Crystallization nawawokunyibilika ishedyuli utshintsho nakwimo isambuku iziyobisi

Eli nqaku lichaza into eyiyo crystallization nawokunyibilika. Kumzekelo amazwe ahlukeneyo, udibaniso amanzi uchazwe, ukuba ubushushu obuninzi iyafuneka ukuze ukuqanda thawing yaye kutheni le amaxabiso ezahlukileyo. Ibonisa umahluko phakathi poly- kunye ziikristale olunye, kwakunye ukuntsonkotha eyimveliso yokugqibela.

Ukufudukela kwenye ilizwe aggregate

Umntu oqhelekileyo ecinga ngale enqabileyo kodwa ubomi kwinqanaba apho ikhona ngoku, bekuya kuba akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwesayensi. Yintoni na? Umbuzo onzima, kuba ezininzi iinkqubo ezikhoyo kwi elilujongano lwamacandelo eziliqela. Izenzakalo apho qondile indawo kwinzululwazi kunzima, nguye crystallization nawokunyibilika. Kubonakala, kakuhle, oko kunzima: kwakukho amanzi - iye yaba umkhenkce, yaba ibhola metal - iye yaba lidike metal engamanzi. Noko ke, iindlela ngqo utshintsho ukusuka kwenye imo udibaniso kwenye elishiyiweyo. Physics enyuka nzulu ehlathini, kodwa ukuqikelela kanye oko kwelinqaku ukuqalisa yokunyibilika kunye crystallization ngayo imizimba okwangoku sele ifunyenwe.

Into esiyaziyo

Into yokuba abantu akwaziyo. Ingongoma yokunyibilika kunye crystallization ngokufanelekileyo lula uzimisele empirically. Kodwa yonke into ayikho simple kangaka. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba amanzi linyibilike kwaye ngumkhenkce sikuqanda degrees Celsius. Noko ke, amanzi ngokuqhelekileyo nje kokuyilwayo yeengcingane, imali ethile. Musa ukulibala ukuba inkqubo yokunyibilika kunye crystallization ayikho nje ngephanyazo. Ice cube uqala ukunyibilika ngaphambi ifikelela kanye degrees zero, amanzi kwi kwitoti yokuqala ligutyungelwe ice ziikristale kubushushu amakhulu kancinci uphawu esikalini.

Wedwa kunye nokufunxwa ubushushu ngethuba lenguqu ukuya kwimeko eyahlukileyo ukulinganiswa

Crystallization nawawokunyibilika eziqinileyo kunye neziphumo ezithile thermal. Xa urhulumente kulwelo imolekyuli (okanye ngamanye amaxesha athom) ziya amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ayikho yengqingqwa. Kanye ngenxa yoku, ukuba ubuchule 'amanzi. " Xa umzimba uqala ukuba ulahlekelwe ubushushu, athom kunye iimolekyuli baqale ezibenza babe kwisakhiwo kakhulu lula. Ngenxa yoko, crystallization kwenzeka. Amaxesha amaninzi kuxhomekeke kwiimeko yangaphandle, lufumaneka efanayo carbon grafayithi, idayimani, okanye fullerene. Ngoko lobushushu nje kuphela kodwa uxinzelelo azinampembelelo ndlela iya kuqhubeka crystallization nawokunyibilika. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze abatshabalalise isakhiwo yikristale yokuqhagamshelwa engqongqo, kufuneka amandla kancinci kakhulu, yaye ngenxa yoko isixa ubushushu ngaphezu koko ukudala kubo. Ngenxa yoko, le nto uza ngumkhenkce ngokukhawuleza kunokuba kunyibilika iinkqubo phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba ubushushu afihlakeleyo, kwaye ibonisa umahluko ochazwe ngasentla. Khumbula ukuba ubushushu abagxothwa akazalani nobushushu kwaye njengoko enjalo ibonisa isixa ubushushu efunekayo ukunyibilika crystallization yenzekile.

Tshintsha unyuse xa ususa enye ilizwe aggregate

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, inani nomgangatho amakhonkco ithi engamanzi kunye engqindilili ezahlukeneyo. Elungiselelwe amacandelo karhulumente ulwelo ifuna amandla, ke ngoko, athom ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza rhoqo ukutsiba ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye nokudala unxulumano yethutyana. Ukususela awo le oscillations ze amasuntswana elikhulu, kwaye ulwelo unalo umthamo omkhulu. Ukanti a uxhulumaniso esiqinileyo tight, atom ngalinye eshukuma ngayo malunga isikhundla lizama, yena akakwazi ukuphuma isikhundla sakhe. Esi sakhiwo kuthatha indawo ngaphantsi. Sothi ukunyibilika kwaye crystallization kwezinto lukhatshwe utshintsho umthamo.

Iimpawu onyibilikayo namanzi crystallization

Le ulwelo efanayo yaye kubalulekile ukuba iplanethi yethu, njengoko amanzi akanakusuke ukudlala indima enkulu kubomi uluntu phantse bonke abaphilayo. Echazwe ngentla ngumahluko phakathi isixa ubushushu ezifunekayo crystallization nawawokunyibilika zenzeka, kwakunye notshintsho unyuse xa ukutshintsha imo udibaniso. Ezinye ngaphandle ukuba zombini migaqo amanzi. Hydrogen molekyuli ahlukeneyo karhulumente engamanzi nokuba ngokufutshane idityaniswe, ukwakha buthathaka, kodwa hayi zero hydrogen bond. Oku kuchaza amandla ubushushu enkulu kakhulu yale fluid jikelele. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umyinge wamanzi asebenzayo, ezi zonxibelelwano zingaphazamisi. Kodwa indima yabo ngexesha 'amazinyo (ngamanye amagama, crystallization) ukuya kutsho ekupheleni akukacaci. Noko ke, umntu kufuneka uvume ukuba umkhenkce kunobukhulu efanayo ohlala umthamo ngaphezu namanzi. Le nyaniso ebangela oluninzi umonakalo kwiinethiwekhi eluncedo, Sibahlangule iingxaki ezininzi ekukhonzeni abantu babo.

