Eduard Shevardnadze: engobomi, umsebenzi kwezopolitiko, iifoto, unobangela wokufa

Ngo-2014, wafa uMongameli Georgia, nangemihla eSoviet Union - uMphathiswa Foreign. Wayeneminyaka eli-86 ubudala, yaye igama lakhe Eduard Shevardnadze. Lo mntu uya kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

Komsomol

Eduard Shevardnadze, ogama izithombe kweli nqaku, wazalwa ngo-1928. Kwathi Georgia, kwidolophana Mamati. Intsapho Eduard Shevardnadze wazalwa, wawumkhulu kunye esisityebi kunene. Uyise wasebenza utitshala wesikolo ulwimi Russian neencwadi, kwaye Edward kunye neminyaka elishumi moonlighting abe ngunoposi.

Ngexesha ingcinezelo zobundlobongela 1937 uyise Edward kaThixo wasinda ukubanjwa ngokufihla evela NKVD. Wasindisa ubomi ilungu labasebenzi yaBantu Commissariat, ngubani ngaphambili isifundo. Edward ngokwakhe ababhalise esikolweni zonyango, apho waphumelela iimbeko. Kodwa yezonyango wabingelela umsebenzi wakhe wezopolitiko, leyo lwaqala kwisikhundla unobhala nguwonke le Komsomol. umsebenzi lakhe lizenzile nazo ngokukhawuleza, kwaye kwiminyaka engama-25, waba unobhala yokuqala Kutaisi Committee Komsomol City.

Kwixesha elizayo, kuya kuthabatha emva kokuba abasabela ngayo ulutsha Georgian kwingxelo Khrushchev kwi the XX Congress of the Party. Tbilisi amatshantliziyo aye isinyathelo ukuveza ngxwaba ubuntu lehlelo Stalin kaThixo. Ngenxa yoko, esi sixeko kunye imikhosi kusetyenziswa amandla, yabulala abantu-21 ziye zaziswa. Kutaisi wahlala sibukela ukusuka ingxokozelo. Akwenzeki ukuba athi ngqo njani oku wadlala indima Eduard Shevardnadze, kodwa wonyuselwa. Emva konyaka sele kuphelela Komsomol kulo kwiRiphabliki yaseGeorgia.

imizamo Anti-urhwaphilizo

Kwi-ofisi kaNobhala Shevardnadze Eduard Amvrosievich watshintshelwa ngo-1968 ukuya kwisikhundla sokuba nguMphathiswa of Internal Affairs weRiphabhliki. Kwelinye icala, oku ukwanda, kodwa kunokuba ezithile. Oku yayikhona izixhobo lolawulo kwamandla yiSoviet imithetho ekungathethwayo, njengako zeziphi izikhundla umsebenzi lo jikelele xa amapolisa linqanam lokugqibela umsebenzi, kuba emva kwi-nkqubo zange sele iguqulelwe. Ngenxa yoko, le ndawo yaba isiphelo ufile ngokubhekiselele kuphuhliso umsebenzi. Kodwa Shevardnadze Eduard Amvrosievich, ogama biography lizele ilenze umdla amathuba, ukwazile ukuphuma kule meko.

Into yokuba lo mmandla yiSoviet Caucasus lwalonakele yaye emi kule ndawo kwisiqalo ngayo yonke enye into, naye zimbi, Union. iphulo lokulwa urhwaphilizo yaphehlelelwa yesicelo, waba soloko abantu obathembayo, hayi efafazwe igama lakhe. Kodwa Shevardnadze nje igama onjalo yaye, njengoko kwaxelwa Brezhnev. Ngenxa yoko, wathunyelwa ukuba uqeqesho indima kunobhala yokuqala yeKomiti City Tbilisi. Emva konyaka, ngowe-1972, ikhokelwa yi kwiriphabliki. Noko ke, kwiminyaka emine kuphela kamva, waba lilungu le Central Committee CPSU, leyo wafakwa kuye emsebenzini. Isiphumo yokuqala Five-Year Plan of nokunganyaniseki Shevardnadze yaba ekugxothweni kwabantu malunga namashumi amane amawaka. Enetyala phantsi komthetho kulo mzekelo 75% - malunga namashumi amathathu amawaka.

