Dzhozef Pristli - semvelo, sobulumko, yemichiza. Biography lokuvula

Yayibizwa ngokuba uKumkani intuition. Dzhozef Pristli wasala kwimbali lombhali obafunyanwa engundoqo imichiza zegesi kunye nethiyori kombane. Yena waye theosophist nombingeleli, owayebizwa ngokuba "imbuka ukunyaniseka."

Priestley - abanengqondo inkulu embindini yesibini kwinkulungwane XVIII, ushiye uphawu lwayo ifilosofi philology, aqokele - yiyo Umsunguli amanzi soda kunye irabha nokususa imigca ipensile ngephepha.

kwiminyaka yokuqala

Umdala kubantwana ezintandathu endala iintsapho draper, Dzhozef Pristli wazalwa entwasahlobo ka-1733 kwilali encinane kufuphi Leeds Filskhed. iimeko ezinzima kwabantwana abaselula, kwanyanzeleka abazali ukuthumela uYosefu usapho umkayisekazi, ngubani wagqiba ukulungiselela ukuba umtshana umsebenzi umbingeleli Anglican. Elindelwe kuye akhuliswe engqongqo kunye nemfundo entle eyoluntu yezenkolo.

Ekuqaleni ukubonakalalisa ubuchule kunye nokukhuthala wavumela likaPriestley ngempumelelo ukugqiba isikolo aphezulu Batley, apho kukho ngoku lezifundo egameni lakhe, yaye Theological Academy Daventry. Yaya kwikhondo zenzululwazi zendalo kunye chemistry kwiYunivesithi yase Warrington, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba alungiselele elebhu ekhaya ukuqala imifuniselo yezenzululwazi ezimeleyo.

Scientist-umfundisi

Ngowe-1755, Dzhozef Pristli waba umncedisi umfundisi, kodwa yamiselwa ngokusesikweni ngo-1762. Yaba umkhonzi engaqhelekanga webandla. abafundileyo kakuhle, esazi 9 eziphilayo iilwimi kwabafileyo, yena ngo-1761 wabhala incwadi "Iziseko IsiNgesi Igrama." Le tutorial sifanelekile ngenkulungwane kwisiqingatha ezayo.

Ukuba nengqondo yohlalutyo eliphilileyo, Dzhozef Pristli wambumba iinkolelo zawo zonqulo, ukubazi kunye imisebenzi zobulumko aphambili kunye nezenkolo. Ngenxa yoko, wahamba wemka iinkolelo esamenza kusapho ekuzalweni. Ushiywe ukusuka nezenkolo ukuya yiArian, uze emva koko nokuba ingqondo ngakumbi umlambo - Unitarianism.

Nangona abanale, leyo kweza kuye emva kokugula ebuntwaneni, uPriestley wayexakekile wokushumayela nokufundisa, Introduction to Benjamin Franklin - izazinzulu ezibalaseleyo ixesha - uqinisa imithambo Dzhozefa Pristli inzululwazi.

Amalinge endle kombane

Uphando Home for Franklin waba physics. Umbane umdla omkhulu U Pristli, yaye icebiso elinye elizayo US wokusungula ngootata 1767 wapapasha umsebenzi "Imbali kunye nemeko yangoku umbane." Kulo ezifunyaniswe eziliqela ezisisiseko, okunyusileyo umbhali igama elihle kakhulu nelilifaneleyo kwi kwizangqa zezazinzulu Britani kunye laseYurophu kutyhilwa.

Unikezelo lombane lwe grafayithi, UPriestley wafumanisa kamva yaziwa kakhulu practical. carbon Pure sele yinxenye yezixhobo ezininzi zombane. UPriestley wachaza ngamava electrostatics, apho wagqiba ukuba amaxabiso ukufana lweziphumo zombane kunye Newtonian imikhosi womxhuzulane. Wavakalisa Ingqikelelo lo mthetho "eguqulweyo ngokubaxwa i square" emva koko kuboniswe umthetho angundoqo e-worldwork theory kombane - mthetho Coulomb kaThixo.

carbon dioxide

Physics, umbane, conductance, ubaqononondise intsebenziswano - hayi nje izilangazelelo yenzululwazi likaPriestley. Wafumana izifundo zokufunda kwiindawo ezininzi engalindelekanga. Umsebenzi ezakhokelela kwafunyanwa carbon dioxide, yaphehlelelwa ngexesha ngokuqaphela yakhe kushishino iyasondela kulo.

Ngowe-1772, uPriestley wakhankanya iimpawu irhasi oluthi luqokelelane ngexesha yokubola of Wort. Yaba carbon dioxide. UPriestley uvelise indlela yokuvelisa igesi elabhoratri, ndafumanisa ukuba inzima ngaphezu komoya, kunzima ukuba aqhumisele kwaye enyibilikayo kakhulu emanzini, wasinikeza engaqhelekanga, incasa ahlaziyayo.

photosynthesis

Ukuqhubeka amalinge icarbon dioxide, uPriestley wabeka amava, leyo lwaqala kwimbali kokufunyanwa kakhulu ubukho ubomi kulo mhlaba ngeziganeko - photosynthesis. Ukubeka isikhongozeli iglasi njengehlumelo zezityalo eziluhlaza, wazimisa ikhandlela ukugcwalisa isikhongozeli icarbon dioxide. Emva kwethutyana, ngohlangothi iimpuku eziphilayo wazama ukuba abase umlilo. Izilwanyana baqhubeka ubomi, kanye waqhubeka.