Hayi nje kanye okanye kabini iindaba kwambanekela imiyalezo ezinjalo. Ebusika, igumbi kwibhoyila bedolophana ekude kukho ingozi. Ngenxa kwekhephu, ice kunye iqabaka enzima babengenalo ixesha ukuqhuba amafutha. Amanzi ebebunikwe loo zokufudumeza kunye kwiimpompo, ibhetri, akusekho eshushu. Ukuba akukho ixesha nemali yokuhlawula, eshiya inkqubo ubuncinane ngokungaphelelanga ezingenanto, kwaye kungcono ukuba zome, uqala ukufumana lobushushu voice. Ngokufuthi, ngelishwa, ngeli xesha kukho kuneqabaka enzima. Kwaye ke ice eziqwenga imibhobho, eshiya abantu ngaphandle ithuba ubomi obutofotofo kwiinyanga ezizayo. Emva koko, Kakade ke, ukuphelisa le ngozi, Iimeko zikaxakeka anobukroti loMphathiswa, ligqobha indlu le Blizzard ukuba olufumana ihelikopta iitoni ezimbalwa amalahle awayesibawela kunye kwimibhobho abangamahlwempu kwimibhobho utshintsho iwotshi abandayo ikrakra.

Snow kunye iqhwa

Ecinga ngumkhenkce, sisoloko sicinga ityhubhu abandayo esipilini yejusi okanye babeziindleko ezinkulu ezilele Antarctic. Ikhephu waqonda ngabantu into eyodwa, apho kubonakala ukuba ezingahambelaniyo emanzini. Kodwa enyanisweni ke umkhenkce enye, nje engumkhenkce ngendlela ethile, nto leyo ebonisa ubume. Bathi ukuba ayisekho iqhwa ezimbini twatse ehlabathini liphela. Isazinzulu esivela eUnited States le ngokuzimisela kwaye umisele nemiqathango yokufumana ezi umdak hex bacela imilo. laboratory wakhe ukunika nkqu Blizzard lomfanekiso iqhwa ehlawulwa client. Phela, isichotho, ikhephu kunye ezifana, kungenxa ukwazi kakhulu inkqubo crystallization - ukusuka umphunga hayi amanzi. Reconversion komzimba eqinileyo ngexesha kanye kwiyunithi sukube kuthiwa sublimation.

ziikristale elilodwa polycrystalline

Bonke abantu bayawubona yeemeko zasebusika ice kwi iglasi ebhasini. Bona wabumba kuba iqondo lobushushu ngaphakathi isithuthi singaphezulu zero Celsius. Kwaye ngaphandle, abantu abaninzi ukuphefumla kunye umoya ovela emiphungeni ngezibini, ukunika ukufuma enkulu. Kodwa iglasi (rhoqo ezichuliweyo Abangatshatanga) yi kwiqondo lobushushu okukufutshane, oko kukuthi a negative. umphunga wamanzi, inhliziyo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu lulahlekelwa bubushushu kwaye iba urhulumente esiqinileyo. Enye crystal izinti komnye, ngamnye ifomu zilandelayo yahluke kancinane kowangaphambili, kwaye ngokukhawuleza ukukhula iipateni ezintle azilingani. Lo ngumzekelo we polycrystalline. "Poly" - ukusuka Latin "eninzi". Kulo mzekelo, ezinye microparts oludibeneyo zibe iyunithi enye. Nayiphi na imveliso metal - kaninzi kakhulu polycrystalline. Nantsi ke uhlobo ogqibeleleyo zwi prism yendalo - yinto crystal enye. Kubume bayo, akukho namnye uya kufumana ukungafezeki kunye izikhewu, kanti imithamo polycrystalline iziqwenga izalathiso zilungiswe ngokungakhethiyo yaye akazange-nye.

Smartphones kanye omabonakude

Kodwa ubugcisa bale mihla badla ifuna ziikristale enye ecocekileyo ngokupheleleyo. Umzekelo, phantse naluphi smartphone iqulethe ezinzulwini lesilicon memory element yayo. Akukho atom kuyo yonke le ncwadi kufuneka izakususwa kwindawo efanelekileyo. Wonke umntu kufuneka uthathe indawo yawo. Kungenjalo, kunokuba iifoto uzakufumana izandi imveliso, kwaye, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, abenza.

Omabonakude, izixhobo ngombono ebusuku kwakhona kufuneka ziikristale olunye isambuku ngokwaneleyo ukuguqula infrared angene ekukhanyeni okubonakalayo. Iindlela inombolo lwabo olukhulayo, kodwa elowo kufuna izibalo ingakumbi ngenyameko yaye ichanile. Indlela ifunyenwe ziikristale olunye, oososayensi baqonde evela imizobo kwisigaba, ngamanye ikhangela igrafu ngokunyityilikiswa kunye crystallization imveliso. Yenza umfanekiso kunzima, ngoko, izazinzulu kufunda kakhulu zizazinzulu abakhetha ukufumana phandle zonke iinkcukacha kwishedyuli.