Elingcolisa umoya esixekweni? Ziziphi izinto singcolisa umoya?

Ukutshintshwa kwendalo yegesi yimbangela yokuhlanganiswa kwezinto zendalo kunye nemisebenzi yabantu. Kodwa yiyiphi enye yale nkqubo ekhoyo kwixesha langoku? Ukuze sifunde, siqala ukucacisa ukuba ihlambela umoya. Ukubunjwa kwayo rhoqo kwixesha elidlulileyo kuncike ekutshintsheni okukhulu. Makhe siqwalasele iingxaki eziphambili zokulawula ukukhutshwa nokukhusela ukuhlambuluka kwesitya somoya ngomzekelo walo msebenzi kwizixeko.

Ngaba ukubunjwa kwemozulu kuyashintsha?

Ukungcola komoya kwendalo yendalo kukujonga utshintsho lwezibonakaliso zayo eziqhelekileyo eziqokelelelwe ixesha elide lolawulo. Ziya kwenzeka ngenxa yeentlobo ezininzi zempembelelo yentlalo kwimeko, kunye nangenxa yeenkqubo zendalo. Ngokomzekelo, izinto ezingcolisa umoya kwaye zitshintshe ukubunjwa kwegesi yomoya, zenziwa ngenxa yokuphefumula, i-photo- kunye ne-chemosynthesis kwiiseli zezinto eziphilayo.

Ukongeza kwendalo, kukho ukungcola komzimba. Imithombo yayo ingaba ukukhutshwa kwanoma yiphina indawo yokuvelisa, inkunkuma engcolileyo evela kumashishini asetyenziso lwasekhaya, kunye nokukhutshwa kwezothutho. Oku kukungcolisa umoya, kusongela impilo kunye nenhlalakahle yomntu, imeko yendalo yonke. Izalathisi eziphambili zokwakheka kwemoya kufuneka zihlale zingatshintshi, njengale mzobo ngezantsi.

Umxholo wamanye amacandelo emoyeni awubalulekanga, kodwa uyakucingwa xa ugqiba ukuba yiziphi izinto ezingcola umoya kwaye ezingenakubungozi kwizinto eziphilayo. Kule tafile, ekhona ngaphantsi, ngaphandle kwezona zinto ziphambili, izixhobo eziqhubekayo zomoya ophakathi zikwabandakanywa, umxholo okwandayo ngexesha lokuqhuma kwezinto, ukusetyenziswa koqoqosho kubemi (i-carbon dioxide ne-nitrogen, i-methan).

Yintoni engangcolisi umoya?

Ukubunjwa kwegesi emoyeni phezu kwezilwandle, ulwandle, amahlathi kunye namahlathi, iindawo zokuhlala eziphilayo zitshintshe ngaphantsi kwezixeko. Ewe, ngoLwesithathu ngaphezu kwezinto zendalo ezikhankanywe ngasentla, nazo, izinto ziza. Ukutshintshwa kweGesi kwi-biosphere rhoqo. Kodwa kwizinto eziphilayo, inkqubo inokuthi ingcolise umoya. Ngokomzekelo, emahlathini - i-photosynthesis, phezu kwamanzi amanzi - ukungcola. Iibhaktheriya zilungisa i-nitrogen emoyeni, izityalo zithengisa kwaye zithatha i-carbon dioxide. I-atmospheric phezu kwezilwandle nolwandle zigcwele umphunga wamanzi, iodine, i-bromine, i-chlorine.

Yintoni engcolisa umoya?

Ingozi kwizinto eziphilayo zihluke kakhulu, kukho ukungcola okungaphezu kwama-20 000 kwi-biosphere. Kwimimoya yamacandelo, amaziko oshishino kunye nezothutho, izinto ezilula kunye eziyinkimbinkimbi, i-aerosols, iincinci ezincinci ezincinci zikhoyo. Masibhale ukuba yiziphi izinto ezingcola umoya:

• I-carbon monoxide ne-carbon dioxide (i-mono- ne-carbon dioxide);
• I-sulfuric ne-sulfurous anhydrides (i-di-sulfure ne-trioxide);
• Ama-nitrojeni (i-oxides kunye ne-ammonia);
• IMetane kunye namanye ama-hydrocarbons gaze;
• Uthuli, inkunkuma kunye neengqungquthela ezinqunyanyisiweyo, umzekelo, ii-ores kwiindawo zeemigodi.

Ziziphi iimithombo zokukhupha?