UPriestley waba ngumntu wokuqala ukuba bagcine photosynthesis. Chaza inkangeleko ka igesi kwisikhongozeli closed nakho ukugcina zokuphefumla yokutsha ukuba izityalo kuphela ikhono lokunciphisa icarbon dioxide, ndimkhulule, into wobomi ngakumbi. Iziphumo zovavanyo aba isiseko ekuzalweni iingcamango emzimbeni lwehlabathi elizayo, kubandakanywa umthetho zolondolozo amandla. Kodwa iziphumo zokuqala sisazinzulu oluvisisana elalisakuba nenzululwazi.

Dzhozef Pristli wachaza photosynthesis ngokwemigaqo theory awunalo. Umbhali walo - Georg Ernst Stahl - wagabadela ubukho ezinokutsha elikhankanyiweyo into - ulwelo ikhaphukhaphu - phlogistic, kwaye inkqubo yokutsha yi arhente sokonakalisa zibe kumacandelo alo kunye nokufunxwa komoya phlogistic. UPriestley wayengumxhasi le ngcamango emva wenza zophando lwakhe ibalulekileyo - eyabelwe oksijini.

A sophando olukhulu

amalinge amaninzi Dzhozefa Pristli kwakhokelela ekubeni iziphumo uchazelwa kakuhle ngamanye izazinzulu. Wasidalela isixhobo apho iigesi eziveliswa ayahlulwa emoyeni hayi ngamanzi kunye nezinye kulwelo luthe - mercury. Ngenxa yoko, wakwazi ikheswa volatiles, leyo ngaphambili unyityilikiswa emanzini.

Irhasi lokuqala omtsha ifunyenwe Priestley oxide. Wafumana anegalelo engaqhelekanga abantu bayo, kutheni kukho igama engaqhelekanga - igesi. Kamva isetyenziswe njengendawo kumzimba yotyando.

Ngowe-1774, kukho into kamva lachongwa mercury oxide, izazinzulu wakwazi ukuzikhetha igesi apho ikhandlela yaqala samaxesha ngokumangalisayo eliqaqambileyo. Walibiza akayibizanga emoyeni. UPriestley walondoloza ukukholelwa ukuba uhlobo yokutsha, naxa wabonisa Antuan Lavuaze ukuba ukuvula Dzhozefa Pristli - into yokuba ukuba yeyona ibalulekileyo iipropati inkqubo ubomi jikelele. igesi elitsha igama oksijini.

Chemistry and Life

Carbon dioxide, oxide, ioksijini - uphando kwezi gesi ezinikiweyo likaPriestley e amabali chemistry. Ukumisela ukwakhiwa zegesi ababandakanyeka kwinkqubo photosynthesis - Igalelo Scientist eziphilayo. Amalinge amaxabiso zombane, iindlela ammonia ibole usebenzisa umbane, umsebenzi optic Scientist umzuzile ukuthembeka phakathi zesayensi.

Ukufunyanwa, eyenziwe uPriestley Aprili 15, 1770, akanayo ixabiso ubaluleke kangaka. Kuye lula ubomi yezizukulwana ngezizukulwana besikolo kunye nabasebenzi ofisi. Ibali yokuvula yaqala nesibakala sokuba UPriestley wafumanisa indlela iqhekeza irabha iqula-Indiya kususa imigca ipenisile yephepha. Ngoko kwakukho irabha - oko siye ngokuba yokucima.

iinkolelo zefilosofi nezenkolo yahlukile ukuzimela Priestley ukuba kundenzele kuye elibi nzulu ngezinto eneenkani. Incwadi Priestley "History of Christianity ukonakala" (1782) kunye bayivakalisa inkxaso yabo neziphithiphithi eFransi naseMelika ziye zabangela umsindo phakathi bangi ye-British babebambelele.

Xa lubhiyozelwe Ngo1791 kunye engama-nye ke aphume le Bastille, iphenjelelwa abashumayeli lihlokondiba kutshatyalaliswa indlu likaPriestley kunye laboratory Birmingham. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva wanyanzelwa ukuba kwamanye amazwe ukuya US, apho ngo-1804 yaye yaphela imihla yakhe.

engahlawulwayo enkulu

umsebenzi ezenkolo, intlalo nopolitiko likaPriestley - indima enkulu kuphuhliso ngokwengqondo eYurophu, eMelika kunye nehlabathi. Ezibonakalayo kunye iqela azinikele emtshatweni, wanxibelelana kwez ezingqondweni ezininzi elizimeleyo kwexesha.

abaninzi Le ndoda njengento dilettante, zizazinzulu kuyo, ukufumana imfundo nenzululwazi rhoqo kwaye epheleleyo, Priestley bikho ngenxa yokuba angabi nako ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukubaluleka ezifunyaniswe nguye.

Kodwa kwezinye izigaba yaba Dzhozef Pristli. ngobomi bakhe - iphepha eliqaqambileyo kwimbali yehlabathi. Oku ubomi umphengululi obalaseleyo, mshumayeli waqiniseka ezininzi iingcamango ngcembe, ilungu Wawongwa onke amaziko oqeqesho phambili yenzululwazi Europe kunye nehlabathi - izazinzulu abaye benza igalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso beengcamango ezisisiseko nenzululwazi yendalo.