Iindlela zokunyoba ukulwa, nesetyenziswa Eduard Shevardnadze, kwincwadi engobomi bakhe ethi walondoloza wabulela ku livakale elibanzi baye kuluntu. Ngokomzekelo, kwenye yeentlanganiso yesiGeorgia Committee Central, wacela amagosa ndawonye ubonisa iwashi. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphandle kutshanje i waqeshwa nesithuba sikanobhala ku "Uzuko" lwakhe lokuqala athobekile bonke zindala kwaye iyabiza "Seiko". Ngesinye isihlandlo, yena lakuphelisa umsebenzi weteksi, kodwa esitratweni kunjalo wabonakala izele iimoto kunye iimpawu isici. Kubalulekile ukuphawula, kuba ngokuchaseneyo langoku ukuwaphatha zabucala ixesha ezithathwa nje ingeniso unearned ngecala.

Noko ke, ukuba bahlukane zokunyoba ngokupheleleyo ukusuka unit control medium akuphumelelanga. Phakathi nokubuyekezwa zeli xesha kukho abo bambiza yonke imisebenzi a olungaphambili, ngenxa yokuba abanye amasela ebethe uthabathe indawo zabanye.

nezimo zepolitiki

Shevardnadze Eduard Amvrosievich athandwa phakathi abemi beRiphabliki ezifunyenwe ngo-1978, kwaye isizathu ukuba ungquzulwano lezopolitiko ulwimi olusemthethweni. Le meko yaba kangangokuba amazwe amathathu kuphela eSoviet Union ezisemthethweni iilwimi imo lwabo lwesigodi wesizwe. WaseGeorgia phakathi kwabo. Kuzo zonke ezinye iingingqi eSoviet Union, ingqiqo ngolwimi karhulumente zange zicaciswa gca kwi-siseko. Ngexesha zokwamkelwa inguqulelo entsha ye-siseko siye sagqiba ukususa lo msebenzi, yaye kuwo wonke umsebenzi jikelele zeRiphablikhi. Noko ke, isindululo akazange ukuba uxhamle abemi bendawo, baza bahlanganisana phambi kwesakhiwo karhulumente uqhankqalazo ngoxolo. Eduard Shevardnadze nangoko wanxibelelana eMoscow Brezhnev weyisekile ukuba ngesi sigqibo kufuneka elinye ixesha. Akazange hamba endleleni, abazaziyo abasemagunyeni eSoviet, ngokuba ngenxa Party. Endaweni yoko, inkokeli kwiriphabliki waya ebantwini kwaye kakhulu wathi: ". Yonke into kuba nje ufuna" It ngokuphindaphindiweyo waphakamisa rating kunye nesidima emehlweni abemi.

Ngelo xesha, ke, wathethayo phambi ukulwa yokugqibela neentshaba eceleni. Ngokomzekelo, uthi amathambo ococa yeehagu longxowankulu. uMdal kakhulu Eduard Shevardnadze wathetha nkqubo eMoscow kunye buqu malunga Iqabane Brezhnev. ukunconywa Wakhe ngaphaya yonke imida unoyena kwanaxa phantsi kolawulo lweSoviet. Shevardnadze wathetha kakuhle malunga nokuqaliswa kweeyunithi Soviet wamajoni Afghanistan, egxininisa ukuba "i eyiyo kuphela 'inyathelo. Oku kwakunye nokunye okuninzi kukhokelele kwinto yokuba inkokeli inkcaso Georgian ngokufuthi bammangalela nohanahaniso nobuxoki. Enyanisweni, la mabango efanayo kuhlala esemthethweni namhlanje, sele emva Eduarda Amvrosievicha ubunzima afe. Shevardnadze ngexesha lokudla kwakhe ubomi evasive wabaphendula, echaza ukuba kusithiwa akazange azicengezele incwadi yesicelo, kodwa wazama ukudala iimeko ukuze babakhonze ngcono iimfuno zabantu.

