Expressionism yoncwadi: inkcazelo, iimpawu ezingundoqo, ababhali Expressionists

Extraordinary ulwalathiso avant-garde, expressionism, owaphuma phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-90 kwinkulungwane ye-19. Lo ngukhokho eli gama kuthathwa ukuba ngunozala phephancwadi "Storm" - H. Walden.

Abaphandi expressionism bakholelwa ukuba libekwe kakhulu ngokucacileyo kule ncwadi. Nangona expressionism kungekho ngaphantsi ezimibalabala ebonakalaliswe imikrolo, bezoba bepeyinta.

Indlela ezintsha kunye izwe elitsha

Ngenxa utshintsho esidlangaleni nentlalo zenkulungwane yama-20, kukho indlela entsha kwimizobo, yeqonga kunye nobomi umculo. Andizange ukulinda expressionism kwiincwadi. Ukuchaza le ulwalathiso ayisebenzi ngaphandle. Kodwa expressionism nokubhala ukuchaza indlela omkhulu wazi iirhafu eziphambukileyo neentsingiselo asakhulayo-sikhokelo intsingiselo modernist eYurophu ngenkulungwane yokugqibela.

Ethetha expressionism, phantse lonke kwakuthetha ukuba German. Ingongoma eliphezulu le yangoku kuthiwa iziqhamo nobuchule i "yesikolo yasePrague" (abathetha isiJamani). Kwakugcwele K. Čapek, P. Adler, L. Perutz, F. Kafka kunye nabanye. Nge umahluko omkhulu izicwangciso zobuchule kwezi ababhali ezinxulumene umdla wabo imeko ezitenxileyo, idiotically bephelelwa, limangalisa, amaphupha angaqondakali hallucinogenic. ERashiya, oku oluphuhliswe L. Andreev and E. Zamyatin

ababhali abaninzi waphefumlela romanticism okanye sobuciko. Kodwa impembelelo ingakumbi sinzulu okuzekeliswayo German kwaye French (ingakumbi C. Baudelaire kunye Rimbaud) yiva expressionism kwiincwadi. Imizekelo yemisebenzi na ngumlandeli umbhali ubonisa ukuba ingqalelo neengxaki zobomi kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ekuqaleni lobomi bulumko. amarhamente esithi eyaziwa expressionism - "Akukho ilitye abawayo, kunye nomthetho womxhuzulane."

bokubanga zesiprofeto azalwa Georg Heym, waba uphawu selo isiqalo obabuthandwa Expressionism njengombutho. abafundi bakhe kwindinyana "Ukuza yafa ..." yaye "War" ukuqonda nentekelelo kwisiprofeto kuza intlekele eYurophu.

umchazi Austria of expressionist Georg Trakl kunye kakhulu ilifa elincinane kwimibongo uye waba negalelo elikhulu kuyo yonke imibongo German-lwimi. In Trakl imibongo kwakukho imifanekiso ngokomfanekiso inzima, nentlekele ngokunxulumene ekuweni komyalelo yehlabathi kunye ukuqhama kakhulu emoyeni.

Expressionism Dawn wangena kule minyaka 1914-1924. Yaba Franz Werfel, Albert Ehrenstein, Gottfried Benn kunye nabanye iilahleko ezinkulu kwi imiphambili kwiinkolelo iPacific waqiniseka esiqinileyo. Lo mkhuba kakhulu ngokucacileyo kutyhilwa ngemisebenzi Kurt Hiller. expressionism lwembongi kwiincwadi, iinkalo eziphambili apho wathimba idrama kunye iprozi ngokukhawuleza, neziphumo anthology edume "I Twilight of Uluntu", owayebonakele entendelezweni umfundi ngo-1919.

A ifilosofi entsha

The main zefilosofi kunye nobugcisa ingcamango abalandeli expressionists zisuswe kwi "umongo efanelekileyo" - imfundiso ulwazi lwe Husserl, naphezu nokunakana intuition 'inkaba zomhlaba "Bergson kwindlela yakhe" ebomini "uloyiso. Kukholelwa ukuba le nkqubo uyakwazi ukoyisa obduracy umcimbi yentanda njengesihlambo unganqandeki bokuba izinto eziphilayo zazivelela.

