Uphando lwezolimo. Ubunjineli kunye nophando lwezemvelo ukwakhiwa

Uphando lwezobunjineli ekwakhiweni lunye lwezithuba ezifunekayo zomsebenzi ophambi kwemisebenzi yoyilo. Kule nqanaba, iingcali zichonga iimpawu zomhlaba, iipropati zomhlaba, ithuba lokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezithile kunye nezixhobo. Iziphumo zokugqibela ziqwalaselwa xa kuphuhliswa isisombululo sobugcisa kwisakhiwo esicwangcisiweyo. Kananjalo, uphando lwezemvelo luyingxenye yoluphando olunzulu lwendawo ethile kwaye lusebenza njengomthombo wolwazi malunga nophuhliso kunye nokulungiswa kwiprojekthi yokwakha. Ngokukodwa, iinkcukacha zezi zifundo zihlala ziba sisiseko semibhalo yendalo kunye neyocwangco.

Ulawulo olusemthethweni lolawulo lwengingqi

Imigaqo ephambili, ngokuhambelana noluphi uphando olwenziwayo, lusekwe yimimiselo ye-SNiP. Iingcali zakha uxwebhu kunye neemfuno apho kunokwenzeka ukuqhuba ubunjineli kunye nohlolo lwendalo kwakhiwo. I-SP 11-102-97, umzekelo, yabalwa ukusetyenziswa ngokuklanywa kunye neenkampani zophando kunye nemibutho eqhuba imisebenzi kwintsimi yokwakha kunye nokuyila.

Imithetho esisiseko ilawula imisebenzi yemibutho enomdla kule ndawo ukusuka kumbono osemthethweni kunye nobuchwepheshe. Enyanisweni, ngaphandle kokufumaneka kwamaxwebhu asemgangathweni kwimiphumo yolu vavanyo, akukho nkampani inokuphuhlisa isicwangciso sokwakha esisemthethweni. Njengomthetho, uphando lwezemvelo ngenxa yoluphando olubanzi lubangela ukuba kube lula ukulungiselela iiprothoksi kunye neengcamango zengcali kwiindidi ezininzi zokuhlalutya, kuxhomekeke kwimfuno zeprojekthi. Ngokuqinisekileyo, abavelisi kunye nabaqulunqi bafumana izatifikethi kwimibutho yophando malunga neempawu zemozulu kunye nokuxinwa kwemvelaphi yokungcola. Kodwa oku akusiyo yonke uphando eyenziwa kwinxalenye yocwaningo lwendalo.

Ukubunjwa kwemisebenzi yophando

Isiseko sophando oluphambili yizinto ezibizwa ngokuba yizinto zokugcina impahla kunye nolwazi malunga nommandla wendawo yengingqi. Kwinkqubo yokubaluleka, izixhobo zokuthelekisa izinto ezifanayo ezisebenza kwiimeko ezinjalo zokusingqongileyo zingasetyenziswa. Kwakhona, iteknoloji yanamhlanje ikuvumela ukudubula iintlobo ezininzi. Le ntsimi yophando iquka ukuchithwa kwezinto zokusebenza ze-aerospace, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-multi-zone kunye nee-radar zophando.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, indawo ekhethekileyo ihlala kuhlolwe ngumoya kunye nokusingqongileyo ngokubanzi ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ngco liseko. Ngethuba lethu, uphando lwezemvelo alufanekanga ngaphandle kokuvavanya imeko ye-radiation, iziphumo ezingekho emzimbeni kwendalo, ukuvavanya ukungcola komoya, njl. Iimithombo zendalo ziphinda zifundwe kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwibhubhoratri. Olu hlobo lohlalutyo lubalulekile ekuphuhlisweni kweeprojekthi zokuhlala, kunye nokwakhiwa kwezibonelelo zemveliso.

Ukuqokelela izinto zokwenza uphando

Iingcali ziqokelela izinto ezinika ulwazi malunga neemeko zendalo zesithili ngenjongo yokuqhubela phambili nokuhlalutya. Ngokuzenzekelayo kubakhi, ulwazi olufunyenweyo luhlala lufanelekile ngokufanelekileyo kuzo zonke izigaba zomsebenzi ukususela kwisakhiwo sesiseko ukuya kukhetho lokugqiba ukuphahla. Ngexesha elifanayo, akusikho yonke ingcaciso efunyenweyo kwi-laboratory entsha. Ezinye zezixhobo zingatholakala kwii-archives zamagunya asekuhlaleni agunyazisiweyo enza imisebenzi yezokhuseleko. Ngokukodwa, ingaba ngamaziko ophando lwe-hydrometeorological kunye nokubeka iliso kwendalo, kunye neengxowa-mali zokuqulunqwa kwemida kunye nemibutho yokuhlola.

Ngokumalunga nemiphumo emitsha yophando, ubunjineli kunye nophando lwezemvelo ziqwalasela ukuqokelela, ukuhlalutya nokufunda ngamacandelo ommandla wendalo. Ezi zibandakanya umhlaba, ukuma komhlaba, i-zoogeographical kunye namanye amaxwebhu abonisa iimpawu kunye neempawu zendalo zendalo kwindawo ethile.

