"Hurricane" (MRL). Russian MLRS 9K57 "Isichotho"

izixhobo enomjukujelwa ukususela kumaxesha Soviet, kwaye ngoku eRashiya iyaqhubeka ukuba ikhadi enkulu ixilongo, hayi kuphela kungquzulwano ngezixhobo, kodwa ezingxoxweni ngamazwe.

Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba lo uza kungeyonto ayenza rhoqo. Apho kuyimfuneko kwimicimbi yemihla kwinkqubo yomkhosi lomlilo ivolibholi lovukelo na. Enye le iqhelekileyo i "Isichotho". MLRS kwande semkhosini, oko kakhulu cheap ukuvelisa. Ngenxa ngokuthembeka kwalo nelula, loo nto ayimangalisi utyekelo mihla kwanokuphucula Armed Forces lwe zakhiwo, ogama imbali lisukela emva 60s zenkulungwane yokugqibela!

History of indalo

Kukholelwa ukuba lonke uphuhliso domestic yale hlobo babe omnye utatomkhulu - MRL "Katyusha". Ngandlel 'ithile oku kuyinyaniso, kodwa singaze silibale ukuba izindululi mihla ngexabiso ezininzi zahluke kakhulu ukusuka kwisakhiwo kaHomer.

Ngokomzekelo, njengoko njengesikhokelo abayili zasekhaya inkqubo kaloliwe ishiywe elide; iya kuba njengoko isikhokelo le projectile ifunyenwe kakhulu engenasizathu, kunye nethuba lokubiza ukuhlangabezana kakhulu eliphezulu.

Kwaye ngenxa yokuba lo MRL 9k57 izinyanya "Isichotho" kufuneka luthathwe isicwangciso M-21B, nto leyo iye ifakwe inkonzo kude kunyaka 1963.

Nangona imisebenzi endilisekileyo kule MLRS, emkhosini wayengekho wanelisekile ngokupheleleyo nayo. Yiyo loo nto ngowe-1963 e Tula wangena umyalelo wokhuselo karhulumente ukuze kuphuhliswe imodeli entsha ethembisayo, apho kwakukho akukho kusilela M-21B. Abo emkhosini bathi le bhetyebhetye asezantsi kakhulu, kwaye lethality kwayo projectile kwabasebenzi ayanelisi. Thathela ingqalelo izifundo Enkulu Patriotic War, emkhosini wethu sele ukuqonda kakuhle ukuba imihlathi utshaba vehicles enqwenelekayo "cuba" ngaphambi kwexesha, kwaye ke ezinye iimfuno ezisebenza kuphuhliso intsha isenzo esisebenzayo nkqu kwi kwiithagethi olova vehicles.

Xa phambili, siphawula ukuba MLRS 9k57 "Uragan" alwa nayo kulo msebenzi.

imizobo

Ukususela ngowe-1963 ukuya 1964, iingcali Tula CDB ukwenza uphando olucokisekileyo ngendlela umsebenzi wabo. Ingxaki engundoqo, nto leyo ke wema phambi kwabo nokusekwa MRL, oko kwenza ukuba bambethe igunya edlamkileyo njini utshaba kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-40.

Isiphumo kwezi zifundo waza waba project "Isichotho" iya kufumaneka phakathi ku-1964. MLRS olu hlobo kucingelwa ukoyiswa kotshaba kumgama ozikilometa eziyi-35. inzuzo yayo yaba uphume omkhulu, nto leyo evumela ukuba ngokukhawuleza ukuvelisa ivolibholi ukusuka kwindawo ezivaliweyo ukushiya ngaphandle kokuba ibonwe lutshaba.

Ekupheleni kuka-1966 - e Tula waqala ukuqhuba umsebenzi wophando omkhulu ekuqaleni ngo-1967 phezu amathuba ukwenziwa kwenkqubo entsha inkonzo. kwayo kwaba ingcamango ngokupheleleyo-athile isakhiwo luquka yonke ingcaciso eyimfuneko malunga iimpawu amaqokobhe kunye neemeko zazo yokusetyenziswa.

