Esinagogeni - yintoni na le nto? Yesikhungu eMoscow. yesikhungu yamaYuda

ukholo kunye nenkolo ngalinye amagama awodwa yayo, ingqiqo, izithethe. Yaye le ndoda ningayazi kuko konke oku ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukuyiqonda. Kweli nqaku, ndifuna ukuyeka yamaJuda uze uzame ukucacisa oko yesikhungu.

Ngomhla ngemvelaphi yegama

Into yokuqala ukuba baqonde isigama. Iguqulwe kwindlu yesikhungu Greek - le ngqokelela. Noko ke, lo gama ngesiHebhere iyalila "Beit Knesset", nezwi bubonakala "indlu ntlanganiso." Umdla kuba into yokuba kwi iTalmud (imibhalo yamaJuda) kube kanye kuphela wafumana igama yesikhungu njenge "Beit Tfila", gama elo elithetha "yindlu yomthandazo." Oku kubonisa ukuba amaYuda endlwini yesikhungu - ingaphezulu indlu yokunqula.

A incinane

Ngoko ke, ukuba baqonde baze baqonde ukuba yesikhungu - libandla wamaYuda, kubalulekile ukujonga encinane ibe kwimbali ukwenzeka kwayo. Ngokumalunga xesha, bathi kanye xa baqalisa ukuvela, akukho namnye unako, idatha kule iye yagcinwa. Noko ke, kukholelwa ukuba yesikhungu yokuqala ukuvela ngexesha xa itempile yokuqala satshatyalaliswa iqhutywa amaYuda asifudusele eBhabheli (ngenkulungwane yesi-6 BC). Baya kuqala babehlangana amakhaya isifundo odibeneyo umthetho, yaye kamva waqala ukwakha isakhiwo eyahlukileyo imithandazo kunye neentlanganiso. Emva kokubuyela ekhaya koko wakha indlu Okwesibini, kodwa ngeli xesha abathembekileyo siqalisile kwakhona ukuba ukwakha indlu yesikhungu kwi wonke ummandla weli lizwe. Emva kokuba amaRoma zitshatyalalisiwe kwaye iTempile yeSibini, kwindlu yesikhungu waba yindawo yokwenene amaYuda - badla kuphela ngengqiqo nangokwasengqondweni ilizwi, kodwa injalo. Zizo ezo iindawo apho abantu kusithela kwingozi.

Intsingiselo

Ngoko ke, i yesikhungu - indawo apho amaYuda nga kubutha ukuthandaza, ukufunda umthetho, ukunxibelelana. Iyafuna esithi buye umsebenzi okhethekileyo.

1. A endaweni yokuthandaza. Kakade ke, lo yesikhungu - yindawo yokuqala apho abathembekileyo babuyele kuThixo ngomthandazo. Umdla kuba into yokuba amaYuda kubaluleke kakhulu na olunye, kunye nomthandazo karhulumente, okuzalisekileyo esi sakhiwo.
2. Ukufunda iZibhalo. Kwindlu yesikhungu anquma ukufunda iTorah. Kuba oku kukho izikolo zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa, apho inokuba nokuba kufutshane okanye isakhiwo esifanayo. Akumangalisi ukuba oku Midrash Beit (indlu study) ngokusondeleyo inxulumene Beit Knesset (yesikhungu). Kwezi zikolo, abantwana kunye nabantu abatsha yonke imihla ukufunda iTorah, ngeempela-veki kubekho kwenziwe iintlobo ngeentlobo izifundo kunye imithambo kubantu abadala.
3. Library. Kwakhona, ezindlwini zesikungu, ngokuqinisekileyo kukho iholo, equlethe iincwadi ezahlukeneyo nokukhetha iinkolo. Angafundwa etempileni, kwaye uboleke (kokwazisa uhlazisa - umkhonzi yesikhungu).
4. impilo yoluntu. Ngaphezu kwako konke, yesikhungu - indawo apho imibhiyozo ezahlukeneyo imikhosi bangahlangana amalungu oluntu. Ngenxa yoko, phakathi agqithe zetempile ukuba zombini mibhiyozo ezidityanelweyo buqu yenziwe. Ezinokubhiyozela abolwaluko, inkululeko baby, bar mitzvah, njalo njalo. D. amaninzi kwizindlu zesikhungu lidibana inkundla oorabhi, Beit ndo. Ngaphambili, xa iitempile nabo kumagumbi eendwendwe, nto leyo ngaphandle iingxaki bayeke amaYuda abahambahambayo, ingayiyo isitali encinane ngamahashe amabini okanye amathathu.

bokwakha

Iyafuna esithi ukuba akukho imithetho ekhethekileyo indlela yesikhungu yamaYuda kufuneka ibukeke. Kokuba ngokumangalisayo yakhiwa, yaye mhlawumbi nje lokuhlambela. Nangona kunjalo, ndiqinisekile apho kufuneka i window. ITalmud ithi ukuba umntu akakwazi thandaza kwelo gumbi, nto leyo ayibonakali esibhakabhakeni. Kwakhona enqwenelekayo ukuba bomnyango ahla- apho abantu bashiye zonke iingcinga zakho yehlabathi esihogweni. Umdla kuba into yokuba zonke yesikhungu wajika bebubheke eYerusalem, kwi iYerusalem efanayo - ukuya Temple Mount. Ukwakha izakhiwo kangangoko kufuneka entabeni ephakamileyo esixekweni, kangangokuba unako ukuyoyisa ezinye izakhiwo. Yaye ekubeni akusoloko kusenzeka, phezu kophahla lwendlu umthandazo iseti kwipali kunye inkwenkwezi, ukuya kwindlu yesikhungu wakhangela ngasentla nezinye izakhiwo.