Kungenxa yoko le nto Expressionism kwiincwadi ivela njenge Umbono Nonfictional leyinene njenge "imbono injongo".

Ibinzana elithi "ukubonakala njongo" livela imisebenzi classical-bulumko German kwaye kwathetha imbono leyinene ngokuchanileyo zokuzoba. Ngoko ke, ukuze abe "kumaqumrhu efanelekileyo" ehlabathini, kuyimfuneko kwakhona ukuba simchase izinto zokomoya.

Lo mbono efana kakhulu Symbolists ingcinga yembono, ngelixa expressionism kwiincwadi lujolise intuitionism Bergson kwaye ngoko ke ifuna ingqiqo yokuba ebomini kunye ngqiqweni. Ubomi intuthuko kunye ingqiqo enzulu ungaziva wathi iqhuba ngaphezulu izixhobo kwi rapprochement kunye leyinene ngokomoya cosmic. Kulo mzekelo, i expressionists bathi ihlabathi eziphathekayo (okt ihlabathi wangaphandle) ubalekela endaweni bethabatheke lakhe futhi sikhulu kufutshane ekubeni ngesisombululo kwiinkulungwane-ubudala "imfihlakalo 'yobomi.

Expressionism kwiincwadi kwinkulungwane yama-20 ezahlukeneyo ngokucacileyo ukususela nemisinga kwemiYalezo kunye Cubism ezaqala phantse ngaxeshanye. Bokubanga, yaye, zentlalo-amadlala, ukwenza inzuzo umahluko phakathi imisebenzi expressionists. Bazele wokumelana ukwahlulwa uluntu ngokweendidi zentlalo kunye neemfazwe ngokuchasene abantu ngesantya ukuba amaziko oluntu kunye nezentlalo. Ngamanye amaxesha Ababhali expressionist ngempumelelo iyazigatya umfanekiselo hero inguqu, ebonisa isimo baneenkani, evakalisa kukududuzela eyimfihlakalo siba ukudideka yokuba ukumelana nayo.

umyalelo lobunzima lehlabathi ivezwa imisebenzi Expressionists ngokwabo njengoko element engundoqo ye apocalypse, nto leyo ehamba ngesantya kakhulu, yaye uthembisa ukuba andisa uluntu kunye nendalo.

ukuvela eceleni

Expressionism kwiincwadi ichonge isicelo umlinganiswa jikelele wesiprofeto. Le nto ifuna ukuba bodwa kwesimbo sokubhala; kuyimfuneko ukuba afundise, akhuthaze aze amxelele. Kuphela ngale ndlela, ngokuthi ndahlukane yokuziphatha obambekayo neemposiso, abalandeli expressionism azama ukuzikhulula elowo isaqunge banga, ubuzaza ukuzinzisa nokomeleza umtsalane yonke le mfihlakalo.

Mhlawumbi yiloo nto Expressionism wathabatha imvelaphi yayo kwiqela umbutho of amagcisa.

Ababhali-mbali inkcubeko bakholelwa ukuba unyaka ka imvelaphi expressionism - 1905 th. Loo nyaka yaba yeemanyano abantu abanazo kwi German Dresden, iqela ababezibiza "The Bridge". Phantsi abafundi bakhe ngezakhiwo weni: Otto Müller, UErich Heckel, Ernst Kirchner Emil Nolde, njl Ekuqaleni kuka-1911 utsho ngokwako band edume "Blue Rider" .. Kwakugcwele amagcisa owaziwayo phakathi kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini: Franz Marc . Agasti Macke, uPawulos Klee, Wassily Kandinsky nabanye Group apapasha lwencwadi eponymous ukuya kuMatshi 1912, elijolise zesampulu yakutshanje ezinobuchule kwisikolo esitsha, eyila iinjongo umngeni ulwalathiso lwabo.