Ngo-1970, i-Ofisi yoMphathiswa of Industry licele ukuba idrafti yokugqibela 9k57 MRL omtsha "Isichotho". Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ixesha inxaxheba kuphuhliso iinjineli kunye izazinzulu ayikho enye kuphela Tula. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphakathi ngeenxa eMoscow Hospital Central Clinical wayeqhuba isifundo ebanzi nangembabala iintlawulo kunye neenkqubo fuze. Kazan kwakhona wadala igxothwa ophetheyo projectile kunye uhlobo ikhasethi warhead.

Isiphumo leemvavanyo zokuqala

Umfundi uninitiated kumangaliswa ukuba bathatha ixesha elide kangakanani na ushishino yiSoviet okuyilwa omnye kuphela prototype yale hlobo zobugcisa. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ngelo xesha nje wayengekho izinto ezinkulu-isikali kule ndawo. Ngenxa yomsebenzi onzima kunye amalinge ezathi zaqhutywa kulo bureau yoyilo lizwe, yayifunyenwe inkqubo eyodwa "Isichotho." MLRS oku lisebenziswa yentlaninge amazwe ehlabathini lonke.

Ngokukodwa, yi nga ku pfuna ukulwa nkqu e-Aram. Ngokubanzi, ixesha eye isetyenziswe ngenxa olu phando, isipho ayifani ncam ngaphezu. Umzekelo, inkqubo lovukelo efanayo "Smerch" ezininzi sungula rocket waphuhliswa kwaye ufake kwi inkonzo kwi elifutshane ngexesha ngenxa yokuba isabelo yengonyama zonke izibalo wayekulungele.

Makhe siye emva kovavanyo. Ngowe-1972, iingcali inkundla sele inikezelwe phantse bagqiba inkqubo prototype, nto leyo eye wadlula zonke iimvavanyo zemveliso. Iimpawu eziphambili ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• MRL axhotyiswe projectiles engakhokelwa kunye nohlobo ophezulu-onokudubula of cassette leyo wayisa nge-80 ne-105 eekhilogremu, ngokulandelelana, Uyadubula.
• BM 9P140 apho kusekho wagqiba ukusebenzisa umgangatho isisu semoto ZIL-135LM (kwakungenxa yobumbaxa kunye nokusilela amalungiselelo uyilo umkhondo isisu semoto sakhatywa).
• Machine kokuthutha kunye ukulayisha 9T452, nto leyo ibekwa phezu isisu semoto efanayo ZIL-135LM.
• Esi sakhiwo ibandakanya izixhobo ukuba ziyolungiswa nokulondolozwa koomatshini.

Factory dokatka wathabatha isibini kweminyaka, ngenxa apho yangoku weza "Isichotho". MLRS oku ngo-1974 waba malunga iimpawu yokusebenza efanayo kwixesha langoku. Ekugqibeleni, ngo-1976, i-complex ekugqibeleni bamkelwe inkonzo.

Kwiminyaka emibini ophangiweyo kuphelisa eminye iziphene ezincinane. Ukongeza, ngeli xesha Iingcali ziye iindidi ezintsha ezithembisayo eziliqela iqokobhe.

Ngawaphi amacandelo zibandakanyiwe kwi isakhiwo igqityiwe?

• 9P140 ukulwa isithuthi ngokwaso.
• Kamatshini zibiza zothutho 9T452 lukhule.
• amacala izidubuli.
• Izixhobo ulawulo lomlilo oluzenzekelayo nokulungisa 1V126 "News-B."
• Iimali imfundo noqeqesho lwabasebenzi kwiimeko kufutshane ekulweni.
• Machine yezobuntlola 1T12-2M ngesimo sendawo.
• Complex ukhokelo-uphando kunye nophando kweemeko zemozulu 1B44.
• Beka yesondlo kunye nokulungiswa kwezixhobo 9F381.

