Kafka, Franz (Franz Kafka). Imisebenzi, i-biography, ifoto

UFranz Kafka, imisebenzi yakhe eyaziwayo kwihlabathi lonke, wayengumlobi othetha isiJamani wamaYuda. Okumangalisayo kukuba, umbhali, owaziwayo kwihlabathi lonke, ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe akazange alandele ukuthandwa kwaye apapashwe ngambalwa amabali amfutshane. U-Kafka wayala zonke iincwadi zakhe zokubhala ukuba zitshise, kodwa umhlobo wakhe uMax Brod akazange amthobele, kwaye ngokubulela kule hlabathi kwakunokwenzeka ukuba ukwazi ukuba ngubani umbhali onokumangalisa kwaye wazi kakuhle imisebenzi yakhe.

Umbhali wabantwana

U-Kafka Franz ungumlobi odumile waseJamani wamaYuda. Wazalelwa ngoJulayi 3, 1883 kwelinye leghetto likaPrague, elo xesha liyingxenye yolawulo lwase-Austro-Hungarian. Ubabhali bombhali, uHerman Kafka, wayengumYuda othetha isiCzech, wasebenza njengomthengisi kwi-haberdashery, kwaye unina, uJulia Kafka, uthetha ngakumbi isiJamani, njengoko kwenza uFranz, owayesazi kakuhle isiCzech nesiFrentshi. Kwintsapho, ngaphandle kwakhe, kukho abantwana abaninzi. Abazalwana abancinci ababengumabhali ozayo babulawa ebuntwaneni, kodwa usenodade abathathu. UFranz omncinane waya esikolweni de kube ngu-1893, waza wabuyela kwindlu yokuzivocavoca, aphumelela ngo-1901, emva kokufumana isatifiketi sokukhula.

Iminyaka ekhulileyo

Emva kokugqiba kwiYunivesithi yasePrague, uKafka wathola ugqirha wakhe emthethweni. Emva koko, wasebenza kwisebe le-inshorensi njengegosa elilula. Ngomnyaka we-1922, uKafka waseshatha umhlalaphantsi ngaphambi kokugula. Nangona kunjalo, ngethuba lakhe kwinkonzo karhulumente uKafka wahlala ethembekile kumsebenzi wakhe oyintloko - uncwadi, awayechitha ixesha elide. Ngenxa yesifo sesifo sofuba esasisemva kwe-pulmonary hemorrhage, umbhali wafa ngo-Juni 3, 1924. UKafka, ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, wabuza umhlobo wakhe ukuba ashise yonke imibhalo engashicilelwa, kodwa akazange ayiphulaphule kwaye ngoko ke imisebenzi eminingi yombhali onetalente yashicilelwa emva kwayo.

Umhlaba wangaphakathi waseKafka

Kuhlala kunzima ukuthetha ngeemvakalelo zomntu, ingakumbi ukuba uhola ubomi obuvaliweyo. Nangona kunjalo, ubomi bombhali odumileyo ongumJamani wamaYuda, kukho ubungqina obubhaliweyo obubhekiselele kwimiba yakhe, kodwa nakwiimbono zakhe ebomini. UFranz Kafka wayeyithandani? "Incwadi kuYise", enye yemisebenzi yomlobi, umzekelo, ukubonakalisa kakuhle ubuhlobo bombhali kunye noyise kunye nenani leentsuku zokukhumbula.

ZeMpilo

Ngeendlela ezininzi, ubomi bombhali befuthelwa yimpilo yakhe, apho wayehlala eneengxaki. Umbuzo onokuphikisana nokuba ngaba iingxaki zakhe ziyimvelo yengqondo, kodwa into yokuba izifo ezithintela umbhali akungabazeki. Ukutya okunomsoco kunye ne-gymnastics rhoqo - yindlela awazama ngayo ukujamelana neKafka yakhe. UFranz wasebenzisa ubuninzi bebisi beenkomo ezingabonakaliyo, ezinokubangela isifo sofuba esingapheliyo.

