Coal: ukusetyenziswa kunye nokwahluka

Kunzima ukucinga into eluncedo ngakumbi eluntwini ngaphezu wamalahle. ukusebenzisa layo ezininzi kangangokuba maxa wambi nqa nje. Kulapho kwezo zihlandlo, ngokulahleka kwamathandabuzo enyakazelayo ngaphakathi, kwaye izandi kakhulu umbuzo ubhalo entlokweni yam: "Yintoni? It amalahle yonke?! ". Zonke babeqhele ukuya kwindlela yokucinga amalahle izinto ezinokutsha kuphela, kodwa, enyanisweni, uluhlu lwezicelo ukuba wahluke kakhulu kangangokude kubonakala emangalisayo.

Ukwenziwa kunye imvelaphi beentanda amalahle

Ukuvela amalahle ehlabathini bobabo ukuya kwixesha elikude Paleozoic, xa umhlaba kwakusekho zikwinqanaba sophuhliso yaye ngokupheleleyo izityalo ezingeyonzalelwane yalapha kuthi. ezivuzayo Formation amalahle malunga 360.000.000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Oku kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ezi neetyuwa yamanzi ababephila phambi kokubhalwa kwembali, apho izigidi zeminyaka komgquba wayiqokelela.

Ngamafutshane, amalahle - oko ke izidumbu imizimba yezilwanyana ezinkulu, imithi kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo iye kuhlala ezantsi, nobonakaliswe kwaye kunixinzelela phantsi kwikholam kwamanzi. Inkqubo ukubunjwa iidipozithi kakhulu elide, kwaye ukuze kwakhiwe omhlophe amalahle ifuna ubuncinane iminyaka 40.000.000.

Nezokukhupha amalahle

Abantu kudala ndaqonda indlela ebalulekileyo zilahleka amalahle, iimpawu kunye nesicelo njengoko oku ukuvavanya ukuqhelana isikali enkulu kangaka kutshanje. uphuhliso ezinkulu-isikali iidipozithi amalahle yaqala kuphela XVI-XVII eminyaka. eNgilani, yaye umbandela kufunxwa isetyenziswa ikakhulu ngenxa ihagu zentsimbi kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukuvelisa imipu. Kodwa imveliso yawo ngemilinganiselo namhlanje yayingabalulekanga ukuze ishishini ayikwazi aziyi kuqwalaselwa.

imveliso ezinkulu-scale yaqala kuphela ekuyeni phakathi kwenkulungwane XIX. Xa mveliso baqalisa ukwakha kufuneka nje namalahle. ukusetyenziswa kwayo, Noko ke, ngelo xesha umda kuphela ukuba komlilo. Namhlanje, amakhulu amawaka imigodi asebenza ehlabathini lonke, ngakumbi lwemigodi imini kunokuba kwiminyaka embalwa kwinkulungwane XIX.

Imihlobo amalahle

Iidipozithi beentanda amalahle unako ukufikelela Basezinzulwini iikhilomitha eziliqela, Wazolulela waya ngaphakathi emhlabeni, kodwa akusoloko kwaye hayi yonke, ngenxa yokuba zombini ngokomthamo nenkangeleko iintlobo ngeentlobo.

Kukho 3 iintlobo eziphambili ezimbiwa: anthracite, lignite, kunye umgquba, nto leyo akuphuhlanga kakuhle kakhulu kusikhumbuza namalahle.

1. Anthracite Ukwakheka sidala kweli hlabathi zobumnyama balo eli hlobo, ubudala avareji ezi zilwanyana yiminyaka 280.000.000. Kunzima kakhulu, iye ezixineneyo kunye nesiqulatho carbon ka-96-98%.

2. Ukuqina kwanokuxinana amalahle brown incinane ngokwentelekiso kwakunye umxholo kwekhabhoni kuyo. It has isakhiwo ezingazinzanga, ziqhawuke kwaye okroqiweyo ngamanzi, okuqulathwe apho kunokuthi ukufikelela ukuya kwi-20%.

3. Nja- ikwabizwa ngokuba ezahlukeneyo zamalahle, kodwa angekayazi eyona nto, ngoko yamalahle, engenanto.

Iimpawu amalahle

Ngoku kunzima ukuyiqonda ezinye izinto luncedo ngakumbi yaye uluncedo ngaphezu zamalahle, iimpawu ezingundoqo kunye nokusetyenziswa leyo kuthakazelelwa kakhulu. Ngenxa linemali izinto kunye nemixube, waba nje sele kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi bale mihla.

Ilungu amalahle imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• isiqulatho volatiles avareji ifikelela 35-40%;

• avareji isiqulatho ash ayidluli 15-18%;

• Isiqulatho sokufuma avareji isusela ukusuka 12-15%;

• isiqulatho caloric avareji ilingana 5500-7000 kcal / kg.

Zonke ezi macandelo kwaye wenze yamalahle, ukusetyenziswa nokusetyenziswa yona multi-functional. izinto ezililize eziqulethwe yamalahle, kunika ucinezelo okukhawulezayo ophumelele elandelayo amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Isiqulatho sokufuma amalahle lula isiqulatho osidingayo yenza kube ukusetyenziswa sele imithi kunye zokuthambisa, ash kukodwa izinto ezixabisekileyo ngezimbiwa.

Ukusetyenziswa amalahle ehlabathini namhlanje

izicelo Ezahlukeneyo kwezimbiwa. Coal ekuqaleni umthombo kuphela ubushushu, ngoko amandla (wajika amanzi aba ngomphunga) ngoku kule nkalo, okunokwenzeka ngamalahle mda.

amandla emhlabeni ukusuka ukutshiswa amalahle iguqulelwa kulowo iimveliso zombane iikhemikhali coke eyenziweyo wachacha yesibaso solwelo. Coal - iintlobo kuphela apho ubumdaka equlethwe a iintsimbi ezinqabileyo ezifana germanium kunye kaLayishe waseGalim. Ngenxa enokuba kubhaliwe atsalwa coke igesi eziko, ukuqhubekekiswa ngoko zibe benzene, nto leyo uyazimela coumarone resin, esukela eyimveliso zonke iintlobo Iipeyinti, lacquers, irabha kunye ilinoliyam. Lungafumaneka amalahle , hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi, phenols kunye neziseko pyridine. Ngexesha lokulungiswa kwamalahle ifumana isicelo ekwenziweni vanadium, mifanekiso, isalfure, molybdenum, izinc, ukukhokela kunye nobuninzi kwaye ngoku iimveliso kubalulekile.