esinagogeni ngaphakathi

Yintoni ngaphakathi kwindlu yesikhungu? Amafoto zibonisa ukuba kukho indawo eyahlukileyo abasetyhini kunye namadoda (Ezrati-zethu - isithuba ezahlukeneyo ezilungiselelwe abafazi). Amaxesha amaninzi amanenekazi kubekwa phezu balcony, kodwa ukuba oku akunakwenzeka, igumbi umthandazo waba zahlulo amabini, umkhusane okanye ulwahlulo, leyo kuthiwa "Mechitza". Kwaba yimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba la madoda akukho namnye kunye nchumu ukusuka yobudlelane noThixo.

Eyona ndawo ibalulekileyo kwindlu yesikhungu yi UAron oyiNgcwele - zinendawo ekhethekileyo okanye kwikhabhinethi, ezihlawulelwayo eliyasuyasu, leyo iqulathe misongo umthetho. Kukho ubhekiswe ebusweni babantu ngexesha lomthandazo. Kufuneka kuthiwe kwelinye icala kunye UAron oyiNgcwele yindawo Rabhi, kwelinye - indawo-ntsapho. Kwakhona kwizindlu zesikhungu ngokuyimfuneko kaNere tamid isibane okanye isibane, kwaye bimah - indawo apho iya ukufunda izibhalo. Apha, mhlawumbi, yaye zonke bokuqonda ezibalulekileyo yesikhungu. Ezinye izindlu zonqulo ingahluka enye kwenye yaye unique indlela yabo.

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Eqonda ukuba yintoni na intsingiselo yegama elithi "indlu yesikhungu" ixabisa kancinane kwaye sinikele ingqalelo izithuba phantsi kwezi zindlu yomthandazo. kubaluleke kuyakuba njalo into yokuba uluntu ngamnye ukhetha lweenkokheli zalo kunye namagosa.

1. Rabhi (Mfundisi) - Inkokeli ngokomoya. Lo mntu owaziyo Torah phambi kokuba uthathe i-ofisi, Mhlanguli uviwo zinzima. Namhlanje, umfundisi wetyalike kwakhona ebekwe imisebenzi yolawulo kufuneka enze.
2. Hazan (okanye shliah-Tsibur - umthunywa ekuhlaleni) - umntu okhokela ngomthandazo esidlangalaleni, yaye imele abantu phambi koThixo. Lo mntu kufuneka sifunde kakhulu, ukuba ukwazi isiHebhere, ngaxeshanye, oko kwenza eminye imisebenzi.
3. NguShamash - mkhonzi, owenza iintlobo kwemisebenzi: ukugcina ucwangco yindlu yomthandazo, uxhalela ngokhuseleko kwepropati, nilandele ucwangciso. Ngamanye amaxesha oko buyiselwa Khazana.
4. Gabay (Parnas) - ekuthiwa-mlawuli yolawulo eluntwini. zabo rhoqo. Bona ikakhulu ukujongana nemiba yemali nokusombulula iingxaki zolawulo.

iintlobo emasinagogeni

Kufuneka ke ukuba kwakukho amakhulu amabini zoluntu zentlalo nenkcubeko ukuba ngandlel ubomi ezahlukeneyo - Ashkenazim kunye Sephardim. Umahluko ngendlela ekhethekileyo umthandazo kunye zesikhungo isixhobo. Inkoliso yamaYuda namhlanje Ashkenazi (Central and Northern Europe, uMzantsi Afrika, Australia, eMelika, njalo njalo), izindlu zabo baxhotyiswa ngaphezulu isimbo yaseYurophu, i Sephardim nithandane ukuhombisa zabo zesikhungu ikhaphethi kunye nezinye iimpawu yaseMpuma. Uninzi izindlu edumileyo nokuthandaza Ashkenazi, kuquka yesikhungu eSt Petersburg.

inkonzo Ukulondoloza

Ebalulekileyo ingongoma ukuba kukho umahluko ngendlela yokwenza inkonzo kwindlu yesikhungu. Ngoko ke, umahluko Ashkenazi Hasidim kunye nehasidov. Into enikisa umdla kukuba i Hasidim waboleka isimbo umthandazo phakathi Sephardim. Ezinye umahluko phantse ezingabonakaliyo kunye nomoya. Ngapha koko, ukuze ukuguqula ukusuka kwenye yesikhungu ukuya kwenye, nje ngokwaneleyo ukutshintsha umthandazo. ITorah miqulu ngexesha elinye kuzo zonke kuhlala enye. Ukongeza, kuba abantu abangamaziyo ngokwamasiko ngokutshiselwa ezahlukeneyo amaYuda "ezahlukeneyo" babonakala phantse ncam, ekubeni umahluko luqulathe iinkcukacha incinane, nto leyo maxa wambi bamane ezingabonakaliyo.