Kunika umdla ukuqaphela oku, njengoko sengqondo kakhulu Stalin kunye Stalin kaThixo ulawulo, apho yokusasaza-nkqubo yayo Eduard Shevardnadze. 1984, umzekelo - kulo nyaka i- movie "Ukuguquka" yi Tengiz Abuladze. Le filimu ekuveliseni eluntwini livakale gqitha, kuba ubethwa ugweba kabukhali kwiStalinism. Kwaye lo mfanekiso yavela ngenxa yemizamo lobuqu Shevardnadze.

abancedisayo Gorbachev

Ubuhlobo phakathi Shevardnadze kunye Gorbachev waqala xa uNobhala wokugqibela yokuQala aseStavropol yoMmandla Committee iqela. Ngokutsho memoirs bobabini, baxoxa ngendlela ngokuphandle, enye yezi iincoko, Shevardnadze wathi "yonke into ebolileyo, yonke into kufuneka utshintshe." ngaphantsi kweenyanga ezintathu kamva, Gorbachev wakhokela eSoviet Union yaye ukuba ngoko nangoko ukuba Eduarda Amvrosievicha nesiphakamiso ukuba athathe kwisikhundla nguMphathiswa weMicimbi Foreign. Le yokugqibela wavuma, yaye ngoko, endaweni yokuba owayesakuba Shevardnadze - inkokeli Georgia i-Shevardnadze wabonakala - uMphathiswa weMicimbi yaNgaphandle USSR. Le Ukuqeshwa wadala a furore kuphela eRashiya kodwa ehlabathini lonke. Okokuqala, Eduard Amvrosievich akazange unesinye ulwimi lwasemzini. Okwesibini, akunamsebenzi unesinye amava amazwe. Noko ke, ngeenjongo Gorbachev, yena kakhulu, ngokuba siyafana iimfuno 'yokucinga entsha' endle kwezopolitiko kunye amazwe. Ngenxa ngonozakuzaku, yazenzela non-yemveli sepolisi eSoviet: uyadlala ukugcina umoya ezaneleyo ekhululekile, wavuma amanye amalungelo.

Noko ke, yena lizama neqela layo, uzimisele ukuhamba bonke abasebenzi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa endaweni yayo. Shevardnadze bayityeshela abasebenzi ngokutsha, apho iqela endala bahlukana kubini. Omnye wabo inkxaso umphathi omtsha bemnandi isimbo sakhe, ngembeko, inkumbulo kunye neempawu yobungcali. Abanye, Noko ke, wema inkcaso ngokuba yonke into eyenza wezangaphandle omtsha, ukuba kukunyaba, yaye yena ngokwakhe - Kutaisi Komsomol.

Shevardnadze nyanya zomkhosi ngakumbi. UMphathiswa weMicimbi yaNgaphandle, ukuba yayingafuni kuyabonakala, ababesithi ingozi enkulu kubantu eSoviet bubuhlwempu abantu kunye noludumileyo uzobe olwenziwe ngocoselelo ithi alwayo, kunokuba imijukujelwa yaseMelika kunye moya. Military ukuya ngokunxulumene onjalo lulodwa kusetyenziswa. Soloko ukufumana yonke into abayidingayo, xa Brezhnev kunye Andropov ulawulo, amagosa evela kwiSebe lezoKhuselo weza ukruthakruthwano ngokuphandle kunye Shevardnadze ukuyilahla ngokuphandle kwaye ugxeka nzima yakhe kwimisitho. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-thethwano kwezixhobo uMikhail Moiseev, Chief of Staff, uthe eUnited States, apho, xa nshita oonozakuzaku "lukhuni" eSoviet, ke kuqhelekile.

