I lokuqala emhlophe-ilitye yesicelo eMoscow

Kutheni eMoscow ibizwa ilitye elimhlophe? Impendulo yalo mbuzo, njengoko umdla abakhenkethi, uyazi, mhlawumbi omnye kubahlali bayo, umthanda ngokwenene emzini wakhe neqhayiya imbali yayo yinzwakazi. Igama le nhloko wanika emhlophe-ilitye yesicelo eMoscow ngo-1367 wokwakha. Ebudeni eminyaka ikhona, yakhiwa amaxesha amaninzi kwaye iye yaba luphawu yokwenene mzi, intliziyo yaso yaye omnye ezinomtsalane eziphambili.

Namhlanje, i yesicelo ngomnye ensembles bokwakha ezininzi ezintle ehlabathini, kunye ummandla malunga 27 kunye eka enesiqingatha. Siza kufunda okungakumbi ngembali yale omkhulu.

Yokuqala ekwahlala kuyo kwisiza yesicelo. base eMoscow

Zokuhlala zokuqala yamandulo kwi indawo incwadi yesicelo kaThixo kwavela ixesha elide kakhulu. Njengoko sinokungqinelwa ngabembi, malunga namawaka amahlanu eminyaka eyadlulayo. Kwaye sele AD ngenkulungwane VI Kwabonakala izizwe yokuqala Slavic.

EMoscow kuqala kukhankanyiwe yemihla 1147. Kungelo xesha awathi uYuri Dolgoruky wamema umzala wakhe Prince of Novgorod-Seversky Svyatoslav ukuya kwintlanganiso kwidolophu umda encinane. Esi siganeko waya ezantsi imbali kumhla isiseko eMoscow.

Imbali incwadi yesicelo yokuqala

Ibali yesicelo iqalisa kancinane emva koko - kweminyaka esithoba kamva, xa Dolgoruky ugqiba ukomeleza kwisixeko ziindonga eziphakamileyo. Yaba wasibiyela ngothango pine zokukhalaza, zixhaswa yi umngxuma omkhulu zodongwe ukuba ukuthembeka enkulu. Hi ndlela leyi, loo ndawo yini na ukwakha andinyulanga ngengozi. Isibakala sokuba le nqaba eyamisa phezu kweenduli zonke eziphakamileyo, singqongwe koMlambo eMoscow Neglinnaya. Eli xesha wavunyelwa ukubona utshaba umnike umva. Ukongeza, induli wavula umbono elihle kakhulu kwindawo ezingqongileyo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo ndawo yesicelo wokuqala malunga emine eehektare, kwaye ngoku nommandla wayo liye landa phantse zisibhozo amaxesha!

Noko ke, ethile ebalulekileyo yale nqaba kukuba yayakhiwe ngomthi, yaye wayekwazi kalula ngexesha umlilo ngengozi okanye umlilo. Ixesha elizayo incwadi yesicelo ngokutsha ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIV, xa imithetho Moscow Ivan Kalita. Wenza utyalo eninzi imali, ixesha kunye nomgudu ekuqiniseni sihombise umzi. Kuba oku yaye wayalela ukuba ukwakha iindonga ezintsha. Le miqobo babomelele ngakumbi zazakhiwe ke imiphanda oki zinamandla kwaye lizinzile. A emhlophe-ilitye entsha yesicelo eMoscow yakhiwa kwi nguDmitry Donskoy nasemva kokuba iminyaka eliqela.

EMoscow ebudeni bexesha Dmitriya Donskogo

Umlawuli elandelayo eMoscow waba Prince nguDmitry Donskoy. Nguye lo umzukulwana Ivana Kality. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba nguDmitry Donskoy bamsukela umgaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo angaphandle, ukwandisa kunye nokuqinisa kummandla eMoscow. Ukongeza, kwaye kwaqatshelwa yi behlasela kabuhlungu ingxokolo Tatar-Mongol. Konke oku kwakufuna, iinqaba eyomeleleyo entsha.

