Lo moya "phantom" (McDonnell Douglas F-4 phantom II): inkcazelo, iinkcukacha, iifoto

Abaninzi ukulwa inqwelomoya ngenxa yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo okanye ilityalwe mgangathweni zabo, okanye abe Inyange lokwenyani, malunga apho nkqu ukuba abo bantu abangenazo ngokunxulumene moya. Le yokugqibela oku kubangelwe nje, umzekelo, IL-2 wethu, yaye kamva American moya "Mbumbulu" kakhulu.

Mhlawumbi edume zonke iimoto American oomatshini 1960-1980, kunye negama layo iminyaka emininzi laziwa ngokuba bonke abantu abalwa US Air Force. bonisa saso multi-ukusebenza, apho abayili yethu moya ziye zafumana kancinane emva koko. Ngokubanzi, lo moya "Phantom" - akukho uphawu ngaphantsi ocacileyo IMfazwe, kunokuba, umzekelo, B-52 ekuhlaseleni.

A phawu olulodwa kule ndlela bani kuqashwe ukuba ganga ngoku imijukujelwa eliphakathi uluhlu kuloo matheku ibhombu lo matshini. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo nucleoside lwasekhaya, kusetyenziswa koko ngenxa kwezikhali lwe MIG-23, ukuba kakhulu embhoxo uyilo kunye nokusebenza iimpawu. I-Chinese kwaphela "osengqondweni" wadala moya wakhe JH-7. Ukufana ye - hayi kuphela imbonakalo kodwa kwinjini twatse kunye radar. Akumangalisi ke, i "Phantom" - moya, leyo umfanekiso anokubonwa kwiimagazini ezininzi kulo mbandela kwezixhobo.

Qala yophuhliso

umsebenzi yokuqala yaqala ngo-1953, xa i-US Air Force ngokukhawuleza owaya kukunqongophala nakancinane ezenzekayo kwinkalo karma carrier-based supersonic. Eyokuqala yaba eqinile "McDonnell", kodwa projekthi ingazange ukuhlangabezana ngokupheleleyo iimfuno emkhosini. Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba i AH-1 ngere- bangamajoni bomber kamva kwakhiwa.

Noko ke, ukusilela "-umphambanisi yokuqala" ngenxa kungekhona ingqiqo akuphumelelanga, kodwa zanqaba ngokupheleleyo ngowe-1955, imiqathango ngokuphathelele-moya omtsha, isibakala sokuba eli gosa ngelo xesha lwabonisa umnqweno nalo abathwali moya olunyulu yenethiwekhi-based bangamajoni interceptor ekwaziyo yokufikelela M = 2, imijukujelwa kuphela abaxhobileyo.

Hi ndlela leyi, owenza lo moya "Phantom"? Sele ekhankanywe, "McDonnell". Ngenxa yamava, iinjineli yawo bakwazi ukwenza kumatshini ukuba uyahlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zabathengi. Le yokugqibela kwaba yimpumelelo kangangokuba, ukuze sisemi kwinkonzo ehlabathini lonke.

I AMAGQABAZA ▸ yokuqala

Sele phakathi kwehlobo waloo nyaka bazibhala kwase yokuqala, okhethwe F4H-1F, wandizisa kwiminyaka emithathu yasekwa. Mna ehleli ulawulo ye pilot test uRobert C. Little. Lo moya kusetyenziswa iinjini J79-3A (2h6715 Kum), kodwa emva kokuba moya yokuqala ka-mahlanu, kwagqitywa ukutshintsha ukuba i-J79-kaWonke-2. Emva kwexesha elincinane ngakumbi, lo yokugqibela wamnika indlela eya imodeli J79-kaWonke-2A (2h7325 kgf). Ngoko kwakukho moya "Mbumbulu" yemodeli yesibini.

Ngowe-1960, kuye kwenziwa isantya irekhodi epheleleyo ka-2583 km / h. Kodwa apha AmaMelika waya iqhinga encinane zobugcisa: a kwigumbi isiguquli into zifakwa phantsi koxinzelelo umxube wamanzi kunye ethanol, elathi iincakuba turbine ngokufanelekileyo cool nokuthintela intshabalalo thermal. Le ukuguqulwa yakhethwa F-4A, wakhululwa moya nje 23 kule modeli.