Abameli expressionism lowu iincwadi zivaliwe phezu ngokusekelwe "Aktion" ( "Action"). Umba wokuqala yapapashwa eBerlin ekuqaleni-1911. Kwaba yayihanjelwe iimbongi hayi kodwa kakuhle yaziwa bemidlalo, kodwa abavukeli eqaqambileyo olu lwalathiso: E. Toller, uFrank L., J. nguBhela kunye nabanye.

Iimpawu ezininzi ezimibalabala expressionism nje wabonakala kuluncwadi isiJamani, Austria kunye Russian. Expressionists French thaca imbongi Perom Garne.

imbongi Expressionist

Imbongi le meko unawo umsebenzi "Orpheus." Oko kukuthi, kufuneka ube wemilingo, owathi, ndizama umcimbi ithambo ngokungathobeli uza ngaphakathi kuyiyo yokwenene okwenzekayo. Eyona nto iphambili ukuba imbongi - undoqo leyo wabonakala kuqala, kwaye ayisiso isenzeko wokwenene ngokwayo.

Ngoko - oku ngokuphathelele iphezulu, iklasi eliphezulu. Kufuneka uthathe inxaxheba kwi "kwimicimbi isihlwele." Kwaye ebambekayo kunye obusemaqhingeni kufuneka kumkhumbula ngokupheleleyo oko. Kungenxa yoko le nto, njengoko wabaseki expressionism wayecinga ngoko kulula ukufikelela nokubotshwa lokungcangcazela "amaqumrhu efanelekileyo" jikelele.

Kuphela abalandeli yehlelo abenziwe isenzo bobuchule expressionism ebizwa hi ndlela leyinene kuphela ukuguqula ihlabathi eziphathekayo kunye okumdambisa.

Kulo kulandela ukuba inyaniso ngaphezu ngobuhle. Secret, imfihlo nani ulwazi expressionist wambu an nobubanzi Iyadubula ukuba wadala ingqondo ngokungathi anxile okanye ezingekho.

mangala creative

Dala ukuba benobuchule kule nkalo - kukudala yobuciko kwimo ukujongwa kakhulu, nto leyo esekelwe kwimeko bethabatheke, improvisation kunye imo ziyatshintsheka wembongi.

Expressionism kwiincwadi - akuyi esweni, na ukuyila ngokungadinwayo Ndandingonwabanga, oko hayi into Eyokuqiqa kunye nemifanekiso umbono nemincili.

German Expressionist, enye ingcali yale balo enye yeenkokheli Casimir Edshmid wayekholelwa ukuba imbongi lokwenyaniso ibonisa yaye ayibonisi ngokwenene. Ngoko ke, ngenxa yoko, imisebenzi yoncwadi indlela expressionism le zibangelwa ngokwentshukumisa ezesifuba ke into injabulo ubuhle umphefumlo. Expressionists mthwalo ngokwabo ukuba anyamekele wolungiso wavakalisa fomu.

ixabiso ezizinzululwazi zokuvakalisa ezobugcisa yeyona ulwimi ukufiphala expressionist, yaye ngokufuthi abangaqhelekanga, ebonakala ngenxa hyperbolism zasendle kunye amadabi rhoqo uxhathise mbandela. Loo ubugqwetha sigqwethe kuphela iimpawu zangaphandle zehlabathi. Inika imifanekiso ezothusayo ebabulala elibi zadalwa.

Yaye nantsi kucaca ukuba njongo iphambili expressionism - kuvuselelwa ekuhlaleni kwabantu ukufikelela umanyano kunye iphela.

