Isicwangciso komhlaba - is ... The izicwangciso zahlukile kwimaphu?

Geography ulwimi lwesibini - image zokuzoba. Maps ziye zasetyenziswa nkqu oomatiloshe bamandulo. Xa becwangcisa hambo abaphandi waqokelela zonke izinto zokuzoba ezifumanekayo kummandla oyifunayo. Ekupheleni iziphumo zadluliselwa iphepha. Ngaloo wadalwa ndawo sicwangciso. Esi sisiseko ekudaleni iimephu ezintsha. Yintoni isicwangciso kwingingqi kwaye yintoni umahluko zalo ezisisiseko kwiimephu obume?

Yintoni sisicwangciso kule ndawo?

Ikhadi ngqa kwimbali yoluntu esi sicwangciso. Ngoku zisetyenziswa phantse zonke kwiinkalo inzululwazi nobuchwepheshe ngaphandle kwazo akakwazi ukwenza ekwakheni, ezolimo, uphando zobunjineli, etc ...

Isicwangciso komhlaba - umfanekiso omkhulu-isikali indawo kumphezulu womhlaba, ezisetyenziswa xa kudalwa imiqondiso. Njengomgaqo, data liqulunqe imifanekiso zokuzoba kwiindawo ezincinane kummandla kwiikhilomitha ezininzi square. Kulo mzekelo, ugobile kumphezulu womhlaba aluchaphazeli mfanekiso.

Esi sicwangciso yohlukile kwimaphu?

Amaninzi ebomini sidibana kwaye mephu nesicwangciso site. IJografi isayensi esekelwe kumfanekiso kwimephu. Kodwa ayikho into efanayo.

Xa ukwenza imephu yendawo usebenzisa isikali encinane (oko kukuthi, ihlanganisa indawo enkulu) elithathelwa ingqalelo uhlobo kumphezulu womhlaba, okt wasebenzisa umthetho lweMathematika umfanekiso - nokunyuka. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo iimephu element - umnatha degree: kuyimfuneko ukumisela iingongoma zekhampasi. Ukufana kunye esiqu zidla amelwe njengoko jike kunokuba ngqo. Mithombo isifundo izinto kuphela ebalulekileyo emikhulu. Lokulungiselela lwabo isebenzisa iindidi ezahlukeneyo izinto, kuquka neemephu isikali elikhulu, imifanekiso yesathelayithi.

Isicwangciso komhlaba - umfanekiso eneenkcukacha ngakumbi icandelo encinane yomhlaba. It yakhiwe ngaphandle kokuqwalasela kwelivi, ekubeni ngenxa ubungakanani isahlulo kumphezulu uthathwa ukuba flat. Amacala yehlabathi emiselwe imiyalelo-sikhokelo yesicwangciso. Bonisa ukuba ngokupheleleyo zonke izinto ngengingqi. Qamba kuzo ngokusekelwe izinto ezinkulu-isikali lungaphezulu okanye emhlabeni.

Njani na isicwangciso?

Okokuqala, khetha ingongoma kwisiza, leyo ngokucacileyo lonke kwisifundo mapping. Emva koko, kufuneka ukhethe isikali isicwangciso elizayo. Inyathelo elilandelayo - ukumisela indlela ukuya emntla. Oku kungenziwa ngoncedo yebhodi kunye planchette-ngesandla ikhampasi. Ephepheni, kufuneka ukuchonga indawo ngelo ziya kubanjwa indawo entshotsholozi, uze kubatsalela bonke neendawo ezinkulu (ezikoneni zezakhiwo, imithi ezinkulu, izinti).

Emva koko, usebenzisa izixhobo ophezulu ngendlela ekhethekileyo azimuths elilinganisiweyo ukuba ingongoma nganye, ekufuneka ziboniswe kwisicwangciso. ixesha ngalinye azimuths ezifakwe ukusuka sokugcina lokuqala, kunye nomgca ezixhasayo othatyathwe kulo, ngokwe-engile sele sibonile. Umgama ukusuka eziphambili iingongoma ofunekayo indawo kwakhona lulinganiselwa kwaye kudluliselwa iphepha.

Emva koko, le miqondiso eqhelekileyo yezinto iboniswe sebali, wenza lotyikityo eziyimfuneko.

plan site Scale

yonke indawo kwesicwangciso itshathi umfanekiso kuhlala ingatshintshanga isikali yayo. Isikali ke iintlobo ezintathu:

• Ngamanani.
• Igama.
• Linear.

Oku kubonakaliswa njenge iqhezu wokwamanani ogama kwinani u-1 kunye nenani - M. Eli linani i M ibonisa iqondo ukusondezwa ngokobungakanani. Izicwangciso ngobume bendawo kufuneka isikali 1: 500, 1: 1000, 1: 2000, 1: 5000. Kuba umhlaba imisebenzi yolawulo nazo kusetyenziswa izicwangciso isikali ezincinane - 1:10 000, 1:25 000, 1:50 000 isikali omncinci nguye lowo inombolo ngakumbi M, kwaye vice versa.

Ekubeni isikali ogama lula - apha ubude wezintlu kubonakaliswa ngomlomo. Umzekelo, i-1 cm - 50m. Oku kuthetha ukuba cm 1 umgama-moya ingqamana m-50 emhlabeni.

Isikali lohlobo yomgama - igrafu ichazwe umgca ngqo, oko yahlulwe alinganayo. iqhekeza ngalinye esayinwa ixabiso lenani siwenze kunye ubude ndawo.

plan Iisimboli ndawo

Ukwenzela ukubonisa kwisicwangciso sendawo naziphi na izinto okanye iinkqubo ukubonisa amaxabiso zabo ebalulekileyo qualitative okanye ubuninzi, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa iimpawu eqhelekileyo okanye neesimboli. Babanike umfanekiso opheleleyo lungiselelo lwendawo izinto, kwakunye neempawu zawo imbonakalo.

Kukho iindidi ezine zeesimboli:

• Isikali - linear kunye indawo (umz, indawo ithi, iindlela, kwo).
• Scaleless (emthonjeni, umthombo, lasisimiso, inqaba kunye t. D.).
• Achazayo (iimpawu isignitsha izinto, ezifana ububanzi indlela, amagama zifundo).

In ilivo isicwangciso yonke yabonisa. Ngokusekelwe ntsomi babumba ingcinga ephambili wesiza.

Ngoko ke, indawo isicwangciso - umfanekiso zokuzoba secandelo encinane kumphezulu womhlaba ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Lusetyenziswa phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu. Ngaphandle kwalo, bekuya kuba nzima ukwenza iimephu ngesimo.