcina bayo omlomo wakho xa bethetha nabanye, kodwa ukudala ukhuseleko ezongezelelweyo luvo.
4. iminqwazi zeplastiki yokhuselo ayinakutshintshwa yi ngodaka ezizodwa eziqulathe amalungiselelo kubola.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba kwakhona ukutsalela ingqalelo yokuba ngengqondo ngaphandle depulpation izinyo ayikwazi kushiywa ngaphandle ukukhusela amalungu baphathwa njengoko kunokubangela iingxaki ezininzi kakhulu ezifuna unyango ezongezelelweyo kwixesha elizayo.

Indlela ephatha izinyo

Xa ufakelo akuthethi ukunika metal-yodongwe afakelweyo depulpation preliminary yayo ukuyivala kufuneka wenziwe kunye kwinqwanqwa setyhula.

Le ndlela ukutya ixesha, izinto zexabiso kunye nezixhobo mihla. Amaxesha amaninzi, iziphumo ze engcono usebenzisa ngemicroscope okanye fiber okhethekileyo.

sokwenziwa Care

On uya elide kakuhle ngayo nendlela ebekwe-metal zitho lwamazinyo, kuyichaphazela kakhulu intshukumo oluchanekileyo ukuze anyamekele kubo.

Le nkqubo ilula kwaye kakhulu ezahlukene kuwe wathabatha angathini na ukuphatha umntwana amazinyo akhe.

Iimpawu izithsaba metal kwi amazinyo ngaphambili kubavumela ukuba idle ukutya ngaphandle nezithintelo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ukucoca amazinyo kusasa nangokuhlwa, esebenzisa toothpastes ukuba akukho iimpawu esirhabaxa. Ukuze kukuphelisa iintsalela ukutya exabileyo phakathi afakelweyo, kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe FLOSS okhethekileyo.

Ukongeza, emva kwesidlo sakusasa, sasemini, iti kwemini, okulula, dinners nezinye izidlo kufuneka pula umlomo yikhompawundi ekhethekileyo okanye amanzi acocekileyo.

Kwezinye iimeko, iingxaki kunokwenzeka ezinxulumene imbonakalo ukudumba kwi intsini. Kubalulekile ukuba iliso kubo yaye ezinxaxhileyo encinane ukuba wamazinyo atyelele ukuseka unobangela bezityholo kunye nonyango olufanelekileyo.

Iimpawu Ezinobungozi ziquka:

• ukopha;
• ayanda;
• nakujoliso olutsha arhabaxa.

Kuba nokuthintela le meko, ungasebenzisa naziphi na iimali ukuba kuthengiswa ezikhemisti.

iingxaki kunokwenzeka

Njengalo naluphi na olunye ungenelelo lonyango ekusebenzeni umzimba womntu, busebenzisa usebenzisa i intsimbi sintered kungabangela iingxaki. Sibala ukuphazamiseka eziphambili wafunyaniswa rhoqo.

1. Ukudumba iintsini. Pathology ezinokubangelwa isithsaba, emisela inkqubo ekucetyiswa ligxojiwe okanye hayi ngxelo ziyangqinelana neemfuno zoMthetho yococeko. Uninzi inkqubo yokukrala lwenzeka kuloo ndawo apho afakelweyo alusebenzi kunempembelelo ebuhlungu kwi inyama ngomlomo. Indlela zokulahla - ukutshintshwa ngokupheleleyo elekhtrons izinyo ngumntu.
2. Cyanosis ye ijwabu seentsini. Ngokwesiqhelo ke umzimba uyiphendula izinto ebuntsimbi ezenza inxenye ukwakhiwa sokwenziwa. Ukongezelela kwimbonakalo unaesthetic, enye umonakalo ezi mpawu zixelwe umzimba izinto.
3. Umahluko phakathi shades phakathi umphezulu esisigxina amazinyo wayesebenzisa umzimba usempilweni. Ukwenzela ukuthintela iimeko ezinjalo iingcali inxaxheba metal-yodongwe kufuneka sithandaze ngenyameko kakhulu ukukhetha umbala nkqubo eziphathekayo.
4. Nembonakalo zeendawana metal ngaphantsi umaleko ceramic. Maxa wambi kwenzeka izigulane abavelisa izinyo elinye angoozenzele. Kwimeko apho indawo ixhomekeke eziliqela olawulo kwisisu zomlomo, akayi kuba ibonakale isiseko unaesthetic kuyo nayiphi na imeko.
5. Kuyaphela kunye neentlungu kwisisu ngomlomo. Amaninzi, umfanekiso lwezonyango enjalo ngokukhawuleza, kunjalo, kunye nezolo, iintlungu elide okanye kakhulu kufuneka uye kugqirha wamazinyo, nto leyo eya kwenza ekufunyanisweni ingxaki kwaye amalungiselelo unyango olufanelekileyo.

Iindleko zokwenziwa

Ngoko ke yintoni na ixabiso ufakelo metal-yodongwe neengqukuva ezibe amazinyo ezimbi. Kuyinto ezahlukeneyo kwaye kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi.

1. Iindleko sokwenziwa ezenziwe ngezinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu Japanese okanye isiJamani usebenzisa i intsila of ayibe kunye chromium kuya kuba engange ngaphantsi kwe 6000 sokwenziwa nganye. Ixabiso le mpahla umsebenzi iziqinisekiso wamazinyo abaqeqeshiweyo.
2. Kwimeko xa kukhetha ndikwenzileyo egameni izinto Russian okanye Belarusian, ixabiso ayidluli kwi engange 4000-4500.
3. Ukuba iziseko amazinyo usebenzisa i intsila yegolide palladium okanye platinum, i nokunyuka kwamaxabiso ukuya 9,000 engange. Ngelo xesha linye ixabiso ngegolide ayifakwanga kwaye ibalwa ngokwahlukeneyo, ngokusekelwe isixa ziphanzile. Xa zizonke, uzimisele kuhlawula 15 000-17 000 sokwenziwa nganye.
4. Iindleko iminqwazi zeplastiki zokhuseleko zisetyenziswa njengendlela okwexeshana nokhuselo ukudumba ngayo amazinyo, ibalwe ngokwahlukileyo kwaye ukusuka engange-800 ukuya 1200.

Nangona iindleko eziphezulu ngathi, ufumana ngokwaneleyo afakelweyo esemgangathweni, leyo Ndokukhonza iminyaka emininzi.

isiphelo

Ubuchule echazwe of afakelweyo yenye yeyona ixhaphakileyo. ixabiso layo ezifumaneka lula, yaye isiphumo kumgangatho nje kuphela, kodwa inkangeleko kakhulu umkholise. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukukhetha specialist, oya kukwenza nokukwenza busebenzisa ukuba avumelane nazo zonke iimfuno. Umphumo iya kuba ezikumgangatho ophezulu cermet kwi amazinyo ngaphambili. Izimvo ngale hlobo unyango angazishiyi naliphi na igumbi ukuze kwamathandabuzo.