Izinto ezinobungozi, izinto ezingcolileyo zomoya zingena emoyeni kungekhona kuphela kwi-gas kunye ne-vapor state, kodwa nangendlela yamaconsi amancinci, iindidi ezinamandla zobukhulu obuhlukeneyo. Ukunika ingxelo ngongcoliseko oluvela kumashishini kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezothutho kumacandelo athile, amaqela abo (aqinileyo, amachiza, amanzi).

Ukugxininiswa kwezinto eziguquguqukayo zomoya zitshintshile emini, ngamanye amaxesha. Xa kubalwa umxholo wezinto ezingcolileyo ziqwalasele ingcinezelo yemozulu, ukushisa, ulawulo lomoya, ukuba izimo zezulu zichaphazela ukubunjwa kobunzulu bomhlaba. Utshintsho kwimigangatho yamacandelo amaninzi, afana ne-carbon dioxide, ayenzeki kuphela ngonyaka. Ukwanda kwexabiso le-CO ₂ kwiminyaka eyikhulu edlulileyo (i-greenhouse effect) kuye kwaphawulwa. Kwezinye iimeko, utshintsho kwizinto ezincinci zibangelwa kwiimeko zendalo. Ezi zinokukhuphuka kwe-volcanic, ukuphuma ngokukhawuleza kweemveliso ezinobuthi obuphantsi komhlaba okanye amanzi kwiindawo ezithile. Kodwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukutshintshwa okungahambi kakuhle ekubunjweni kwemoya kubangelwa ngumsebenzi wabantu.

Yintoni engcolisa umoya emhlabeni? Imithombo yendalo kunye ne-anthropogenic yokukhutshwa kweemveliso eziyingozi. Ezi zilandelayo zikhoyo (imibhobho yamashishini, izindlu zokubilisa iibhoyili, abahambisa amafutha ezitulo zokuzalisa) kunye nezithuthi (iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zothutho). Makhe sibhale izinto eziphambili apho izinto ezingcolisa umoya ziza:

• Amashishini asebenzayo kumashishini amaninzi;
• Umsebenzi, apho ukukhutshwa kwamaminerali kwenziwa;
• Iimoto (ukungcola umoya xa kutsha umlilo ophuma kwioli, igesi kunye nezinye izinto ezinobuthi);
• Ukuzaliswa kwezikhululo zamanzi kunye namafutha amachiza;
• Iindlu zee-boiler zisebenzisa i-fuels fuel fuels and products of their processing;
• Iipolgoni kunye nokulahlwa kwemfucumfucala apho izinto ezingcola umoya womoya zenziwa ngenxa yokubola, ukuchithwa kwezinto zoshishino kunye neenkunkuma zasemakhaya.

Umhlaba wezolimo, ezifana nemimandla, izityalo, izitiya zemifuno, kunye negalelo ekutshintsheni okungalungileyo ekubunjweni kwemoya. Oku kungenxa yokusebenza kwamatshini, ukufakwa kwezichumisi, ukutshiza i-pesticides.

Yintoni eyona mthombo oyintloko wokungcola komoya?

Uninzi lweemveliso eziyingozi zingena emoyeni ngethuba lokuqalisa ukutshabalalisa, ukutshatyalaliswa kwenkunkuma, imililo kwimimandla ephakamileyo, amahlathi, amasimi kunye nama-steppes. Kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi, igalelo elibalulekileyo ekutshintsheni ekubunjweni kobunqamlezo bomhlaba lwenziwa yithuthi. Ngokweziqikelelo ezahlukeneyo, i-60 kuya kuma-95% yazo zonke izikhupheli ezikhutshwayo.

Yintoni engcolisa umoya kwisixeko? Inani labemi basekuhlaleni lichaphazeleka ngokukodwa kwimveliso enobungozi bomlilo otshayo kunye nophethiloli. Njengenxalenye yokukhutshwa komonakalo kunobuncwane obuqinileyo, umzekelo, i-soot kunye ne-lead, i-liquid and gaseous compounds: i-sulfuri dioxide, i-carbon monoxide, i-nitrogen oxides, i-hydrocarbons kunye ne-derivatives.

Izityalo zihlambela umoya kwimimandla yoshishino, apho amashishini acwangcisa i-metal ores, i-salts, i-oyile, amalahle kunye negesi yendalo. Ukubunjwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo kuhluka ngoxhomekeke kumashishini kule ndawo okanye kuloo mmandla welizwe. Umoya ococekileyo kwiidolophu kaninzi uqukethe iimveliso eziqhumayo, phakathi kwazo zininzi i-carcinogens, umzekelo, i-dioxin. Intuthu ibonakala ngenxa yehlathi, i-steppe kunye ne-peat umlilo, amaqabunga avuthayo kunye nama-debris. Izikhuni kunye neenkunkuma zidla ngokutshiswa kwiindawo ezisemzini, kodwa kwenzeka ukuba ngqo ngqo ezitalatweni, abantu bavutha amagqabi kunye neengca.

