Chlorine: chemical uphawu emzimbeni iimpawu

Indalo yeKhlorini ifumaneka urhulumente sukube kwaye kuphela ngohlobo iikhompawundi kunye nezinye iigesi. Xa iimeko elisondele kakhulu, kuba irhasi bako umbala ityhefu zana. Athwala ubunzima ngaphezu emoyeni. It has a livumba elimnandi. chlorine molecule iquka atom ezimbini. Kule meko quiescent akabi, kodwa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu lisebenzisana hydrogen, emva koko ingozi dubulo. Ngenxa yoko, igesi uyakhululwa phosgene. ayityhefu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, nokuba kungomlinganiselo omncinci umoya (0.001 mg 1 DM ³⁾ kungadala ukufa. Uphawu ezingundoqo nonmetal yeKhlorini ithi sinzima phezu komoya kuyo kwaye ke ziya kusoloko kufuphi phantsi ngokohlobo yinkungu bulubhelu eluhlaza.

amanqaku ngembali

Kuba ngqa practice kulo mbandela Kwafunyanwa 1774 K. Shelee g. Ngokudibanisa zehydrochloric acid kunye pyrolusite. Noko ke, kuphela 1810 P. Davy wakwazi ukuchaza ii-chlorine yaye ukumisela ukuba ikhemikali into eyahlukileyo.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba 1772, Dzhozef Pristli wakwazi ukufumana hydrogen chloride - ke yeKhlorini compound kunye hydrogen,, ukuba bazahlule ezi zinto ezimbini yasekhemesti abakwazanga.

abalinganiswa lwemichiza chlorine

Chloro - chemical ielementi iqela ezingundoqo VII zeqela lwezakhi. It agcinwe kwixesha wesithathu, kwaye inani atom 17 (17 protons kwi nucleus). Le nonmetal lovukelo. iileta luchazwa Cl.

It ngummeli ngokuqhelekileyo halogens. Le igesi, ngaphandle umbala, kodwa ebukhali, ivumba elitsarhayo. Ngokwesiqhelo ayityhefu. Zonke halogens liyangxengwa kakuhle emanzini. Phezu ukunxibelelana emoyeni omanzi uqalise ukutshaya.

I engaphandle electron uqwalaselo 3s2Zr5 Cl atom. Ngenxa yoko, xa iikhompawundi kwemichiza imiboniso element amanqanaba igcwala ezi -1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6 no +7. Le covalent ibanga le-atom 0,96Å, radius ionic Cl- 1,83 A, atom electron noFaro ka-3,65 eV, 12,87 eV zenqanaba ionization.

Njengoko sele kutshiwo ngentla apha, yeKhlorini i nonmetal noko esebenzayo ovumela ukudalwa iikhompawundi kunye phantse zonke ezenziwe ngesinyithi (kwezinye iimeko usebenzisa ubushushu okanye ukufuma kancinane bromo) kunye nonmetals. Xa uhlobo olungumgubo idityaniswe kuphela isinyithi kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.

Iqondo lobushushu yokutsha eliphezulu - 2250 ° C. Ekubeni oxygen ekwaziyo zokubumba oxides, hypochlorites, chlorites kunye neekhloreyithi. Zonke ezi zihlanganisi eziqulathe ioksijini, ngaba onokudubula xa kudibene izinto oxidizable. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba oxides yeKhlorini nga nakanjani aphuma ngelixa wemagneziyam nekhloreyiti ziqhume kuphela xa zibethwa naziphi lwabasunguli.

Uphawu neklorin isikhundla kwinkqubo ngamaxesha:

• into elula;
• elinesixhenxe iqela elementi lwezakhi;
• kwikota yesithathu kumqolo wesithathu;
• Iqela wesixhenxe iqela engundoqo;
• Inombolo atomic 17;
• kubonisa uphawu Cl;
• izidubuli nonmetal;
• liqela halogen;
• kwiimeko elisondele kakhulu, kuba irhasi enetyhefu umbala bulubhelu eliluhlaza kunye ivumba elitsarhayo;
• zinemoletyhule yeKhlorini atom 2 (ifomula Cl _2).

Iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze wechlorine:

• abilayo: -34,04 ° C;
• Iqondo lokunyibilika: -101,5 ° C;
• ezixineneyo kwizikolo zikarhulumente sukube - 3, 214 g / l;
• lexinene yeKhlorini engamanzi (ixesha ukubila) - 1,537 g / cm ^3;
• lexinene yeKhlorini isiqina - 1.9 g / cm ^3;
• umthamo ethile - 1,745 x 10 ^-3 L / g.

Chlorine: utshintsho obushushu uphawu

Kule imeko sukube uyakwazi kwegesi ngokulula. Noxinzelelo of umoya 8 lobushushu-20 ° C kubonakala ulwelo oluhlaza-yellow. It has a iipropati eliphezulu kakhulu entsimbini. Njengoko practice ibonisa, lo isiqalelo ngamachiza ukugcina urhulumente ulwelo ukuya kwiqondo lobushushu ezibalulekileyo (143 ° C), ngaphandle kokuba umfutho.

Ukuba lupholisiwe ukuya kwiqondo lobushushu -32 ° C, litshintsha layo karhulumente ngokwasemzimbeni ukuya kulwelo kungakhathaliseki ukuba womoya. Ngomhla ngakumbi ukwehlisa lobushushu crystallization lwenzeka (isalathi -101 ° C).

Chlorine endalweni

Wechlorine Umhlaba uqweqwe iqulethe% 0,017 kuphela. Ubuninzi lo neegesi mlilo. Njengoko kuboniswe ngasentla, impahla kukho umsebenzi omkhulu imichiza, kangangokuba kwenzeka ngokwendalo kunye nezinye izinto e iikhompawundi. Apho nobuninzi kwezimbiwa ziqulathe chlorine. element uphawu kuvumela ukuyilwa kwezimbiwa ezahlukeneyo malunga nekhulu. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le metal kloride.

Kwakhona, isixa esikhulu na elwandle - phantse-2%. Oku kungenxa yokuba kloride bethatha ukunyibilika kwaye isasazeka ngoncedo imilambo kunye neelwandle. Le nkqubo umva. Chlorine wahlamba umva elunxwemeni, uze ethwele umoya kuye elumelwaneni. Kungenxa yoko le nto xi liphezulu iqatshelwe kwimimandla yonxweme. Kwiindawo ngokoma ehlabathini phambi kwethu igesi ukhandwa komphunga yamanzi, apho saline kuvela. Ngonyaka kwihlabathi livelisa malunga ne-100 million okulahlwayo iziyobisi. Noko ke, akumangalisi, kuba kukho amasimi ezininzi eziqulathe chlorine. Uphawu ngaye, Noko ke, ubukhulu becala kuxhomekeke kanye kwindawo yayo wejografi.

Iindlela ngokwenza chlorine

Namhlanje kukho iindlela eziliqela ukuvelisa chlorine, yeyona ixhaphakileyo kuzo zezi zilandelayo:

1. uvalo. Yeyona ilula ezingabizi. Le anetyuwa kwindawo electrolysis uvalo engena isithuba anode. Ngaphezu koko, kwi cathode enemingxuma sentsimbi aqukuqela kungena emngxunyeni. Iqulathe imali encinane imicu polymeric. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kule divaysi miso. Oku ngqo ukusuka anode ngemva ukuya cathode, ukuvumela eyahlukileyo kufumana kunye chloro ungalibali ukundinika.

2. ndizayo. Kakhulu amandla ombane kancinci, kodwa umbutho slozhnoosuschestvim. Ngokufanayo uvalo. Umahluko kukuba anode nesithuba cathode zihlukaniswe ngokupheleleyo inwebu. Ngenxa yoko, iziphumo abagqibayo yimisinga ezimbini ezahlukeneyo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba abalinganiswa bamachiza. element (ichlorine) ezifunyenwe yi ezi ndlela ziya kwahluka. Okunye "ezihlambulukileyo" uthathwa ukuba indlela ndizayo.