Uninzi zonke iinkqubo kabili, kangangokuba liyonzakalise okanye ikhubaze ngokupheleleyo lomlilo utshaba asinto umqobo ukuba zilwe ebufundisini. Ngapha koko, inxalenye engundoqo imisebenzi inokwenziwa ngesandla.

Powerplant

Matshini e motion ukukhokela injini emise-V amabini Zil-375YA, ngamnye kubo 180 l. a. Amavili emacaleni iqhutywa injini yayo, ube transmission ezimeleyo drivetrain. Xa axis yokuqala neyesine amavili ezilawulwayo imvelaphi inyuselwa khona.

Lo matshini kufakwa inkqubo yokuhlola ivili-uxinzelelo engundoqo kuphela, kukho ithuba yekhasi oluzenzekelayo uhamba. Okugqiba neempawu isantya emihle kakhulu. Ngesinye ukugcwalisa ungaqhubeka malunga 600 km, enika ngesantya esiphezulu-65 km / h. lula amanzi Machine weyisayo nemiqobo kwi-1,2 m ubunzulu ngaphandle naluphi na uqeqesho olongezelelweyo.

Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ekubaleni kunye ekulayisheni

Loxolo, ukubala isabelo abantu abane: umphathi isithuthi, gunner kunye iperi Fighters, abajongene ukhokelo manual kunye nolondolozo. Ngexesha lemfazwe, eli qela landa kubantu abathandathu, ekubeni uninzi lwemisebenzi kufuneka lwenziwe ngesandla.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, nokuthutha kunye ukulayisha oonokrwece zenziwa kunye 9T452 umatshini olulodwa, nto leyo eyakhelwe kwisisu semoto enye. umatshini nganye uthwala kuphela imijukujelwa-16, kodwa ubanika izixhobo ngaphandle izixhobo ezongezelelweyo. Le nkqubo imishini ngokupheleleyo, kuthatha imizuzu engaphantsi kwe-14. Used TZM crane ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ekuthwaleni ukuya kg 300.

Ke kaloku, imisebenzi efanayo kunye nenkqubo irula sungula ezininzi "Grad".

Izixhobo yokutshaja imishini

Isixhobo ibandakanya ezibiza kakhulu isakhelo umatshini ngokuthutha kwazo imijukujelwa, rammer, crane kunye iitroli wokuphakamisa izinto. kwinkundla eyahlukileyo, ekuthatheni lwezinto wenziwe "inzipho 'eyahlukileyo yomsebenzisi. Yonke imisebenzi dosylka oonokrwece, vala itephu kunye part-time kwenziwa amalungiselelo ngokuzenzekelayo, kodwa unako ngesandla ukwenza, xa kukho imfuneko.

Rammer ngokwakhe - isikhokelo ezizodwa indlela uthengisa, leyo awuvule ngeenxa kwindawo ekunene. Ekubeni indlela elula nesebenzayo ulungelelwaniso umqhubi ethathelwa imfuneko aqhoboshele ngesandla sikhokelo kunye rammer. Zonke ubucukubhede asebenza drives zombane neejenereyitha ezithi lokuzimela ngokupheleleyo, kwaye ke ngoko ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo akukho mfuneko ukubaleka motor ephambili yale matshini.

sabaleka babesebenzisa

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uninzi ngexesha njineli athatha wayedala kwisisu semoto, kunye nokudalwa iindidi ezintsha ze amaqokobhe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umsebenzi wabo uyilo kwaba neziqhamo kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko, ukuya kwi-90% data -established zazisetyenziswa yokuphuhlisa iinkqubo "Smerch" ngempumelelo.

Ngenxa experimenti ezininzi yayiyilwe iindidi ezisibhozo okanye alithoba ezinkulu amaqokobhe. Okwangoku, abanye kubo zisetyenziswa njengoko kufakwe izikhokelo ezitsha. Abaninzi kubo zihlelwa.