Bonke bephela mazisetyenziselwe kuphela qwaba uvavanyo moya, eUnited States ziye zafunyanwa yi-Force Air. Ngokubanzi, "phantom" - moya (ifoto yakhe kwinqaku), apho amabali kwakungekho ngaphantsi kwe iinguqulelo kweshumi. Njengoko axhobe nje US Yaba ixesha elingephi, oko kuthathwa ingxelo! Ukuba awuyazi ukuba kukhangeleka ngathi "phantom" (-moya), iya kuba nako ukwanelisa ukwazi, emva kokufunda eli nqaku!

Qala of production, ukuguqulwa

Ukuveliswa kwezi matshini yaqalwa ngoDisemba 1960. Xa th 1967 e-US Air Force malunga 637 moya kule modeli. Kamva, ngenxa yezi ntlobo sele yenziwe ubukrelekrele. Kwafumaniseka ukuba aveze ngaphantsi kwe-500 "wabo" ezihlambulukileyo "", kukho inani moya endala (ngaphandle ngeebhetshi zovavanyo) yatshintshwa iinguqulelo ezintsha.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, isigqibo sokuba lisebenzise i "Phantom" yamkelwe ukulwa multi-nxaxheba kwenziwa kuphela ngo-1962. Ngeendlela ezininzi, esi cingisisi iye yahlanganiswa kunye runs ngelixa iingxoxo malunga nendima imoto elizayo. Ezinye nabaqambi wanikela nangoko ukwenza kunye makings ye-analog ukuhlasela emhlabeni fighter, ngoxa abanye baphikelela ukhetho yokudala iteknoloji fighter nyulu, ngelo xesha kakhulu efunwa yi-US Air Force.

izixhobo zobungcali kwezikhali

design ashukimisayo - eqhelekileyo, a elisezantsi-iphiko, trapezoidal, Uphawu kuba phambi consoles yokusonga. Empennage ukuba ziqwelwe iimbalasane yenziwe nkulu kwinkcaso ukungena komoya nokunyusa uphume-moya.

Ngokungafaniyo umlweli iphambili kunyaka, lo moya "Phantom" uye ngoomatshini phambili kakhulu, inani zokuguqulwa yayingaphakathi kwinkqubo UPS. Ngoko ke moya ikwazi ukuhlala phezu sinendawo of an carrier moya, kusetyenziswa waqhekeza hook. Oku sikwazi ukumelana koomatshini ukufika ukukhathaza ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-17 ukuya. Kakade ke, ukuba kulotywe ezo zifumaneka kuphela pilot elitheni, egqibeleleyo ngayo indiza yakhe.

Uyilo imodeli kumatshini, radar wasetyenziswa AN / APQ-120, kunye complex ngenjongo impendulo AN / ASQ-26, AN / AJB-7 inkqubo unoxanduva navigation kunye moya echanekileyo ubonise iziqhushumbisi. Ukuseta Ziyaqhubeka moya phantom F-4 usebenzisa uphawu izixhobo AN / ASQ-9L. radiation Radar ukubonwa yerada utshaba abafumana AN / APR-36/37 izixhobo, lokufumana REB-impendulo esimbaxa ukuphazamiseka AN / ALQ-71/72/87.

Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo moya-F-4E yokukhangela iquka INS AN / ASN-63, ngumsombululi AN / ASN-46 kunye altimeters altimeter radio AN / APN-155. Kunxibelelwano, lwamaqosha inkqubo yokuchonga unendawo ezinzima AN / ASQ-19 equka transceiver TACAN.

Kwezikhali. Komse- ezisithoba lwangaphandle ukumiswa phantom moya F-4 Mayingathwalwa ezahlukeneyo izixhobo, kuquka SD ezine medium-uchunge AIM-7 "unondlwane". Kukho amathuba izikhali kwi yayigcinwa le fuselage, moya nako ukusebenzisa umpu moya imodeli M61A1 (adume ngokuhambela 1200 umpu nganye). On ibhodi kukho iibhloko kunye Ziyaqhubeka standard Ja, amatanki zokutshiza Izixhobo emoyeni (VAP) kwi bemisiwe etikweni.

