Zehydrochloric acid

hydrogen chloride imalunga 1.3 amaxesha sinzima phezu komoya. Ithe ayaba umbala, kodwa kukho ubhobhoyi esibukhali kwaye ivumba isici. Xa amaqondo obushushu thabatha 84C, hydrogen chloride udlula evela kurhulumente engamanzi, kwaye Ukuguqulwa kolwelo kwi thabatha 112C. Hydrogen chloride unyityilikiswa emanzini. Ilitha enye ye-H2O ukubamba ukuya ml 500 yigesi. Isisombululo ibizwa zehydrochloric acid okanye zehydrochloric acid. Kanzulu zehydrochloric acid kwi 20c, ebonakala ngu ubuninzi kunokwenzeka iqhezu ubunzima iziyobisi ezisisiseko ukuze babe 38%. Isisombululo - yinto acid enamandla monobasic (umoya "uyatshaya", kunye nokufumaneka ukufuma xa uyila inkungu acid), kwakhona unamanye amagama: zehydrochloric, kunye nokuhlelwa Ukrainian - chloride asidi. Ifomula ngamachiza kumelwa kule fomu: HCl. mass izinyo yi 36.5 g / nolovane. Density zehydrochloric acid wamandla kwi-20 ° C ilingana 1.19 g / cm³. Le into eyingozi fanele ukuba yesibini udidi ingozi.

Xa "owomileyo" ifomu hydrogen chloride ayikwazi basebenzisane kunye isinyithi esebenzayo, kodwa phambi ukufuma indlela aqhubeke kakhulu ngamandla. Oku zehydrochloric acid onamandla okwaziyo azithethelele zonke iintsimbi ezo ukuya ekhohlo hydrogen thotho electrochemical. Ukongeza, idityaniswe kunye oxides ezingundoqo kunye amphoteric, neenqwelwana kunye neetyuwa ne:

• Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2 ↑;
• 2HCl + Čuo → CuCl2 + H2O;
• 3HCl + Fe (OH) 3 → FeCl3 + 3H2O;
• 2HCl + Na2CO3 → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 ↑;
• HCl + AgNO3 → AgCl ↓ + HNO3.

Ukongeza kwiipropati ngokubanzi uphawu ngasinye esidi enamandla, zehydrochloric acid kuye ekunciphiseni iipropati ifomu kanzulu idityaniswe ezahlukeneyo oxidizing agents, ikhuphe chlorine free. Iityuwa lefowuni kloride asidi. Phantse bonke bephela zikhawuleze enyibilikayo emanzini kwahlula ngokupheleleyo zibe ion. Ngokonga enyibilikayo zezi: Lead chloride PbCl2, chloride zesilivere AgCl, chloride mercurous Hg2Cl2 (calomel) kunye chloride cuprous CuCl. Hydrogen chloride uyakwazi ukungena kongezwe abasabela hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo kunye bond kabini okanye kathathu, apho khompawundi ikhlorini organic kwakhiwa.

Xa iimeko zelebhu hydrogen chloride ifunyenwe xa isetyenziswe zome sodium chloride ne-sulphuric acid conc. Reaction phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo inokwenzeka ukwenza iityuwa isodiyam (okanye acid medium):

• H2SO4 + NaCl → NaHSO4 + HCl
• H2SO4 + 2NaCl → Na2SO4 + 2HCl.

Indlela yokuqala uya kuwo abile, le yesibini - kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Ngoko ke, kwiilebhu hydrogen chloride ngcono ukufumana indlela yokuqala, apho isixa-sulphuric acid Kucetyiswa ukuba izinga kokufumana NaHSO4 ityuwa acid. Ngoko, xa ezinyibilikayo hydrogen chloride emanzini ifunyenwe zehydrochloric acid. Kumashishini, nto ifunyenwe ngokutshiswa emoyeni hydrogen okanye yeKhlorini echaphazela owomileyo sodium chloride (kuphela le yesibini equation reaction) kwe-sulphuric acid conc. Kwakhona hydrogen chloride ifunyenwe njengoko eceleni kwi chlorination ka-oganikhi khompawundi kwizinyibilikisi. Kushishino, hydrogen chloride elifunyenwe yenye yeendlela ngentla itshitshisiwe kwiinqaba ezizodwa apho ulwelo udlule ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi, kwaye irhasi anikezelweyo ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu, ngamanye kumgaqo miso.

Zehydrochloric iasidi uthuthwa kwamatanki ezizodwa gummed okanye izikhongozeli, ngokunjalo zeebhotile umphanda 50 litre zeplastiki okanye iglasi kunye iilitha umthamo 20. Xa abasabela ngayo acid kunye nesinyithi kukho umngcipheko kwimixube hydrogen-moya Uyadubula. Ngoko ke, kufuneka lupheliswe ngokupheleleyo ngenxa lokuqhakamshelana yabumba hydrogen reaction kunye nomoya, kodwa kwakhona (via Ipeyinti anticorrosive) zoqhagamshelwano acid kunye nesinyithi. Phambi kwezixhobo kukukhupha kunye nemibhobho, apho kugcinwe okanye apho ithuthelwa khona, ukuze ilungiswe, ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba aqhube ihlanjululwe nitrogen nokujonga ubume kwesigaba igesi.

Hydrogen chloride lisetyenziswa kwimveliso mveliso kunye elabhoratri. Isetyenziswa Nosipho metal ukulungiselela neetyuwa kwaye reagent kwizifundo analytical. Zehydrochloric acid yenziweyo technical GOST 857-95 (itekisi efanayo international standard ISO 905-78), reagent - ngokutsho GOST 3118-77. Ukugxila imveliso technical ixhomekeke umgangatho ezahlukeneyo kwaye inokuba 31.5%, 33% okanye 35%, kwaye imbonakalo imveliso bulubhelu ngenxa umxholo yesinyithi ukungcola of chlorine kunye nezinye izinto imichiza. Lovukelo acid kufuneka ulwelo ezingenambala kwaye eselubala iqhezu mass of ukusuka ku-35 ukuya 38%.