Ukongeza, njengoko sele kuchaziwe, incwadi yesicelo endala lwakhiwe kweenkuni. Ngoko ke, nangona namandla ngokwaneleyo ukumelana lokuhlasela utshaba, kusekho ezilula zomlilo. Ke umlilo eyenzeka 1365, batshabalalisa yonke isixeko emhlabeni (ebalini yena igama All Saints, njengoko yaqala kwi Church of All Saints). Akazange nanceba iindonga oki le yesicelo. Emva koko, ukukhusela umzi, ngokuba nguDmitry Donskoy uyalela ukwakha emhlophe-ilitye yesicelo eMoscow. Unyaka kokuqaliswa kokwakhiwa - 1367. Oku kukhankanywe encwadini yeembali eli thuba.

Ukwakhiwa amhlophe-ilitye yesicelo

Ngenxa yoko, ulwakhiwo amhlophe-ilitye yesicelo eMoscow waqala. Ngexesha Ebusika wawagxotha izinto ukwakha inqaba. ilitye elimhlophe umsele ukuba ukwakhiwa kummandla eMoscow, iikhilomitha ezimashumi mathathu ezivela esixekweni. Yena liye lasetyenziswa eRashiya yaye wayengomnye izinto ezithandwa kakhulu. Ilitye elimhlophe yaba ixesha elide kwaye mhle, kodwa imveliso yawo kwakunzima, kwaye ukuwubamba cala ezimbalwa. Ngoko ke, ukuba ayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi.

White Stone yesicelo e Moscow, yaba isakhiwo lokuqala olunjalo Suzdal. ekwakhiweni kwayo yaqala xa bezisezilungile zonke izinto, kwaye entwasahlobo 1367. Phantsi iindonga inqaba omtsha wabeka isiseko esiqinileyo, leyo ngovuyo bukule nto namhlanje.

ukwakhiwa amhlophe-ilitye yesicelo e Moscow (- 1368 kugqitywe) kuthwalelwa phandle ngokukhawuleza. Le Khawuleza sasifanele ngokupheleleyo. Eneneni, kungekudala emva kokuphela esakhiweni eMoscow yahlaselwa umkhosi Lithuanian Grand Duke UAlgirdas. Wema iintsuku ezintathu phantsi iindonga incwadi yesicelo, kodwa ukuthatha enqabeni yaye abakwazanga. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, UAlgirdas aphinde ahlasela isixeko, kodwa watsho phantsi.

Ngowe-1382 le nqaba zaye bahlasela Tokhtamysh, oko kwabanga umonakalo yakhe enkulu, kodwa emva kokuba ibuyiselwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, ubumhlophe-ilitye isakhiwo yesicelo, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, yaba isiganeko esibalaseleyo nembali eziphembelele ukuphuhliswa ngakumbi kwe sixeko kunye lasungulwa njengeziko Orthodox kunye yokuhlala Grand Neendwalutho.

Kwakubonakala ngathi ilitye elimhlophe yesicelo?

Ngelishwa, ayizange yenzeke imiyalezo obubhaliweyo usexesheni ukukhangela indlela abamhlophe-ilitye yesicelo eMoscow. Ijaji ukuba kunokuba kuphela ngenxa yokuba iingxelo ezivela yemihla kunye nemizobo A. M. Vasnetsova.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iindonga ilitye neenqaba zakhiwa kumgama elingeneyo izakhiwo endala. Ngoko ke, kummandla incwadi yesicelo iye yandiswa kakhulu. Ububanzi beendonga ngabanye iingqikelelo zafikelela ezimbini - eziimitha ezintathu. Indima izixhobo zokhuselo ukwenza umsele ebanzi, ngalo uvala umsantsa.

Iindonga kwafakelwa eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo ukuba zavalwa iibhodi enamandla ngamaplanga. ezinde amathandathu eyakhiwe yokupasa-esangweni. Kule Neglinnaya River waphoswa ibhulorho yokuqala ilitye eMoscow. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu endaweni yayo sakha Emnye, nto leyo bukule nto namhlanje.

Emva kokugqitywa amhlophe-ilitye yesicelo waba inqaba inamandla eYurophu. Hi ndlela leyi, indawo ngexesha beluwe namhlanje.

Indlela ukwakha yesicelo entsha?

Malunga 150 neminyaka emi abamhlophe-ilitye yesicelo eMoscow. amaxesha amaninzi ukuba ugwetyelwe ayingqinga kwaye ukumelana uhlaselo komsindo. Kodwa bangenwa umonakalo omkhulu kunye nentshabalalo, Noko ke, njengoko umlilo rhoqo. Iindonga nqaba kwiindawo ezininzi, ezigugileyo ababa saba nako ukwenza indima zokukhusela.