Lo moya "phantom" (ukwaziswa okuye ifoto kweli nqaku) uyakwazi baqhubeke kwibhodi enyukliya zibhombu imifuziselo ezimbini: Mk43, Mk.57, Mk.61 okanye Mk.28. ubunzima Zizonke izixhobo zinokwenzeka malunga ezisixhenxe tonnes, kodwa ukulayisha onjalo umatshini ingathatha off kuphela xa iitanki amafutha azikhange zizizalise ngokupheleleyo. Lo - enye iintsilelo ezingundoqo kule modeli, nto leyo ibonakala ngokucacileyo Vietnam apho amaMelika bahlangana MiGs Soviet. moya yethu ethwele yokusebenza ngokunxulumene nobunzima nengalo baba aphezulu kakhulu.

Idatha kwimveliso

Ukukhutshwa "phantom" ukuhlangabezana neemfuno US yasemkhosini ukuya ku-1976 (ezingama-moya malunga 4,000 ziye zasiwa, kwaye 1,300 waya neemfuno Navy leyo). Ukongeza, malunga enye newaka nesiqingatha iimoto zisiwe kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa nantsi ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba ezinye izithuthi ezithunyelwa badluliselwa ngqo ukusuka Navy / Air Force.

Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba F4 moya "phantom" uye waba ngomnye ethandwa kwicandelo abalwi jet belo xesha, njengoko ikwazi ukuvelisa iziqwenga ngaphezulu kwe amawaka amahlanu. Ekugqibeleni, ukususela ngowe-1971 ukuya 1980 eJapan wakha 138 moya, i ikopi mvume ye-"Phantom" American, iyahluka ukusuka kwinguqulelo esisiseko utshintsho abanye nokwakhiwa kwezikhali kunye avionics.

iimpawu technical

Le chopho iyonke obeziimitha 11.7, ubude fuselage - 19.2 m, ubude liphezulu umzimba iimitha ezi-5, indawo ephikweni 49,2 square metres. Obukhulu ubunzima ngexesha elinye zazisuka kwiitoni ezingama-25 ukuya kowama-26. moya blank F 4 "phantom" (ngaphandle kwamafutha kunye neengalo imisiwe) ubunzima 13.760 kg kwi lwangaphakathi iitanki fuel amafutha ezigcinwe kweetoni ezintandathu, iitoni ezine engekabili ezo kwiitanki ukumiswa.

Motors kanye iimpawu moya

Njengoko isityalo amandla Turbojet besebenzise kaWonke. Iimfaniso kwakhona ezimbini: J79-kaWonke-8 (kunye ezona ngongoma 7780 kgf), J79-kaWonke-17 (ephezulu ibambelele uphawu leyo 8120 kgf).

Ngelo xesha, lo moya "Phantom", iimpawu yezobugcisa kuzo kweli nqaku, waba lamandulo i US Air Force ngenxa yokuba iimpawu zalo moya balunge kakhulu. Aircraft ayikwazanga kukhawuleziswa ku 2300 km / h, ubuninzi enokufikelelwa ukuphakama practice kokususa yayiziimitha-16 ukuya 600, lunikezelo lunikezelo - 220 m / s, uluhlu 2380 km.

Ubude evulekile phambi ngexesha elinye yayiziimitha 1340, kunye iparashute elekhtrons for imoto wayeka ngokupheleleyo eemitha 950. On abathwali moya, apho iifayile ezisetyenziswa umlobothi wakho, i-moya American "phantom" wahlala malunga 30-40 eemitha. Ubuninzi Isantya omninzi kuko ngexesha lokusebenza ngokoqobo, waba 6,0G.

Ukubaluleka ukulwa ukusetyenziswa

AmaMelika wayeyoliswa kakhulu-moya "Phantom" (iimpawu esiye sele ichaziwe), njengoko iyunithi le modeli ixesha elide wahlala ndlela iphambili komoya emkhulu Air Force and Navy. I yokuqala eyaziwayo ukulwa ukusetyenziswa isenzeko senzeka ngoAprili 2, 1965, ngexesha le umlo e Vietnam. Kukho iinqwelo kule modeli ujongene MIG-17F, ezanikezelwa North Vietnam kwilizwe lethu.

Ukususela ngo-1966, xa inkcaso ugqaliselo ziye zabandakanya MIG-21F, nayo mayinike i-USSR. Air Force kunye US Navy kucingelwa ukuba "phantom" ngokukhawuleza uya kuphumelela umoya noludumileyo, ekubeni ecaleni lazo yayinamandla kakhulu kwi-ebhodini izixhobo, radar ezikumgangatho ophezulu, kwakunye ukukhawulezisa okulungileyo babheke Velocity. Zonke ezi meko wabanika ithemba nemiphumo emihle dogfighting.