Ubomi bomntu

Kukholelwa ukuba u-Kafka ukungabikho kokusondeza kwintando yothando ngandlela-thile ngenxa yobudlelwane bakhe kunye noyise okhohlakeleyo, ngenxa yokuba akazange akwazi ukuba yintsapho. Nangona kunjalo, ebomini bombhali kwakukho abafazi. Ukususela ngo-1912 ukuya ku-1917 wayenebudlelwane obusondeleyo noFelicia Bauer, owayehlala eBerlin. Ngeli xesha, babenokubandakanya kabini, kodwa zombini amaxesha awazange akhokele kuyo nayiphi na into. U-Kafka noFelicia baxoxisana ngokubhaliweyo ngokubhaliweyo, ngenxa yembono yokuba umbhali wayengazi kakuhle ngale ntombazana, engahambisani nokoqobo. Ukususela kwincwadi yokuphila ecacileyo ukuba babengabantu abahlukileyo abangakwazi ukufumana ulwimi olufanayo. Emva koko, u-Kafka wayenebudlelwane noJulia Vohrycek, kodwa oku kuthethwa ngokukhawuleza kwakhona kwachithwa. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-20-umbhali waqala inxaxheba kunye nentatheli kunye nomguquleli weenveli zakhe - uMilena Esenskaya - owayephinde watshata. Ngomnyaka we-1923, uKafa, kunye nomnondolozi wakhe, uDora Dimant, waya eBerlin inyanga eziliqela ukuba athathe umhlala-phantsi kwintsapho aze azinikele ngokupheleleyo kwiincwadi.

Ukufa

Emva kokutyelela iBelen Kafka kwakhona wabuyela ePrague. Kancinci, isifo sakhe sofuba sathuthuka ngakumbi nangakumbi, sinika umbhali iingxaki ezintsha. Oku ekugqibeleni kwaholela ekufeni kukaFranz kwelinye le-sanatoria kufuphi neVienna, mhlawumbi eyayibangelwa ukuchithwa. Ubuhlungu obungapheliyo entanyeni abuzange bamvumele ukuba adle, kwaye ngelo xesha unyango lwangaphakathi lwangaphakathi lwaluqala kwiinkalo zokuqala zophuhliso kwaye alukwazi ukuhlawula isondlo ngeendlela zokufakelwa. Umzimba wombhali omkhulu waseJamani wathunyelwa ePrague, apho wangcwatyelwa khona eMangcwabeni amaYuda amatsha.

Franz Kafka. Ukudala

Ingozi yomsebenzi walo mbhali ayiqhelekanga. Xa uKafka ehlala, italente yakhe yahlala ingabonakali, kwaye kumaphephandaba kwakubonakala nje ezimbalwa zamabali akhe amfutshane, awazange abekwe yimpumelelo ekhethekileyo. Umbhali waba yintando emva kokufa kwakhe kuphela ngenxa yokuba umngane wakhe osondeleyo uMax Brod akazange amthobele iincwadana zakhe kwaye uKhafka wayefuna ukutshisa ukuze kungabikho mntu owabafunda. Ngaphandle koko, ihlabathi alingazi ukuba ngubani uKafka. Iimvanoveli ezipapashwe ngu-Brod kungekudala zaqala ukutsala ingqalelo kwihlabathi. Yonke imisebenzi eshicilelwe yombhali, ngaphandle kweencwadi ezithile eMilena Esenskaya, yabhalwa ngesiJamani. Kuze kube yimhla, sele sele iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi kwaye yaziwa kwihlabathi lonke.

Ibali elithi "Uguquko"

UFranz Kafka kulo msebenzi ngokugcwele ngokunyamezela, nokucinezela kwakhe kubonakalisa imbono yakhe malunga nolwalamano lwabantu. Iqhawe eliphambili lebali nguGregor Zamza, indoda evuke kusasa, iyaqonda ukuba iphendule inambuzane enkulu. Into eqhelekileyo kumbhali ziimeko zenguqu. U-Kafka akabonakalisi izizathu, akathethi ngeemeko ezenzeke ngaphambili, umgcini-mbonisi ubhekane neyona nto eyiyo inambuzane. Ujikeleze uGregor Zamzy ubona ukujonga kwakhe ngokutsha. Utata uvale ekamelweni, kwaye udade, owokuqala ukufudumala kuye xa kuthelekiswa nabanye, ngokukhawuleza uza kumondla. Nangona utshintsho lwangaphandle, uGregor uhlala ngumntu ofanayo, ukuqonda kwakhe kunye neemvakalelo zakhe aziguquki.