Ngoko ke, kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XV, ebudeni bolawulo Ivan isiThathu, yaqalisa ngokutsha elikhulu-isikali incwadi yesicelo. Le-waziwa kakuhle iinkosi Italian acelwa ukuba eMoscow. Le nqaba sakhiwa ngokuthe ngcembe, kwisayithi beendonga ezindala ezimhlophe yakhiwa, isakhiwo esitsha lwezitena ezibomvu. Ngokubanzi, ekwakhiweni ngokutsha yesicelo wathabatha iminyaka elishumi. Kwakhona bakha kwiitempile kunye icawa. Athotywa kwasekwa imbonakalo mihla bobugcisa incwadi yesicelo.

Kamva, yena ngokutsha izihlandlo eziliqela. Iinguqu zokuqala zaye zenziwa ngexesha lokulawula Boris Godunov, ngoko ngaphantsi uPetros I. intshabalalo Enkulu kuye kwabangela yesicelo Patriotic War of 1812. Emveni kokuba likwenzile oko olubanzi umsebenzi wokulungisa. Phantsi kolawulo yiSoviet, incwadi yesicelo uye ngokuphindaphindiweyo lakhiwa, nasenqabeni ihonjiswe kunye iinkwenkwezi, naphezu iziseko olufakwe Tsar Cannon kunye Tsar Bell.

EMoscow ilitye elimhlophe

White Stone yesicelo eMoscow wema ukuba phantse sisiqingatha senkulungwane. Wakrota ngaphezu kwesinye hlaselo utshaba lokungqinga, ngokuthembekileyo ukhusela isixeko ngenxa yotshaba. Kuyinto ngenxa kule nqaba eMoscow ifumene igama "ilitye elimhlophe". Ngendlela, ukuba wakhe ngoku. Kodwa bambalwa siyazi ukuba yesicelo wahlala "ilitye elimhlophe" iinkulungwane ezine emva kokuba wakha iindonga ezintsha lwezitena ezibomvu.

Le nyaniso engaqhelekanga iye ingcaciso elula. Iindonga inqaba ngokukodwa mhlophe de ngenkulungwane XIX. Kwelinye icala, oku kubangelwe inkxalabo ukuba ukhuseleko ngezitena, enye - loo nto yaba uhlobo umnqwazi ilitye yokuqala yesicelo phantsi wakha nguDmitry Donskoy. Ngokomzekelo, yena kuboniswe ngelaphu ukuphupha P. P. Vereschagina, wadalwa ngowe-1879.

yesicelo namhlanje

Ezi ntsuku kwi yesicelo nguye yokuhlala ka mongameli. Ngowe-1997, ukubuyiselwa elikhulu-scale lwaqhutywa kulo. Ekuhambeni kwe inani elikhulu izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo ye yesicelo wabuyiselwa. Ngoku ngeeholide Orthodox ezinkulu kukho iinkonzo amisiweyo, yaye kummandla nqaba kunye iimyuziyam ekhokelwa ukhenketho.

Kwaye mhlawumbi namhlanje onke khumbula ukuba-ilitye elimhlophe yesicelo eMoscow yakhiwa kwi nguDmitry Donskoy, kodwa abemi zabemi eyinkunzi bayazi imbali isixeko sabo kwaye neqhayiya ngayo.

anika umdla

• Le lomculo yokuyilwa ngobugcisa kwayo Red Square kunye yesicelo ophezu kuluhlu of World Cultural Heritage yi-UNESCO.
• Ukuba eminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, iindonga nqaba avetiweyo, kodwa ngoku wambi zidyojwe ipeyinti ebomvu.
• I yesicelo Uyinqaba eYurophu inkulu ugcinwe nangoku isiphumo.
• Ngowe-1941, iindonga zaveza iifestile. Oku kwenziwa ukuze ukutywina nenqaba zokwakha zokuhlala.

White Stone yesicelo eMoscow ngenxa yobomi bakhe kuye kwabakho iinguqu ezininzi, kodwa wahlala uphawu lwe eMoscow kunye gem lokwenyaniso lwezakhiwo esi sixeko.