3. Le mercury indlela nge cathode ulwelo. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iiteknoloji, olu khetho likuvumela ukuba ukufumana wechlorine kakhulu ecocekileyo.

Idayagram ebonisa ufakelo iqulathe iseli kunye nempompo amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kunye Isibolisi amalgam. Njengoko cathode Impontshelwa kunye nesisombululo pump mercury ityuwa kunye anode - carbon okanye electrode mifanekiso. Umgaqo ufakelo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-electrolyte iphume wechlorine iyakhutshwa kwiseli kunye anolyte. Ukususela ukungcola yokugqibela isusiwe kunye iintsalela chlorine donasyschayut halite kwaye kwakhona wabuyela electrolysis.

Iimfuneko noKhuseleko kunye nemveliso engeluncedo lwanto kwakhokelela ukutshintshwa lulwelo cathode esiqinileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa neklorin izicelo zoshishino

Iipropati yeKhlorini esebenzayo uvumele ukusetyenziswa kwayo kushishino. Nale ngxenye yemichiza ukufumana iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo (IVinyl chloride, chloro-irabha, njalo-njalo), Iziyobisi, izibulali. Kodwa niche inkulu ukusetyenziswa ngo le industry kwimveliso zehydrochloric acid kunye lime.

Luphawu kusetyenziswa iindlela zokuhlanjululwa amanzi okusela. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uzama ukuya kude kulo ndlela, uze umisele ozonation, kuba siya kuqwalaselwa izinto iba nefuthe elibi emzimbeni womntu, amanzi nayo ikhlorini utshabalalisa imibhobho. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba urhulumente free Cl kungaba yingozi imibhobho ezenziwe polyolefins. Noko ke, amazwe amaninzi ukunika imiyalelo indlela chlorination.

Kwakhona, kwechlorine yokunyibilikisa isinyithi. Ngayo, ukufumana inani zesinyithi enqabileyo (ukrweco, tantalum, titanium). Kushishino yemichiza ye basebenzise ngenkuthalo iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo ukulwa ukhula kunye nezinye iinjongo zolimo, kwaye element isetyenziswa njenge bleach.

Ngenxa yayo chloro isakhiwo yemichiza utshabalalisa ezininzi idayi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Oku kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa mhlophe ngokupheleleyo. Esi siphumo kunokwenzeka kuphela xa kukho amanzi, ngokuba inkqubo kuphupha ngenxa ioksijini atom, oluthi luqokelelane emva kokuba kuwohloka iklorin: Cl ₂ + H ₂ Owu → HCl + HClO → 2HCl + O. Le ndlela ifumene isicelo kwiinkulungwane embalwa edlulileyo yaye iyathandwa kwaye le mini.

A ukusetyenziswa ethandwa kakhulu le kweziyobisi izinambuzane organochlorine. Ezi iimveliso zezolimo ukubulala izinto eziyingozi, eshiya izityalo sizolile. Inxalenye ebalulekileyo wechlorine iyonke eziveliswa ehlabathini uya ukusetyenziswa kwezolimo.

Iyasetyenziswa ekwenziweni irabha kunye zeplastiki kusitsha. Ngoncedo lwabo, wenza ucingo yokugquma, izinto zokubhala, yentsimbi, nendlu zombane iqokobhe, njalo njalo. D. Kukho uluvo lokuba ezi rubbers afunyenwe ngale ndlela, ukwenzakalisa abantu, kodwa hayi kuqinisekiswa yi ngenzululwazi.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba wechlorine (mbandela uphawu kuvezwe ngokweenkcukacha ngaphambili) kunye nezakhi zayo ezifana gas lwemostade kunye phosgene, ezisetyenziswa kwizicelo zomkhosi ngenxa arhente imichiza imfazwe.