Ubuhle nobubi

Kodwa practice kwenzeka ukuba kungquzulwano kunye iimpawu uphume iinqwelo-moya American abazange ethandwa kakhulu. Baye enenzala ephantsi kwi iphiko izizathu umthwalo zokusebenza ezinkulu, indima yayo njengoko ulungisiwe ukuxinana isithintelo (6.0 nxamnye 8.0 ngo-MIG). Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iimoto American ezincinane sakujika isibiyeli yokuphatha kancinci esezantsi pfunaka. Yolula-to-ubunzima izixhobo ukusuka moya eSoviet nalo ngcono.

Le eziluncedo ziquka ukukhawulezisa rapid (umahluko kunye Grant - ezisixhenxe imizuzwana kuba baseMerika), umatshini uya kufumana ephakame ngokukhawuleza, nabaqhubi zethu kakhulu yavavanywa ukubonakala ukusuka indebe moya 'umfanekiso wabo "kwaye ubukho crew ilunga yesibini. offloads yokugqibela inkoliso yolingo, njengoko basoko belwakhele umkhanya ummandla ikhweyitha diff kwaye ubalumkise umphathi nokoyikiswa kuye kwavela khona.

Ezinye iindawo yokulwa ukusetyenziswa

Kukholelwa ukuba le nqanawa isebenzayo ye-Vietnam War waba umqhubi esasihamba S. Ritchie C. Bellevue, kwi-akhawunti emfazweni ukuba, ngokutsho baseMerika ngokwawo, kwakukho MiGs ezintlanu Vietnamese. Ukususela ngasekupheleni-imi- 60 ngenqwelo-moya, umzekelo waqalisa ukuba zidluliselwe kuphungulwe namahlakani bakwaSirayeli of America. Njengenxalenye Israel oomatshini Air Force zingqineke ngokwabo kakuhle kakhulu.

Kodwa ke, xa yangqubana ne mig-21 baseYiputa, aba eqeqesha pilot Soviet, ufumanise zonke kuneengxaki efanayo. Ingxaki mkhulu kangangokuba amaSirayeli ziye zasekwa ime emdeni wayo ukukhululwa Fighters French "isanga", yaye ngenxa yoko ke musa nkqu ndicekisa bebe yinxalenye kwamaxwebhu zobugcisa. Kwixesha elizayo, "wabo" zaye ngokutsha ukujongana ukuhlasela ngemingeni moya kule modeli ukumelana ngaphandle naziphi na izikhalazo.

Noko ke, bendiza ngokwabo ebengaveli ndikuvuyele kuba "wabo" lalisetyenziswa nezithuthi ukubetha, bethwele ilahleko oqaphelekayo (ukuya kwi-70% ye-fleet yeemoto). Kwakhona, ukuba kungenxa yokuba le nyaniso ayikho iimpawu eziphakamileyo zobungcali ye pilot bamaYiputa izakhono ezilungileyo yokuhlala yiSoviet of Soviet zane efanayo.

iinqwelomoya Kamva zazisetyenziswa ngexesha ungquzulwano phakathi Iran Iraq (iminyaka 1980-1988), kodwa ubuncinane ezinye iinkcukacha ukulwa yokusebenzisa kuloo minyaka isahleli ayaziwa. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lo dogfight yokuqala phakathi iinqwelo kunye ntaka, xa Mi-24 akwazi wakhuphe umoya amandla Iraq lihlasele 'phantom "iintolo zakhe' umoya-to-moya."

Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba ngo-2012 i- Air Force Syria wadubula phantsi i "phantom" Turkey, apho yokugqibela isetyenziswe intlola.

Ezinye iingcali endle kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo bakholelwa ukuba le nqwelo-moya "Phantom" - US bangamajoni bomber isizukulwana "lesithathu", ngexesha lokudalwa layo nzulu smogshy ngaphambi kwexesha lakhe. Ezinye zifuneka kuqala ukuze uluvo okunjalo, ngenxa yokuba imodeli ube yimpumelelo kakhulu, kwaye ezinye iimpawu ayo ahlale idumile unanamhla.