Ziziphi izinto eziqulethe ukukhutshwa kwezoshishino kunye nezothutho?

Yintoni engcolisa umoya kwisixeko? Amaziko oshishino, izithuthi, amashishini kunye nolwakhiwo abasebenza kumaziko oshishino. Inye into ehlukeneyo kwaye bonke babenefuthe le-anthropogenic kwimeko. Iintlondi zihlala zidibanisana nomnye. Ininzi kaninzi, ukuchithwa kwee-oxydes ezingekho zinyithi kwiindawo zamanzi zamanzi - oku kukuthi injani "inkohlakalo" kunye nefomu. Bangela ukuba umonakalo ongenakulinganiswa kwendalo, impilo yabantu kunye nobugcisa bobugcisa.

Ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezininzi kumadolophu kufinyelela kumawaka kunye namawaka eetoni. Umthamo omkhulu weemveliso eziyingozi zivela kumashishini ase-metallurgical, amandla-mafutha, iikhemikhali, ishishini lokuthutha. Izinto ziyihlambela umoya ngezinto ezinobuthi: i-ammonia, benzapyrene, i-sulfur dioxide, i-formaldehyde, i-mercaptan, i-phenol. Ukukhutshwa kwebhizinisi elikhulu elinamashishini lunezinhlobo ezingama-20 ukuya ku-120 zeemveliso. Kwinqanaba elincinci, iimveliso ezinobungozi zenziwa kumaziko okutya nokukhanya, kwiimfundo, zempilo kunye namaziko enkcubeko.

Ngaba iimveliso ezivuthayo zemvelo eziyingozi ziyingozi?

Kwizixeko, kuvunyelwe ukutshisa amaqabunga awayo, utshani, ukusika, ukupakisha, izinto zokwakha kunye nezinye iindleko zoshishino kunye nekhaya. Umsi ococekileyo uqulethe izinto ezincolisa umoya. Bonakalisa impilo yabantu, ngokugqithiseleyo kuphazamise umgangatho wendalo.

Kubangalisa ukuba abanye abemi kunye nabasebenzi bamashishini abayiqondi ukuba bayaphula imithetho yokuphucula, ukunyusa iimeko ezikhoyo ezingekho phantsi kwezinto eziphilayo, xa iinqwelomba kunye nemfucumfucu zitshiswa kwiindawo zabo, zitshisa izitya kwiingxowa. Ngokuqhelekileyo kwingcawa kukho iibhotile zeplastiki, ifilimu. Lo msi unobungozi ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yemveliso yokuchithwa kwe-thermally polymers. KwiRussia Federation, ukutshisa ukutshayelwa kwemida phakathi kwemida yohlengahlengiso kuxhomekeke kwizigwebo.

Xa zivutha izitshalo zezityalo, amathambo, izikhumba zezilwanyana, iipolymers kunye nezinye iimveliso ze-organic synthesis, i-carbon oxides, umphunga wamanzi kunye neemveliso ezimbalwa ze-nitrogen. Kodwa ezi zinto azizona zonke izinto ezingcolisa umoya, ezakhiwa ngexesha lokutshisa okanye ukutshabalalisa inkunkuma, udoti lwasekhaya. Ukuba amaqabunga, amagatsha, ingca kunye nezinye izinto zichanekile, ziza kukhishwa ezinye izinto ezinobuthi kunokukhutshwa kwamanzi. Ngokomzekelo, ekutyikeni kwe-1 ithoni yamahlamvu aluhlaza, malunga ne-30 kg ye-carbon monoxide (i-carbon monoxide) ikhishwa.

Ukuma ecaleni kwesigxobhozo sokurhaxeka kufana nesesitalato sokuthutha esona sikhulu se-metropolis. Ingozi ye-carbon monoxide inokuthi ibopha i-hemoglobin yegazi. I-carboxyhemoglobin eyiphumela ayikwazi ukuhambisa i-oksijini kwiiseli. Ezinye izinto ezingcolisa umoya womoya zingabangela ukuphazanyiswa kwe-bronchi kunye nemiphunga, ukutyhefuza, ukunyuka kwezifo ezingapheliyo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba utyumba i-carbon monoxide, intliziyo isebenza ngokunyuka kwengcinezelo, njengoko i-oksijini ayanele ngokwabo ukungena kwezicubu. Kule meko isifo se-cardiovascular can be aggravated. Eyona yingozi kakhulu ukuhlanganiswa kwekhabhoni monoxide kunye nokungcola kwimizi yoshishino, ukukhutshwa kwezothutho.