Chlorine njengommeli eliqaqambileyo non-iintsimbi

Nonmetals - izinto ezilula, eziquka iigesi kunye ulwelo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuba baqhuba umbane ngaphezu isinyithi kwaye umahluko kakhulu iimpawu zomzimba nobomatshini. Kwinqanaba ionization eliphezulu ezikwaziyo wokusungula imichiza compound covalent. Le nkcazelo ilandelayo umzekelo wechlorine nonmetal iza kunikwa.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngentla apha, eli isiqalelo imichiza yigesi. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, akukho ngokupheleleyo iipropati ndingekho efanayo naleyo zesinyithi. Ngaphandle uncedo lwangaphandle akavumelekanga kuphendula ioksijini, initrogen, carbon kunye nabanye. Umboniso zayo oxidizing iimpawu unxibelelwano nge izinto ezilula ezithile ezintsonkothileyo. Oku kubhekisele halogens, apho kubonakala ngokucacileyo iimpawu zayo chemical. Ezi zinto kunye nezinye halogens (bromine, astatine, iodine), lenkosikazi kubo. Wechlorine sukube (uphawu ngaye - a proof ngqo) ithe yachithwa kakuhle. Lo ntsholongwane obalaseleyo. Kuphela ibulala eziphilayo, nto leyo eyenza kube sele kwezolimo kunye namayeza.

Sebenzisa nje ityhefu

Uphawu chlorine ingaphezulu ivumela ukusetyenziswa kwayo njenge arhente ityhefu. Gas yayisetyenziswa kuqala yi Jamani, 04/22/1915, ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, ngenxa yokuba ukufa-15 amawaka. Ndoda. Okwangoku, njengoko yityhefu alisebenzi.

Makhe ukunika inkcazo emfutshane yokuba into imichiza njenge arhente ukomiwa. Ichaphazela umzimba womntu ngokusebenzisa ukutsarhwa. Ukubonelela lokuqala ngokuma ubuhlungu ongentla ukuluma amehlo. Kuthathela ukukhohlela ezikwenza Ukuphelelwa. Okulandelayo, zingene emiphungeni, irhasi bunokusenza ijwabu lung, nto leyo ebangela nokudumba. Okubalulekileyo! Chlorine na into fast.

Kuxhomekeka xi emoyeni, iimpawu zinokuba nomahluko. Xa kungomlinganiselo omncinci in abantu anozizi inwebu yangaphakathi, ukuphelelwa ezolileyo ngumphefumlo. Content emoyeni ka 1.5-2 g / m ³ ebangela ubungozi uchulumancile esifubeni, iintlungu elibukhali kwi yomoya eliphezulu. Kwakhona, urhulumente kufuneka ikhatshwe lacrimation olomeleleyo. Emva kwemizuzu 10-15 kwigumbi kunye ngokoxinzelelo of chlorine kwenzeka imiphunga ukutsha kakhulu nokufa. Xa luthe lamanani ukufa kusenzeka imizuzu ukushwabana phecana eliphezulu zemiphunga.

Xa usebenza nale into Kucetyiswa ukuba usebenzise impahla yokhuselo, imaski, iiglavu.

Neklorin ubomi eziphilayo nezityalo

Chlorine yinxalenye izinto phantse zonke eziphilayo. Uphawu kukuba akufunekanga bekho ekwimo olunyulu ngohlobo iikhompawundi.

Xa isilwanyana eziphilayo oluntu ion kwechlorine igcinwa ukulingana osmotic. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba banalo uluhlu ifanelekileyo ukuze kwii-yeseli ndizayo. Kunye ion potassium Cl ilawula intsalela amanzi kunye netyiwa. Kulo emathunjini, le ion iklorin ukudala indawo evumayo isenzo enqanda proteolytic yencindi yewayini esiswini. amajelo chloride zinikwe iiseli ezininzi zomzimba. Ngenxa ulwelo zabo intercellular kwenzeka kunye pH zigcinwe iiseli. Malunga ne-85% yabo ngumthamo opheleleyo lwesi sakhi kwi umzimba kwisithuba intercellular. Kwazona yi urethra. It yenziweyo umzimba basetyhini inkqubo lokuncancisa.

Kweli nqanaba uphuhliso kuphela kunzima kuthi kanye oko sifo kudale chlorine kunye nemixube yayo. Oku kungenxa yokusilela yophando kule ndawo.