Xa amajoni Soviet wemka ukusuka eMpuma Yurophu, intiyo intloko Ministry of leMicimbi yangaPhandle liye landa, ngenxa yokuba inkonzo ngaphakathi Germany okanye eCzechoslovakia for emininzi alithandayo usukelo. Ekugqibeleni, intlanganiso iintloko Ministry yoKhuselo ifuna ukuba urhulumente anike Gorbachev ematyaleni. Emva koko, iingcali abaninzi baye babonisa ukuba isizathu sokuba yesicelo i-nkqubo ngqwabalala eCaucasus kwi 1990 yaba ukungathandi i Shevardnadze zomkhosi Russian. Ukongeza, amarhamente amaninzi kwinkqubo yiSoviet kokuxabiseka isikhundla axakane kakhulu Eduarda Amvrosievicha ngayo ngokunxulumene West, zanikela na ukubabona njengeentshaba kunye okhuphisana kunye namaqabane. Nkqu Gorbachev, phantsi koxinzelelo oluvela ababengaxolanga nzulu ndicinga ukutshintsha indlela umfundisi.

Ingxabano ne Gorbachev

utshintsho olukhulu Gorbachev baye kakuhle ezifunyenwe nomenklatura yiSoviet. nokulawulwa ngokwentando Active yoluntu kunye lokulungisa umnotho, kwakunye nkqubo glasnost kwahlangatyezwana yi nokumelana ikrakra. Ultra-kubusa wasola Shevardnadze phantse yonke into eyenzeke ekampini amahlwempu. Isiqingatha sesibini 80s ephawulwe sibange, owayebonakele kobudlelane phakathi inkokeli Soviet Gorbachev kunye noMphathiswa Foreign. Isiphumo sale nto yokurhoxa ngokuzithandela intloko Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1990. Kwaye demarche wakhe Eduard Amvrosievich kunye nabani na ngokubambisana. Ngenxa yoko, ze ehlabathini lonke lifika yokothuka, njengokuba Gorbachev ngokwakhe, yena kwafuneka uxolo nokwenza ukuzithethelela izenzo ulijonga njengomhlobo wakhe owayesakuba ngubani Eduard Shevardnadze. ngobomi bakhe, ke, iquka iinzame yesibini ukuthatha indawo kwentloko Ministry Foreign.

Buyela kwisikhundla sokuba wezangaphandle

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba isigqibo ukubuyela kwisikhundla sokuba yintloko Ministry of Foreign Affairs kwakungelula ukuba Shevardnadze. Xa wenze oko, Gorbachev wathetha naye ngoko nangoko emva kokuba mdibi. Noko ke, into yokuqala yaba ukwalela Edward. Noko ke, xa kwawa yiSoviet Union kwaba usongo wokwenene kakhulu, uye wavuma ukuba angambole- uncedo yayo. Xa ngo-Agasti 1991 ehlasela House White, Shevardnadze waba phakathi abavikeli yayo. Ubukho bakhe kwakukho yingenelo gqitha Gorbachev esithi kulo lonke ihlabathi - kunye nomenklatura Soviet, kwaye West - ukuba bonke babuyela ezihlalweni zabo, kwaye ke iziphumo mdibi ebunayo. Abantu abaninzi babecinga ukuba Shevardnadze va awunamdla USSR, kodwa eGeorgia kuphela. Shevardnadze, wafuna ndafuna ngamandla ngokuwa Union, ukuba ukuzimela kwiriphabliki ukususela urhulumente incwadi yesicelo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho - kuxhomekeke kule yokugqibela wazama ukuthintela ukuwa ye-USSR kwaye ziqhotyoshelwe apha kule umgudu. Umzekelo, ukuyeka uhambo amazwe, ndachitha ixesha kutyelelo kwinkunzi zeRiphablikhi. Waqonda ukuba iRussia lobunganga, nelikhokelwa ngu Boris Yeltsin, akayi kuba ekhaya, yaye akukho akazange enze naliphi na ofisi yona. Kodwa imizamo yakhe abaphumelelanga. Lilonke, ezama lwakhe lwesibini ukuba babe kwindawo eyayisakuba iiveki ezintathu kuphela.