Ukugxininiswa kokungcola

Ukukhutshwa komonakalo kubangelwa yimetallurgical, amalahle, ioli kunye ne-gas processing plants, izakhiwo zamandla, ukwakhiwa kunye nezibonelelo. Ukuchithwa kwe-radioactive ukuqhuma kwiChernobyl isityalo samandla enyukliya kunye nezityalo zamandla enyukliya eJapan uye wasasazeka kwihlabathi jikelele. Kukho ukwanda komxholo we-carbon oxides, i-sulfur, i-nitrogen, i-freons, i-radioactive kunye nezinye iingozi ezikhutshwayo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba wethu. Ngamanye amaxesha i-toxins ifumaneka kude neendawo apho ama-air-polluting businesses afumaneka khona. Imeko eye yavela iyaphazamisa kwaye kunzima ukuyicombulula ngengxaki yehlabathi yoluntu.

Ekuqaleni ngo-1973, ikomidi leprojekthi ye-World Health Organization (i-WHO) yaphakamisa iimfuno zokuvavanya umgangatho wemimoya yemozulu emadolobheni. Iingcali zifumene ukuba impilo yabantu ngo-15-20% incike kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo. Ngokusekelwe kwizifundo ezininzi kwi-XX leminyaka, amanqanaba avumelekileyo okuyiyo ingcoliseko eyona nto, ingozi nakubantu, ayinqunywe. Ngokomzekelo, ukuxinwa kweminyaka yonyaka kumoya weengqungquthela ezimisiwe kufuneka kube ngu-40 μg / m ^₃ . Isiqulatho se-sulfur oxides akufanele sidlule 60 μg / m ^₃ ngonyaka. I-carbon monoxide, ixabiso elifanayo elilinganayo li-10 mg / m ^₃ kwiiyure eziyi-8.

Yiyiphi ingqwalasela ephezulu evumelekileyo (MPC)?

Ngenxa yesigqibo seDktranshini yeSigqeba seNtloko seRussia yaseRussia, umgangatho ococekileyo wokulondolozwa kwamacandelo angama-600 anobungozi kummandla weendawo zokuhlala avunyiwe. Le MPC yokungcola emoyeni, ukuthobela okubonisa ukungabikho kwemiphumo emibi kubantu kunye nokucoceka. Isiqhelo sichaza iiklasi ezinobungozi zamacandelo, ixabiso lezinto zazo zomoya emoyeni (mg / m ^₃ ). Ezi zikhombisi zicwangcisiwe xa idatha entsha kwi-toxicity yezinto ezithile ivela. Kodwa akukho konke. Olu xwebhu luqulethe uluhlu lwezinto ezingama-38 apho kuvunyelwe ukuvalwa kwe-ejection ngenxa yezinto eziphezulu eziphilayo.

Ukulawulwa kombuso njani kwintsimi yokukhuselwa komoya osebenza emoyeni?

Utshintsho lwe-anthropogenic emoyeni lubangele kwimiphumo emibi kwizoqoqosho, impilo iyancipha kwaye ixesha lokuphila kwabantu liyehla. Iingxaki zokwandisa ukuhamba kweempawu ezinobungozi emoyeni ziphazamisa bobabini, oorhulumente kunye noomasipala, kunye noluntu, abantu abaqhelekileyo.

Umthetho wamazwe amaninzi unikezela ubunjineli kunye nophando lwezosingqongileyo ngaphambi kokuqala kokwakhiwa, ukuhlaziywa, ukuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphantse kuzo zonke izinto zoqoqosho. Ukuqhelaniswa kokungcola emoyeni kwenziwa, amanyathelo athatyathwa ukukhusela umoya. Iingxaki zokunciphisa umthwalo we-anthropogenic kwimeko, ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa nokukhutshwa kwezinto ezingcolileyo zibhekiswe kuzo. E-Russia, imithetho yomgaqo-nkqubo ekukhuselweni kwendalo, umoya womoya, kunye neminye imithetho kunye nokulawula okulawula imisebenzi kwimimandla yendalo yamukelwe. Ukulawulwa kwendawo yokusingqongileyo kuqhutyelwa, ukungcola kunqongophe, ukukhutshwa komgaqo-nkqubo kulawulwa.

Yintoni i-MPE?