"Elishumi Expressionist" kwi ncwadi German-ulwimi

E Germany, njengoko kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, expressionism kwavela emva ekumeni zobundlobongela amanqwanqwa karhulumente kunye nezentlalo, uye wothuswa kweli lizwe kule minyaka ilishumi yokuqala kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Kwi-German inkcubeko kunye noncwadi expressionism yaba into iphawulekayo-10 ukuya '20 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Expressionism kuncwadi yaseJamani yaba impendulo kwiingxaki nezazi, arhola leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, kaNovemba Revolutionary Movement eJamani ukubhukuqwa urhulumente Tsarist eRashiya ngo-Oktobha. Ihlabathi ubudala yatshatyalaliswa kunye amanxuwa awo avele ezintsha. Ababhali, leyo lwenzeka phambi yale nkqubo yenguqu, wayibona waziva ukusilela ucwangco ezikhoyo kunye nosizi elifanayo unenforceability nayiphi na inkqubela entsha kuluntu elitsha.

expressionism German wayenxibe eqaqambileyo, esineenkani, umlinganiswa protivoburzhuazny. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, ebonisa iintsilelo inkqubo yobungxowankulu, expressionist ukuxela wanikela endaweni, le yinkqubo engacacanga, abstract kunye ngqiqweni kwezentlalo nezopolitiko nga ukuvuselela umoya uluntu.

Musa ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ngcinga sabasebenzi, Expressionists babekholelwa ekupheleni ukuza inkqubo yehlabathi. Ukutshatyalaliswa loluntu kunye intlekele ezayo - imixholo ephakathi kwexesha expressionist ye leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ingakumbi ngokuqaqambileyo kokuba bunokubonwa lwamazwi G. Trakl, Heym G. kunye F. Werfel. J. Van Goddis basabela iziganeko kweli lizwe nakwihlabathi, le ndinyana, "Isiphelo zehlabathi." Kwaye nkqu satirical bonisa imeko kakhulu (uKarl Kraus, "Imihla Yokugqibela Uluntu").

melana ubuhle expressionism eziqokelelwe phantsi iphiko unendlela yakhe eyahlukileyo kakhulu yobugcisa, izinto ezithandwayo kunye nemigaqo ezopolitiko ababhali: ukusuka F. Wolf noJ noBhekere, baye baba kwiimbono yotshintsho olululo yoluntu, kuMnu Jost, kamva waba imbongi entendelezweni Wesithathu.

Franz Kafka - a expressionism ntonye

Frantsa Kafku kufanele ngokuthi expressionism nye. inkolelo yakhe yeyokuba umntu uhlala kwihlabathi kwanzima kuye ngokupheleleyo, ubume babantu ukoyisa bachasayo amaziko yakhe, yaye ngaloo ndlela ukuphumeza ulonwabo akwenzeki, yeyona izimvo eziphambili Expressionist ngezangqa boncwadi.

Umbhali ukholelwa ukuba kukho isizathu sokuba nethemba kwi ngamnye kwaye kungenzeka ngoko akukho izinto ebomini. Noko ke, imisebenzi Kafka wazama ukufumana into engaguquguqukiyo, "ukukhanya" okanye "ukungafi".

Umbhali we "inkqubo" edumileyo ke ngoko ngokuba sisiphithiphithi. Nehlabathi kuthuleke eyoyikisayo. Franz Kafka wamoyika amandla endalo, nto leyo esele owned uluntu. ukudideka kwakhe, kunxunguphala lula ukuqonda; abantu, subjugating indalo, ayikwazanga ukujongana ubudlelwane phakathi kwabo. Ukongeza, alwa baza bambulala bodwa, wabatshabalalisa ezilalini lizwe, yaye akazange avumele omnye nomnye ukuze sonwabe.

Ukususela ngexesha zeemposiso awazalelwa kuyo umbhali zeemposiso kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini zehlabathi ezahlulwe sisithuba phantse-35 eminyaka yempucuko. Iinkolelo Kafka lizele yokunqakulisa, lithemba kwaye engenathemba. Ikamva woMntu sele eyale ngumntu ngokwakhe, kodwa ngamandla athile otherworldly, yaye ngokulula wahlukana nendoda ngokwakhe.