Ukujonga imizila

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuqwalaselwa kwendlela yokuhamba phambili kuhamba phambili kwiintlobo eziphambili zemisebenzi yophando kwimihlaba. Ngelo xesha, ubunjineli kunye nophando lwendalo ngileyo kweli nqanaba lihamba kunye nokuchazwa kwetafile zokubonisa umhlaba, ukubonelela ngeenkcukacha zemihlaba nganye, ukubeka esweni iziphumo kunye nokulungelelaniswa nokubhekiselele. Umsebenzi oyintloko wokuqwalaselwa komzila ukufumana iimilinganiselo ezinokulinganisela kunye neempawu kunye neempawu zenkalo yesimo sendawo.

Kule ngxenye, idatha iqokelelwa kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba naphantsi komhlaba, imo yendalo, imeko yomhlaba, isilwanyana kunye nesityalo, iimpembelelo ze-anthropogenic, njl njl. Ukongezelela, uphando lwendalo ngolu hlobo lunokubandakanya uphando lweengingqi zophuhliso. Kuqhutyelwa ukugqithisa imimandla ngokuhlola iifomflethi, iimpahla zomhlaba, amathangi okutywa, ama-storages kunye nezinye iindawo eziyingozi zokungcola.

Ukusebenza kwam

Kule nqanaba, izimo zobunjineli-geological zomhlaba ziyahlolwa. Ukubunjwa kunye neqondo lobunzima beloluhlu lomhlaba luhlalutyiweyo, iidwala ziyahlolwa, kunye nokufumaneka kwamanzi okugcina amanzi kunye nokuxhamla kwamanzi phakathi kwamanzi kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi.

Kule nqanaba, ingakumbi iinkalo zolu vavanyo, apho ukuhlolwa kweendawo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemvelo kwintsimi. Abaphengululi benza ukhetho lwehlabathi, umhlaba wamanzi kunye nenhlabathi ukwenzela ukuchonga ukusetyenziswa kwamakhemikhali kunye nokuchonga umxholo wezinto ezingathandekiyo. Ukusebenza kwam ngokukhawuleza kusekwe kunye namacandelo athatha isikhundla esiphezulu ngokubhekiselele kwimida yezinto eziphathekayo.

Ukuhlolwa kwendalo

Ukufunda isembozo somhlaba kungenziwa phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Injongo yolu vavanyo kukufumanisa ukuba isakhiwo esichaziweyo siya kuthintela njani amahlathi kunye namazwe ezolimo ecaleni kwendawo yophuhliso. Kwakhona, ukuqokelela umhlaba kungaqhutyelwa uhlalutyo olongezelelweyo ukuchonga ukuba ngaba kunokwenzeka ukubeka inkunkuma kumatyala omhlaba. Ngokuchaseneyo, uphando lwezosingqongileyo ekwakheni inxalenye yolu vavanyo lwengqungquthela yomhlaba lunokuqhutyelwa ukuphuhliswa kweeprojekthi zokuzonwabisa okanye indawo yokuzonwabisa.

Iiparamitha zokuqala kunye nedatha yemimandla yomhlaba zenziwe ngokusekelwe ekuhlaleni nasekuhlaleni uphando lwezinto ezithathiweyo. Kwakhona, akukho imfuneko ukuqokelela iisampuli ngokuthe ngqo kwiziko lokuphuhliswa kwexesha elizayo okanye ukufakwa kwezinye izinto. Ukuhlalutya kweesampuli eziselifa lomhlaba lomhlaba zikwaqhutywa.

Uvavanyo lweenkqubo eziyingozi zomzimba

Xa kuhlolwa imihlaba yokungcola, kusetyenziselwa i-coefficient ekhethekileyo yoxinaniso, ebonisa ukuba imeko yendalo yendawo. Ukufumana ulwazi malunga nenqanaba lommandla wengcoliseko, iisampula zomhlaba ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kwefuthe le-anthropogenic zendawo zingakhetha. Izibonelelo zenzelwe neemeko ezizodwa zeempendulo kwiimviwo eziyingxenye yobunjineli kunye nophando lwezemvelo ukwakhiwa. SP 11-102-97, ngokukodwa, misela ukuba ukhethe iisampuli zangemvelaphi ukusuka kwicala lomoya kunye nokugcina ukudeka kwiindawo zokuhlala. Ukongezelela, i-sampling point should be located at least 500 m ukusuka ezindleleni.

Isiphelo

Nangona kugxininiso olucothayo lophando lwezosingqongileyo, benza igalelo elikhulu kwixesha elizayo kunye nokwakhiwa kwendawo ethile. Ngokuxhomekeka kwiimpawu zesayithi sokwakha, iingcali ziyakwazi ukumisela iipropati zommandla ngamanani amaninzi. Kwakhona, uphando lweengqongileyo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwenziwa, ixabiso elingaba malunga ne-10-15 lamawaka. Eli khetho luncedo ukuba uceba ukwakha indlu yangasese okanye indawo yokuvelisa. Umnini unako ukuvavanya nje imeko yezinto eziphilayo kwendawo, kodwa uqokele ulwazi ngolwazi lwamanzi, umhlaba kunye nemithombo yendalo. Umgangatho wolwazi olufunyenweyo luxhomekeke kwiinkalo zentlangano eqashwe umsebenzi wokuhlola.