Namhlanje le hlobo moya kuhlala Force Air: Egypt (malunga ezimbini iimoto elinesibini), amaGrike, abantu malunga amahlanu yala maxesha apho "wabo", okt nazo e-Iran, kodwa moya Iranian umva-60 ngonyaka ka yokwakha, kwaye inani eziseleyo oomatshini ukuba isebenziseke ayaziwa. Isebenzisa uhlobo olufanayo moya Turkey, apho iingalo kufuneka ubuncinane omnye anamanci mahlanu yala maxesha "wabo", South Korea (malunga namashumi amahlanu), Japan (moya ikhulu). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yaseJapan kusetyenziswa iisampuli yokwakha yakhe, apho siye esele zikhankanywe apha ngentla.

yokubona izinto zale mihla

eziseleyo koomatshini USAF namhlanje kakhulu ukulungiswa ngo drones ezinzima yokothuka, kwakunye ekujoliswe elawulwa radio-yenzelwe kuqeqesho amandla womoya kunye nomoya wokhuselo amaqela izibalo. AmaMelika bhala ukuba yokugqibela "abantu" flight episode "phantom" zenzeka phakathi ku-Apreli 2013 (wayebhekisela moya phezu kwintsimi US). Ngaphambi kokuba "wokugqibela Mohicans" kwakujongwa umatshini kunye nenombolo umsila 68-0599, wenza ebaleka kwi siseko kwi the Mojave Desert January 18, 1989, yaye musa ukubhabha ukusukela.

Kodwa ngoku US Defense iSebe qikelela ukuba kungekudala bonke "wabo", ngoku kwizitora ziya uzakususwa ukulondolozwa ubunzima baze baphinde. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba, namhlanje, kunye nokugcinwa isusiwe izithuthi ubuncinane 316 kule hlobo.

Baza kwenza ntoni "Phantom"?

corporation American BAE Systems libandakanywe kuncendile moya nokuguqulwa kamva abo elilawulwayo radio-ekujoliswe QF-4C. Yinto eyaziwayo zonke izithuthi ukuba ekugqibeleni uya kunikelwa esandleni 82nd kwadingeka iithagethi ezahlukeneyo elawulwa irediyo-(zasemoyeni ekujoliswe kwadingeka - ATRS). Yena lusekelwe eFlorida.

Ivela phezu kobuso bayo moya "zithwala" kunokuba ahluka ngokulula ukusuka njengesiqhelo, kuba isiphelo samaphiko kunye zikhangeleke adyojwe ngombala obomvu oqaqambileyo (onokuyibona efotweni-moya "Phantom" olu hlobo nqaku). Oku sele eyaziwayo malunga nesibini ezilikhulu odolwa kwaye phantsi neeyunithi zokwakha. Zexabiso ezifana ukuguquka ukuze matshini ingasetyenziswa njengako ukulwa.

Ukuze ubonise alwayo amakhono eziguqulelwe 'umfanekiso wabo "ngoJanuwari 2008 kwibhodi enye yezi umboniso sungula yaba imijukujelwa kuqala wenza' umoya-lizwe '. Kukholelwa ukuba xa moya UAV aguqulwa abe ngempumelelo ingasetyenziswa ukucinezela iindlela umoya ukuziphendulela utshaba. Nangona ukusebenza thekinoloji ngokwayo, ukulahlekelwa labaqhubi kwi ukucofa labo akuyi kwenzeka, leyo uya kusindisa ubomi labaqhubi abaqeqeshiweyo.

Kungenzeka, kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo, ngasekho "Phantom" ukuba "abantu drive" iya ekugqibeleni kuyekiswe inkonzo kuwo onke amazwe apho matshini nangoku kwinkonzo. Kwaye ngoko khangela umatshini edume isenokuba kwiimyuziyam okanye xa etyelela yokuqokelela moya yabucala. Ekugqibeleni, lo moya picture "phantom" uya kusoloko kukwazi ukubona kumaphepha kweli phepha.

ngabaqhubi bethu ithuba ukuvavanya indebe 'umfanekiso wabo. " Kufuneka ke ukuba iingcali eSoviet wathetha kakhulu kulo matshini izalathisi ezininzi, ingakumbi ukuphawula umgangatho iyonke nangobungcibi bamashishini, elektroniki kakhulu, lula indiza kunye nokusebenza umqhubi. Kwakhona, "luchane" yaba kakuhle esekwe kwi-moya kule modeli. Ngenxa yoko, kwimowudi kokwehla, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba ukuqalisa rocket okanye ngempazamo sebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Awu, efana maxa wambi kuyenzeka kunye nabaqhubi yethu MIG, owathi, ukuba udiniwe, ngokulula ukuya cofa ...