Ekubeni wayeyondla intsapho kunye nazo zonke izihlobo zithembela kuGregor, oye waphila emva kokuguqulwa kwakhe, intsapho yagqiba ukuthatha abahlali. Abaqeshi abatsha bendlu baziphatha kakubi, kwaye izalamane zecandagonist ziyancipha ngakumbi, kuba ngoku akazinako. Udade uqala ukuhamba ngokuthe rhoqo kwaye ngokuthe ngcembe intsapho ibalekele malunga nenambuzane, eyayisakuba isihlobo sayo. Ibali liphela ngokufa kwe-protagonist, ngubani ngokwenene akangabangela ukuba amalungu akhe entsapho azikho iimvakalelo. Ukuqhubela phambili ukugxininisa ukungakhathaleli kwabantu abakujikelezile, ekupheleni komsebenzi umbhali uchaza indlela izihlobo zikaGregor Zamza zihamba ngayo ngokungakhathali.

Uhlalutyo

Indlela yokubhala eyaziwayo kumbhali ibonakaliswe ngokupheleleyo kwibali elithi "Uguquko". UFranz Kafka udlala indima yedwa umlandisi, akafuni ukubonakalisa isimo sakhe sengqondo kwiziganeko ezichazwe. Enyanisweni, ibali yinkcazo eyomileyo yeziganeko. Impawu yesitayela sombhali unomntu oyintloko, ojongene nokungalunganga, ngezinye iinkcukacha ezingenangqondo. Le yidrama yomntu ojamelene neemeko ezingenako ukulwa nazo. Nangona iimeko ezintle zecebo, zikhona iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo kwindali ekuyibuyisela loo msebenzi ibe yinto enqabileyo.

Incwadi "Inqubo"

Njengeminye imisebenzi emangalisayo yomlobi, lo msebenzi ushicilelwe emva kokufa kombhali. Le inoveli kaKafka, apho kungekhona nje izinto ezingabonakaliyo, kodwa kunye nefantasy ngokubonakalayo kubonakala. Ngokuhambelana ngokubambisana, konke oku kuvelisa ibali lefilosofi, eliye labonisa ukukhangela kwombhali.

Akwazanga ukuba yintoni umgaqo owalathisa umlobi, ukudala "iNkqubo", kodwa loo mqulu wawungenwa ngumsebenzi ogcweleyo, wawuneziqendu ezininzi ezingafaniyo. Kamva bahlelwe ngokulandelelana kweziganeko, kwaye kule fom ihlabathi yabona umsebenzi uKafka wadala.

"Inkqubo" ilandisa ngokuphila komntu ogama linguJosef K., osebenza njengomsebenzi ongekho ebhanki. Ngenye intsasa wabanjwa ngabantu abangaziwa, ngaphandle kokubonisa isizathu. Kuba ixesha elide ukhangelwa, kodwa akukho mntu uthatha amanyathelo okumgcina.

Into emangalisayo apha apha kukuba uJosef K. akanalwazi ngento enokukrokrelwa kuyo, nokuba yintoni atyholwa ngayo, kuba engakhange anikwe nantoni na. Ngethuba lo msebenzi wonke, unyanzelekile ukuba azame ukuqonda isizathu sokubanjwa. Nangona kunjalo, akaphumelelanga nangona xa ummangalelwa egwetyelwa ukufa kwaye wafa ngokukhawuleza entliziyweni, "njengenja." Umntu oyintloko, onesizungu emzabalazweni wakhe, akakwazi ukufezekisa inyaniso.