Ubunkokheli nobukhosi Georgia

Ukuwa eSoviet Union ukuba umphathiswa yangaphambili engama-63 kwathetha ithemba ngokonwaba ayathandeka naphi na ehlabathini. Endaweni yoko, ukuba ecetyiswa abasebenzi karhulumente Georgian wagqiba ukukhokela eGeorgia geqe. Ke kaloku kwathi ngo-1992, emva kokuba ukubhukuqwa Zviad Gamsakhurdia. bexesha lakhe Amazing rhoqo xa kuthelekiswa ne-episode ubizo Vikings eRashiya. Umnqweno ukuzisa imicimbi zangaphakathi zeRiphabliki ukuze adlale isigqibo indima ebalulekileyo. Kodwa ukuze kuphunyezwe lo msebenzi, yena ayiphumelelanga: kuluntu Georgian ayizange zibethelelwe ngokupheleleyo. igama lakhe jikelele hayi wamnceda, kodwa ngaphezu kwabo bonke ukuxhathisa esinamandla wabeka up iinkokeli mthetho axhobileyo. Emva kokuba umsebenzi isithuba intloko Georgia, Shevardnadze kwafuneka ukujongana ngquzulwano e Abkhazia noMzantsi Ossetia, leyo ibimiswe nomsindo ezihlangwini zakhe. Phantsi yempembelelo emkhosini, kwakunye uluvo loluntu, yena zazivumile ngo-1992 ukuba bafake amajoni ukuya kwezi ndawo.

umongameli neofisi yakhe

Shevardnadze iphumelele unyulo umongameli kabini - ngo-1995 no-2000. Bona yayiphawuleka usecicini ngokubanzi, kodwa yena akazange abe iqhawe lesizwe elaziwayo. Yena kusoloko alahlwe kozinzo yayo kwezoqoqosho, ubuthathaka ngokunxulumene Abkhazia noMzantsi Ossetia, kwakunye lokonakala izixhobo karhulumente. Kabili wenza umzamo. Okokuqala ngqa, ngowe-1995, wathuthumela ngenxa kuqhuma esinye sazo. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, waphinda wazama ukumbulala. Kodwa ke eli xesha, kaNksz Mkile umongameli beza phantsi umlilo imipu kumatshini kunye izindululi sokuqhumisa. Intloko karhulumente wasindiswa kuphela imoto vehicles. Malunga lowo wenza kokubulawa, ayaziwa. Kwimeko yokuqala umrhanelwa eziphambili ebanjwe Igor Giorgadze, owayengumphathi we iinkonzo zokhuseleko Georgian. Yena, ke, ukubandakanyeka kwabo ukuzama ndikukhanyele zokuzimela eRashiya. Kodwa episode lwesibini ngexesha eyahlukileyo sibeke phambili inguqulelo ukuba wahlelwa komlo Chechen, nabaphangi zasekuhlaleni, abezopolitiko inkcaso kwaye nkqu Russian GRU.

ukuba ehle

NgoNovemba 2003 kwabhengezwa ukuba ngoloyiso abaxhasi Shevardnadze ngenxa konyulo lukaMeyi. Noko ke, inkcaso abezopolitiko babhengeza ukuguqula kweziphumo zonyulo ngaphezu kuqhankqalazo ubunzima nicaphukile. Ngokwembali le siganeko Sikrolwe njengoko Rose Revolution. Ngenxa yezi ziganeko, ndavuma yokurhoxa kwe Shevardnadze. Urhulumente omtsha wammisela ukuba umhlala-phantsi, waza waya kuhlala ubomi bakhe yakhe yokuhlala e Tbilisi.

Eduard Shevardnadze: unobangela wokufa

Wathi akugqiba umsebenzi wakhe Eduard Amvrosievich Julayi 7, 2014. Wafa ngomhla 87 th ngonyaka ubomi ngenxa yokugula kakhulu kwaye ixesha elide. Engcwabeni Shevardnadze photo iqhele ngasentla, ibekwe kwindawo epakini yokuhlala yakhe Krtsanisi kwikota kurhulumente, apho wayehlala khona kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo. Kukho ke ingcwaba kunye nomfazi wakhe.