Avamise kakhulu yaba projectile 9M27F mayixhotyiswe eqhelekileyo ukuqhekeka warhead eliphezulu-Uyadubula. Kuyinto jikelele, ekujongwe ukuba kutshatyalaliswe bobabini abasebenzi yotshaba kunye nezithuthi vehicles. Ubunzima ye kuqhume yi 49 kuphela kg xa projectile ubunzima lilonke 180 kg.

With malunga nezihlandlo efanayo inkqubo lovukelo "Isichotho" lophawu usebenzisa iintlawulo 9M27K submunitions zixhotyiswe ziye "abotshwe 'iziqalelo ngogwayimbo. Bayaphumelela kakhulu kumlo ochasene elihamba utshaba kunye noomatshini ukukhanya.

Projectile ngokwayo inobunzima obumalunga 271 kg, equlethe izinto-30 eziphambili. Ngamnye kubo - kumalungu 350 nokubetha Uyadubula. Nokuba kumgama oziimitha ezili-100 ukusuka dubulo le elaqhekeka projectile of ngokulula lihlaba 2mm yohlobo olunye steel esemgangathweni.

efana kakhulu kule modeli ophetheyo 9M27K1 usebenzisa isahlulo cassette kunye nobuninzi submunitions. Umahluko kuphela kukuba izinto eyahlula (kwakhona malunga 30 pieces) xa ibetha umhlaba ngakumbi ngena phindene ekwandiseni indawo sisilonda. Ngokukodwa, Lelona mayixhotyiswe inkqubo irula sungula ezininzi "Isaqhwithi", aka "Isaqhwithi."

Eyona nto iyimbalasane kule ezimbaxa kunye iqhayiya yokuveliswa abayili kukho 9M27K2 iqokobhe eyenzelwe ufakelo elikude minefields anti-itanki. Isebenzisa standard imigodi anti-itanki PTM-1. Kwenye ezimayini 24 projectile. Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ukuba ufakelo lula zezithintelo xa ngokuhlasela amatanki yotshaba. Lwalawo min kukuba emva kweeyure 3.4, bona self-ngokwawo, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba uhlaselo yakhe inxenye tank.

Malunga ngenjongo efanayo yasungulwa 9M27K3. Umahluko kukuba isebenzisa imigodi PFM-1 zenzelwe ukuba bayitshabalalise utshaba yokukhokhela. Xa projectile omnye siqulethwe kwi 312 landmines. Volley umatshini enye ibandakanya hectares 60. Ndimele ndithi ukuba oku isixhobo esiyingozi kakhulu. "Hurricane" lithuba ufakelo ekude ngokupheleleyo of minefields tye phambi kotshaba uzuzele eninzi ncomo ezigqwesileyo e Afghanistan.

Ingakumbi kuba ukudilizwa utshaba ezinqatyisiweyo izinto Uyalwa wadala 9M51 ngezikhali. Inxalenye iintloko mayixhotyiswe iziqhushumbisi elulwelo, eyenzelwe dubulo thermobaric. Engxakini kule modeli kukuba ubuninzi uluhlu ukudutyulwa awudluli km 13.

Shell 9M27C - sigade. eyenzelwe ngokukodwa intshabalalo ubunzima kwaMandla oLuntu kuphela utshaba, kodwa inxalenye exabisekileyo zokufunda (iimoto hangars, warehouses kunye nezixhobo).

Njengoko kubonakala, iinkqubo sungula irula ezininzi (sokuba kubuyekezwe omnye wabo linikwa kwi nqaku) ingasetyenziswa kuphela yokugubungela elihamba eyendeleyo okanye technology ezisendleleni, kodwa kwakhona ukuqwalasela iinjongo yayisesona ixesha elide.