"Inqaba"

Le yinye inomxholo yombhali enezinto ezininzi zeengcamango ezingenangqondo, ezenziwa rhoqo nguFranz Kafka. "Inqaba" ngumsebenzi ochaza ngobomi be-K. othile oza kwiNqila ukuba asebenze njengomcebisi. Ukufika, ufunda ukuba yonke into apha ilawulwa yiNqaba, kwaye ukuba ufike emsebenzini okanye ubuncinane ufike khona, kufuneka athole imvume.

U K. uzama ukufumana imvume kuzo zonke iindlela, kodwa akakwazi ukwenza nantoni na. Ngenxa yoko, kuvela ukuba iMzanzana ayifuni umcebisi, kwaye uK. unikezela ngesithuba somlindi. I-protagonist iyavuma, kuba akanakho ukhetho. Incwadana iyaphula ekutyelelweni komqhubi. Ngokutsho kwesicwangciso sombhali, uK. kufuneka ukuba wahlala apha ngonaphakade, kwaye ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe wayeza kufumana isigidimi sokuthi indawo yakhe yokuhlala eMzaneni yayingekho mthethweni, kodwa ngoku iNqaba iNkundla iyamvumela ukuba aphile kwaye asebenze apha. Kodwa watshela umhlobo wakhe ukuba wayemisa umsebenzi kwiveli kwaye akazange afune ukubuyela kuwo.

Eminye imisebenzi

Ukongezelela kwimisebenzi engentla, umbhali unabo abaninzi abadumileyo. Ngokomzekelo, kukho ukuqokelela kwamabali amfutshane, apho uFranz Kafka waqala khona. "Iileta eziya eMilena" ngenye yemizekelo yeengoma zengoma zombhali. Le ngqokelela, equlethe iincwadi ezibhekiswe komnye othandekayo wakhe - uMilena Esinskaya, owayengumguquleli wemisebenzi yakhe kwisiCzech. Ngenxa yoko, incwadana ngokubhaliweyo yaqala phakathi komlobi kunye noMilena, eyathintela kakhulu uKafka, kodwa yamenza angonwabi ngakumbi kunokuba wayekho ngaphambi kwakhe, emva kokuba kubakho ukuba abantu abahambelaniyo.

Le akuyona kuphela iqoqo elibhalwe nguKafka. UFranz ngethuba lobomi bakhe washicilela amabali akhe kuphela, awazange amenzele ukuthandwa njengemvanoveli, eyaziwayo emva koko, kodwa ayingabonakali kakhulu kwaye ayigugu kumbono wokubhala. Ngoko ke, kufuneka bachazwe. Yintoni enye eyenziwa nguFranz Kafka? "I-Labyrinth" iqoqo lamabali amfutshane, equka umsebenzi wegama elifanayo kunye nenani labanye, elidumileyo "eliPhando lweenja enye."

Isitayela

Ukungabikho komsebenzi kunye nokuyiyo yonke into, inyaniso kunye nefantasy ... Kubonakala ngathi ezi zizo zonke iingcamango ezingahambelaniyo, kodwa umbhali unokuzibophelela ngokubambisana izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Mfundisi welizwi, ingqiqo eyayingabonakali ebomini, kwaye emva kokufa kwadumile emhlabeni jikelele-konke oku ku-Kafka. UFranz waba ngumqondiso wexesha, ilizwi labantu, ukushumayela yedwa.

Isiphelo

Abalinganiswa bakhe bafana: bajamelene neengxaki ezingenako ukusombululwa, kwaye zihlala zinye kunye nesiphelo.

Intlekele kunye nobuqhetseba kuthatha uhlobo lwezinto ezibuhlungu kumabali amahle kaKafka. Akafuni ukubonisa iqhawe okanye umntu obalaseleyo, umbhali uxelela ukwesaba komntu into ephakamileyo, kwilizwe langaphandle, elixhomekeke kuphela kwiimeko. Abalinganiswa abakhulu baseKafka ngabantu abazitholayo kwiimeko zobomi ezinzima, abangaxhomekeke kuzo kwaye abanakuze bazisombulule. Konke oku kudala ukungaqiniseki kwabo, ukulondeka kunye nokwesaba - yonke into ejikeleze abantu ngokubanzi, ukuqhuba kwindawo yokuxhalabisa.