Amashishini angcolisa umoya kufuneka enze i-inventory yemithombo yamacandelo anokulimaza angena emoyeni. Ngokuqhelekileyo lo msebenzi ufumana ukuqhubeka kwawo okunengqiqo ekunqumeni ukukhutshwa okuphezulu okuvumelekileyo (MPE). Ubunzima bokufumana olu xwebhu luxhomekeke kwimimiselo ye-technogenic emoyeni. Ngokusekelwe kwingcaciso efakwe kwi-MPE volume, inkampani ifumana imvume yokukhulula ukungcola emoyeni. Iinkcukacha malunga nokukhutshwa komthetho kusetyenziswa ukubala iintlawulo zemiphumo emibi engqongileyo.

Ukuba akukho mqulu we-MPE kwaye akukho mvume, ngoko ke ukukhishwa kwamanzi kwimithombo yendalo okanye enye into yoshishino, ama-ishishini akhokhela ii-2, 5, ezili-10 ngaphezulu. Ukuqheleka kokungcola emoyeni kubangela ukunciphisa impembelelo engalunganga emoyeni. Kukho ukhuthazo lwezoqoqosho ekusebenzeni amanyathelo okukhusela imvelaphi evela kumazwe angaphandle angena kuwo.

Iintlawulo zongcoliseko lwendalo ezivela kumashishini ziqokelelwa ngabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni kunye nabasemagunyeni kwiimali zezemali zendalo. Iimali zichithwa kwimisebenzi yendalo.

Zihlambulula njani kwaye zikhusela umoya kumashishini nakwezinye izibonelelo?

Ukuhlanjululwa komoya ococekileyo kwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Izihlungi zifakwe kwiibhobho zezindlu zokuhlamba kunye nokucwangciswa kwamashishini, kukho uthuli kunye negesi ekufakela ukufakela. Ngokusebenzisa ukuchithwa kwe-thermal kunye ne-oxidation, ezinye izinto ezinobuthi ziguqulwa zibe yimichiza engenakulimala. Ukubanjwa kweegesi ezinobungozi ekukhuphekeni kwezinto kuqhutyelwa ngeendlela zokunciphisa, iindlovu zisetyenziselwa ukufumana ukungcola, i-catalysts for purification.

Ikamva ukhuseleko zezulu ezinxulumene ukusebenza ekunciphiseni ezingcolisa indalo emoyeni. Kuyimfuneko ukuphuhlisa ezikhutshwayo ulawulo laboratory emizini, phezu koohola ezixakekileyo. Kufuneka waqhubeka ukwazisa iinkqubo recovery eziqinileyo ukusuka kwimixube sukube ngezityalo. Ufuna izixhobo zale mihla olutshiphu zokucoca ezikhutshwayo iigesi ulwelo ityhefu. Intsimi yolawulo karhulumente ifuna ukwanda kwinani lezithuba zokutshekisha nokulungelelanisa ukukhutshwa wemoto. amashishini Amandla kunye nezithuthi kufuneka kuguqula ngaphantsi eziyingozi xa uthathela ingqalelo okusingqongileyo lwembono, amafutha (afana negesi yendalo, zeoli). Xa omlilo eziyinikiweyo ezingcolisa eqinileyo yaye engamanzi.

Yintoni indima izithuba eluhlaza ekucoceni emoyeni na?

Kunzima ukuba zazi igalelo kwezityalo makasizalise zolondolozo ioksijini on Earth, ukubamba ezingcolisa. Amahlathi zibizwa ngokuba "igolide eluhlaza", "nemiphunga umhlaba 'ukuba umthamo photosynthesis leaf. Le nkqubo kukufakwa icarbon dioxide namanzi, ioksijini kunye nokusekwa istatshi ekukhanyeni. Izityalo ihlaba aziphethe emoyeni - izinto kungaba yingozi iintsholongwane ezibangela izifo.

Ukwandisa indawo tala kwiindawo ezisezidolophini - enye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo ukhuselo lokusingqongileyo. Ndatyala kuyo imithi, amatyholo, imifuno kunye neentyatyambo kwi iyadi yezindlu, kwiipaki, izikwere kunye kunye neendlela. Tyala ngokuba kwintsimi, ezikolweni, ezibhedlele, izityalo mveliso.

Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba ndlela ibhetele ukufunxa eluthulini kunye nezinto eziyingozi sukube evela ezikhutshwayo izityalo, izityalo ukukhutshwa zothutho ezifana ezisemanzi zepampiri, Linden, nojongilanga. Uninzi ihlaba kumasimi zemveliso conifer aziphethe ngayo. Air ku pine, msipres, amahlathi wom unyulu ephilisayo kakhulu.