Kwakhona, le ion iklorin zikho plant cells. Yena okuzibandakanya ukutya eneji. Ngaphandle kolu elementi inkqubo photosynthesis akwenzeki. Ngeengcambu ukuba ukufunxa izinto eziyimfuneko ngenkuthalo. Nangona kunjalo, a xi elikhulu neklorin izityalo ekwaziyo unenye nempembelelo deleterious (kuyehla inkqubo ifotosinthesisi, yima uphuhliso nokukhula).

Nangona kunjalo, kukho abameli enezityalo ababalwa kubo "ukwenza abahlobo", okanye ubuncinane bavane ngomba. Uphawu nonmetal (ichlorine) iqulethe ngongoma ezifana isakhono kwento ukuze oxidize imihlaba. Xa Ukudaleka kwizityalo zikhankanywe ngasentla, ekuthiwa halophytes, umgxobhozo wetyuwa ahlala ingenanto, ezibe engenanto ngenxa ngokugqithiseleyo lwesi sakhi. Anciphisa ion chlorine, uze ndahlukane kubo ngokusebenzisa ukuwa lwegqabi.

Izithuthi kunye nokugcinwa chlorine

Kukho iindlela ezininzi kwaye ivenkile chlorine. Faka element ifuna iisilinda ezikhethekileyo eliphezulu-ingcinezelo. izikhongozeli ezinjalo iimpawu lokuzazisa - umgca oluhlaza nkqo. kwamatanki yenyanga kufuneka ngocoselelo cleaner. yokugcina elide chlorine kuyo kwenze ezikhandelwa leyo kakhulu neziqhushumbisi - nitrogen trichloride. Ukungaphumeleli ukuba bazigcine zonke ukhuseleko bulawula ucinezelo kunokwenzeka ezizenzekelayo dubulo.

Study of chlorine

ekhemisi Future chlorine kufuneka yaziwe isici. Phantsi isicwangciso, ugrade-9 Unga ukubeka imifuniselo elebhu nale kweziyobisi ngokusekelwe ulwazi olusisiseko ngalo mbandela. Kakade ke, utitshala unyanzelekile ukuba aqhube uqeqesho ngokhuseleko.

Inkqubo isebenza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Uze uthabathe igutyana ze ugalele wechlorine kuwo swarf. Xa ibhabha, le chips baya kukhazimla iintlantsi ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo kwaye ngexesha elinye kulula ukuba umsi emhlophe SbCl _3. Xa uxakeke sikhongozeli chlorine tin kwale nto kwakhona self-ukulumeka umlilo, kodwa ezantsi iselwa kancinci ukwehlisa iqhwa umlilo. Ngeli indlela ulwelo nomsi - SnCl _4. Xa ubeka imvuthuluka intsimbi ngesitya kuyilwa ebomvu "ilahla" yaye kuya kuvela umsi ebomvu FeCl _3.

Kunye umsebenzi wepraktikhali kuphindwe theory. Ngokukodwa, umbuzo onjalo njengokuba chlorine uphawu indawo kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile (ezichazwe ekuqaleni).

Ngenxa yoko-experimenti ezininzi, kubonakala ukuba uyaxabana Ulutho oganikhi khompawundi. Ukuba wayifaka engqayini chlorine cotton wool zifakwe turpentine ngaphambili, nto ngephanyazo ilunyekwa, kwaye iselwa kabukhali imihlambi umlotha. Kukubek edlala sodium umlilo tyheli, yaye iindonga zokubhala kuvela crystals ityuwa. Abafundi baya kuba nomdla kukufumanisa ukuba, ngoxa ekhemesti oselula, NN bake (kamva iNobel Peace Prize), nokunjalo, liqokelelwa iindonga iselwa, netyuwa, wafefa kunye isonka waza wadla. Chemistry okulungile akabandulula sisazinzulu. Ngenxa ngamava wemichiza wajika ngokwenene itheyibhile ityuwa oqhelekileyo!