Le ndoda ukholwa umbhali, - ukudalwa zentlalo (kungenjalo ke asikwazi), kodwa ukuba uluntu isixhobo ezimile buyayigqwetha ngokupheleleyo ubuntu babantu.

Expressionism kwiincwadi kwinkulungwane yama-20 xa ebusweni Kafka uyayiqonda kwaye ulunika ingqalelo sesichengeni kunye ngokuwa yamenza lona kwaye akusayi ezilawulwa ngamaziko zentlalo kunye nezentlalo. Le ubungqina izicacele: umntu ngesiquphe ewela phantsi isiphumo (lokukhuselwa ngaphandle kokuba ekunene!), Okanye evele babe nomdla kubantu "wasemzini", ngayo ukwalathisa anzima, ndingenakwazi zemikhosi ezimnyama. Indoda phantsi kwempembelelo amaziko zentlalo kunye nezentlalo kulula ngokwaneleyo ukuze bazive amandla akhe, waza ke abaseleyo umyalezo yobukho izihlandlo engenanzuzo imvume ukuphila ibe kweli hlabathi sikweni.

Kafka bamangaliswa isipho sakhe ingqiqo. Ingakumbi ichazwe ngokucacileyo ku (kuhlolwe eshicilelwe) "Inkqubo". Kulo umbhali iOne impambano entsha zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, inkohlakalo ebisebenza yayo ebulalayo. Omnye wabo - ingxaki bureaucracy, babawa amandla njengoko njengelifu njengesiphango, ewu yonke isibhakabhaka, ngelixa umntu uba sinambuzane sesichengeni zokuqhubela. Ngokoqobo entliziyweni ngamandla elwayo, ngokupheleleyo utshabalalisa kwi lomntu, yaye, ke ngoko, ihlabathi wahlulelwe.

Umoya expressionism in Russian

Destination eYurophu inkcubeko, awathi kwikota yokuqala zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ayikwazanga kodwa kuchaphazela uncwadi Russian. Ababhali, ubani imisebenzi ukusuka-1850 ukuya ekupheleni kuka-1920, kabukhali zasabela kokusesikweni yongxowankulu kunye nengxaki kwezentlalo eli xesha, ezivele ngenxa leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye babhukuqwa mva ezilandelayo.

Yintoni Expressionism kwiincwadi? Ngokufutshane - imvukelo. Ndingenwe ngumsindo waphakama nxamnye dehumanization kuluntu. Ngayo, kunye ingxelo entsha amaxabiso ebomini umoya woonyana babantu, ukuba ezazihambisana, amasiko nezithethe uncwadi lwemveli Russian. indima yakhe njengoMesiya ekuhlaleni kubhalwe imisebenzi ongafiyo NV Gogol and FM Dostoevsky, oko bekwenza ngemizobo mihle MA Vrubel and NN Ge, natyetyiswa ihlabathi lonke V. F. Komissarzhevskuyu and AN Scriabin.

It usukela ngokucacileyo kakhulu kwixesha elizayo ithuba elikhulu ukuba kuzalwe expressionism Russian kwi "The Dream Yomntu etyeni" yi Fyodor Dostoevsky, "Umbongo of bethabatheke" Scriabin, "Red Flower" V. Garshin.

Expressionists Russian bafuna ingqibelelo jikelele, emisebenzini yakhe ayefuna ukumngenisa 'umntu omtsha "ndikuphaphele entsha ngaphezu umanyano kuncediswa lonke uluntu bezobugcisa nezenkcubeko Russia.

Abahlalutyi boncwadi ziveza ukuba expressionism ethathe imilo njengento ezimeleyo, eyahlukileyo. Wabonisa nje kuphela Ukuqhela poetics kunye nesimbo, kwixesha eliphakathi abanazo sele lusekiwe iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo ngaphezu emideni yabo selubala, kwaye eqhelekileyo.

