Fahrenheit isikali lobushushu kunye nezinye

Linganisa iqondo lobushushu uluntu bafunda malunga neminyaka eyi-400 eyadlulayo. Kodwa izixhobo yokuqala ezifana kwiithemometha namhlanje, wabonakala kuphela kwinkulungwane X V III. Umsunguli ithemometha yokuqala waba sisazinzulu Gabriel Fahrenheit. Nje ezimbalwa izikali ubushushu ezahlukeneyo ziye zasungulwa ehlabathini, ezinye zazo zithandwa kakhulu kwaye isasetyenziswa, abanye ngcembe wawa yayekwa.

isikali lobushushu - inkqubo amaxabiso lobushushu ukuze xa kuthelekiswa nabanye. Ekubeni lobushushu alibhekiseli ubuninzi ukuba akalinganiswa ngqo, ixabiso ezinxulumene lutshintsho lobushushu simo into (umz, amanzi). Kuzo zonke isikali obushushu badla ngamanqaku amabini fixed ehambelana kwiqondo lobushushu lenguqu ekhethiweyo izinto thermometric kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo. Oku njalo kuxokwa-amanqaku esalathisi. Imizekelo zamanqaku reference sikhonze elenza amanzi, kunye Ukuqinisa kuyo m yegolide. P. Elinye lamanqaku sithathwa ngokuba imvelaphi. Isithuba phakathi kwabo yahlulwe yaba inani elithile amacandelo ngokulinganayo leyo sisodwa. iyunithi Per lobushushu womlinganiselo elamkeleke jikelele isidanga enye.

Ithandwa kakhulu kwaye bafumene kunayo yandile kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabanthi - isikali Celsius kunye Fahrenheit. Noko ke, khangela ngokomyalelo kwisikali ekhoyo azame ukuzifanisa kubo malunga lula ukusetyenziswa kunye iingenelo. Eyona idumileyo isikali ezintlanu:

1. Fahrenheit isikali yaqanjwa qhwa, isazinzulu waseJamani. Ngenye imini ebusika abandayo 1709 kule Mercury kwi sisazinzulu ubushushu lehla laya kutsho kwiqondo eliphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo ke wangxamela ukuba bathabathe njengoko zero ngomlinganiselo elitsha. Enye imbekiselo obekho iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni womntu. Kokugcwaliswa iqondo lobushushu amanzi ayo intsimbi isikali + 32 °, yaye iqondo lobushushu elibilayo of + 212 °. Fahrenheit akuyi ingakumbi yenzelwe yaye bekhululekile. Ngaphambili, kuye sisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumazwe IsiNgesi abathetha, ngoku - phantse kuphela eUnited States.

2. Xa isikali Reaumur kusungulwe Isazinzulu French Rene De Reaumur ngo-1731, i-reference indawo olusezantsi qhwa amanzi. Isikali isekelwe phezu ukusetyenziswa kotywala, leyo luyanda xa itshiswa ukuba Amaqondo yamkelwa sewaka inxalenye umthamo utywala kweli dama kwaye ityhubhu e zero. Ngoku lo scale yawa yayekwa.

3. C (Celsius Anders Swede ecetywayo 1742 ngonyaka) samkelwa indawo zero umxube ice kunye namanzi (iqondo lobushushu apho umkhenkce linyibilike), enye ingongoma ephambili - lobushushu apho amanzi amathumba. Isithuba phakathi kwabo kuye kwagqitywa ukuba zahlulo-100, yaye inxalenye omnye amkelwe njengoko iyunithi yokulinganisa - Celsius isidanga. Le Isikali kusengqiqweni ngaphezu Fahrenheit kunye nobungakanani Reaumur, ngoku kusetyenziswa yonke indawo.

4. Kelvin Isikali lwasungulwa 1848 ngu eNkosini Kelvin (uWilliam Thomson, isazinzulu IsiNgesi). Siyafana kwindawo zero lobushushu eliphantsi kunokwenzeka apho motion molekyuli sinqunyanyisiwe kweziyobisi. Ku kuthiwa kubalwa ixabiso xa befunda ngeempawu zegesi. C eli xabiso ingqamana malunga - 273 ° C, ie .. zero Celsius ilingana 273 K. Iyunithi ye kwisikali entsha Kelvin omnye (ekuqaleni ngokuba "Kelvin").

5. Rankin Isikali (kwi yamachiza Scottish William igama Rankine) lo mgaqo kwisikali Kelvin nenkalo efanayo, ukuba Fahrenheit isikali. phantse Le nkqubo zange zande.

Amaqondo obushushu, nto leyo esinika Fahrenheit kunye Celsius, kungaba lula similise omnye komnye. Xa u- "engqondweni" (t. E. Fast, ngaphandle esebenzisa iitafile ezizodwa) Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa inani lokuqala iiyunithi 32 nande ngo 5/9. Kwelinye icala (ukusuka Celsius to Fahrenheit) - phinda phinda ixabiso lokuqala ngo 9/5 kwaye dibanisa 32. Kuba kuthelekiswa, lobushushu elililo zero Celsius - 273,15 °, kuba Farengeytu- 459,67 °.