Iimbono Modern kunye yotshintsho kweenkqubo

Njengoko siye ngokuphindaphindiweyo sibonile, le ngokwayo oluntsonkothileyo qho emva kokuba yenziwe uvandlakanyo, kukuphuhlisa iindidi ezintsha ze amaqokobhe. Namhlanje, inkqubo irula sungula ezininzi "Isichotho" umi axhobe nkqu umkhosi Yemen, ndingasathethi zonke yangaphambili ico. I-Ofisi yoMphathiswa lezoKhuselo izivumelwano zonyaka ubonelelo kunye nolondolozo lwezi nkqubo ehlabathini lonke, ukuze ukunqongophala ethandwayo ayifani ncam uthi cha.

Ngaxa lithile, Ukraine ubunzima MRL kwi kwisisu semoto ka KrAZ-6322.

isicelo yokulwa

Ngenxa kwaqhambuka imfazwe e Afghanistan uya kuthathwa nje emihle MRL sele kubonakele kwiimeko yokulwa. Ngaphezu koko, uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wasebenzisa laseSiriya emva kwi-1980 xa iingxabano eziliqela kunye namaSirayeli. Le nkqubo ngokuphindaphindiweyo isetyenziswa imikhosi zethu wezigalo owawusilwa ngabavukeli abaxhobileyo mthethweni Chechnya.

Njengoko bathi emkhosini, ngexesha lokugqibela inkqubo irula sungula ezininzi kule hlobo isetyenziswe ngempumelelo ngethuba iziganeko ezibi eGeorgia 2008.

Liyintoni ithemba?

Iingcali ezininzi zithi MLRS "iNkanyamba" ngoku ngandlel lixesha. Isizathu kukuba ukuze ngoluvo enjalo, ukuba uluhlu ubuninzi ngokoyiswa utshaba omncinane - 35 kuphela km. I 'Smerch "elifanayo sele unika ngeekhilomitha 80-90.

Kodwa nantsi kuyimfuneko ukwenza ingongoma ebalulekileyo. Isibakala sokuba injongo yale nkqubo isekhona ezahlukeneyo. Hayi ukuba projectiles edidekile ukuvuleka 200 mm, kunye kunoogxa babo mm 300. Le yokugqibela (kuba "Inkanyamba") nje kuphela ezinkulu, kodwa nzima kakhulu. ubude yabo imitha okanye ngaphezulu ngaphezu koko of "Isichotho." Ngoko ke, ixesha ukutshaja ixesha elide ukulwa deployment kufuna inzima kakhulu ngakumbi.

Kodwa "Hurricanes" na enye indlela ebalaseleyo yemveli kwexesha elide zokudubula. howitzers Nkqu self-ngokwaso (njenge "MSTA-S") zokudubula ngaphakathi 13-30 km, kwaye isiphumo ukuba iqokobhe zabo buthathaka kakhulu. MRL kwakhona ivumela ixesha kakhulu elifutshane ixesha ukuphuhlisa inkqubo olubulala ngokwenene.

Enye ibhetri (iimoto ezintandathu), ekwaziyo yokonakalisa umlomo ezininzi vehicles okanye "imbewu" yamakhulu eka antitank okanye anti-personnel emigodini.

Kwakhona akukho Asikokubaxa izinto ukuthi nokugcina kakuhle iinguqulelo ehlala ihleli MLRS imali eninzi xa uthathela ingqalelo kwezoqoqosho lwembono, kunye noqeqesho abaqhubi kuthatha ixesha elininzi.

Emva kokuba yenziwe uvandlakanyo, iinkqubo yovukelo imvula lomlilo "Isichotho" nje ukufumana wokukhomba olutsha kunye nenkqubo nezikhokelo kwithagethi, kodwa unako ngempumelelo basebenzisane UAV. Okwangoku, le umkhosi Russian kwabaxhobileyo kuquka ngakumbi nangakumbi izithuthi yaqonda emoyeni, khon 'ukuze lo ithuba neze akufuneki.

Ngamafutshane, le nkqubo kuninzi amathuba.