Ngoko ke, umzekelo, expressionism, owazalwa ngaphakathi ngokoqobo, neziphumo kwindalo Leonida Andreeva, Andrei Bely wasinda kulwalathiso symbolist acmeists Michael Zenkevich Vladimir Narbut yakhupha ingqokelela yemibongo kunye ekspressionistkoy eqaqambileyo umxholo, kunye Vladimir Mayakovsky, ukuba Futurist, nabo babhala ngendlela Expressionist.

Expressionism style on kumhlaba Russian

In Russian okokuqala igama "expressionism", "bevuthela" kwibali yaseChekhov kaThixo "Intothoviyane". Heroine into ephosakeleyo, usebenzisa i "expressionist" endaweni "Impressionists." Abaphandi expressionism Russian bakholelwa ukuba ngokusondeleyo kuhlanganiswa, nelezinye iintlobo zonke expressionism eYurophu yakudala, leyo kwabunjwa ngokusekelwe Austria, kodwa inkoliso expressionism German.

Ngokulandelelana, le ntsingiselo eRashiya yafika ngaphambili kakhulu kwaye ababhubhayo kakhulu kamva "shumi Expressionism" kwi ncwadi German-lwimi. Expressionism Russian kwaqala nge kokupapashwa kwebali Leonida Andreeva "The Wall" ngo-1901, yaye yaphela nge yokusebenza "eMoscow Parnassus" kwaye emotsionalistov iqela ngo-1925.

Z Nikolaevich Andreev - a expressionism khan Russian

ulwalathiso olutsha ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ukuthatha eYurophu, hayi akwasala sibukela kunye kwimekobume Russian zoncwadi. Uyise Ukusungulwa Expressionism eRashiya kuthathwa Z Andreev.

Kwincwadi yakhe yokuqala, umbhali ngokunzulu ephonononga ubunyani ezinkulu ezingqonge kuye. ngokucacileyo kakhulu oku kubonwa imisebenzi yokuqala: "Garas'ko", "Bargamot", "Isixeko". Kakade apha umntu ukulandelela iintshukumisa eziphambili zombhali.

"Ubomi Vasiliya Fiveyskogo" kwaye bali "The Wall" zoba ukuthandatyuzwa yombhali ngokweenkcukacha engqondweni yoluntu nokugxekwa kakhulu. Ngexesha athanda ukuzenza ukholo kunye nemimoya Andreev wabhala odumileyo "uYudas Skariyoti."

Ekuqaleni semibutho olululo umbhali onovelwano sina ukuba lo mbuso, kwaye ngenxa yoko kukho amabali "Ivan Ivanovich," "iRhuluneli" kunye umdlalo "Ku Iinkwenkwezi".

Emva kwexesha elifutshane, ubuchule Andreeva Leonida Nikolaevicha yenza ijika elibi. Okuhlanganiswe ekuqaleni mbuso ngo-1907. Umbhali ngokutsha imibono yakhe kwaye uyaqonda ukuba udlame ubunzima, ngaphandle ngeentuthumbo ezinkulu iingxwelerha ubunzima, weza ilothe nto. Ezi ziganeko zichazwe "I abasixhenxe ababexhonyiwe".

Ibali "I-Red Laugh" usaqhubeka ezibonisa iimbono zombhali phezu iziganeko ezenzeka sikarhulumente. Umsebenzi ichaza umvambo lemfazwe ngokwesiseko iziganeko ka 1905 imfazwe Russian-Japanese. Awonwabanga amaqhawe emiselwe inkqubo yehlabathi bakulungele ukuba angazinikeli imvukelo anarchic, kodwa nje ngokulula ukuze ulisonge uze ube kwisixando sokwenziwa.

imisebenzi Okuninzi zakutshanje umbhali benamandla ingqikelelo ngoloyiso ngamandla angaphezu nokudandatheka enkulu.

Post scriptum

Ngokusemthethweni, lo expressionism Isijamani a trend soncwadi ubunile yi yee imi- 20-kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Nangona kunjalo, akukho wumbi, kuye kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu isithethe zoncwadi yenzala elandelayo.