Georg Simmel: A Biography. Ifilosofi Georga Zimmelya

Ubomi sobulumko German kunye ngezentlalo, waye ayikaphuhlisisi zizityebi. Ibali lobomi bakhe kugcwele ubunzima, kodwa impumelelo abaliqela. imibono yakhe yande kwaye ethandwa ngexesha lokudla kwakhe, kodwa ukufaneleka kakhulu kwiingcamango Simmel weza kwisiqingatha sesibini kwinkulungwane yama-20.

ebuntwaneni

Indawo awazalelwa kuyo bulumko e Berlin Matshi 1, 1858 xa intsapho enkulu zomrhwebi esisityebi. Childhood George waqhubeka kakhulu ngokuqhelekileyo, abazali abakhathalele abantwana babo, ezama ukuba abanike ikamva elingcono. Lo tata, wayengumYuda ngokuzalwa, wathabatha ukholo yamaKatolika, unina waya nawo, leyo wabhaptizwa kunye abantwana, kuquka George. umfana iminyaka ukuya ku-16 ubudala ngokukhuselekileyo esikolweni, ebonisa inkqubela kuphuhliso lwemathematika kunye nembali. Kwakubonakala ukuba Isiphelo sakhe elindele usomashishini eqhelekileyo, kodwa ukufa uyise Simmel kunye UGeorge uhlala zatshintsha ngo 1874. Umama asinakuba nonyana nomgcini wakhe uba umhlobo lentsapho. It izimali uqeqesho ulutsha inkxaso nesingeniso saso kungena University of Berlin Faculty of Philosophy.

Study and nemibono ngokwakha

Le yunivesithi Simmel ukufunda iinkcuba abadumileyo ngexesha lakhe: Lazaro, Mommsen, yiSteinthal, Bastian. Kakade phakathi imihla yakhe eyunivesithi, yena ubonisa ngokucacileyo engqondweni yakhe dialectical, apho kamva iya kubhiyozelwa zobulumko ezifana Pitirim Sorokin, maks Veber kunye Emil Dyurkgeym. Kodwa ke ngaxeshanye, kwaye ingenakucwangciselwa iingxabano ezinkulu ebomini, nto leyo eya nzima ubomi babantu abaninzi eYurophu ngelo xesha. Mna kungekho ngaphandle kwaye Georg Simmel, ogama engobomi kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu ngenxa ubuzwe bakhe. Emva kokugqiba izifundo kwi-sobulumko eyunivesithi uzama ukukhusela ithisisi zobugqirha zakhe, kodwa wala. Isizathu engabizwanga ngqo. Kodwa eBerlin ngelo xesha yayisonganyelwa nokonyanywa kwamaJuda kunye, nangona ukuba yamaKatolika, ubuzwe bakhe lwamaYuda akunakwenzeka ukusifihla ngokholo. Yena waba endibuthethileyo imbonakalo yamaYuda kwaye ibalwe ngaphezu nangoko buhlungu ebomini. Emva kwethutyana, ngenxa ubenokuqina unyamezelo, George wakwazi ukufumana isidanga, kodwa ukuyityhilelwa kwakhe iingcango ezinqwenelekayo.

Ubomi eziprintiweyo sobulumko German

Emva kokuba egqibe eyunivesithi, Simmel ekhangela ukuba umsebenzi wokufundisa, kodwa umsebenzi rhoqo akayi kunikwa, kwakhona ngenxa idata yobuqu. Wamiselwa umncedisi unjingalwazi, engaquki ukuzisa ingeniso kwemaliu, waza wenza ngokupheleleyo phezulu iminikelo evela kubafundi. Ngoko Simmel izifundo ezininzi yaye wabhala amanqaku amaninzi ukuba zilungiswe nje kuphela kuluntu wezifundo, kodwa kuluntu ngokubanzi. Yena, neciko omkhulu, izifundo zakhe luphawulwa ububanzi, indlela yoqobo kunye ifidi umdla. iintetho Simmel kaThixo sinamandla, wayesazi ukuba captivate ngayo abaphulaphuli, ndicinga ngokuvakalayo ezahlukeneyo ngezihloko. Waqhubeka impumelelo yabafundi kunye nezazi yasekuhlaleni, iminyaka eli-15 kule sikhundla, wazuza udaba ethile waza wenza abahlobo kunye yawona ezikhulu ngqongileyo, ezifana Maksom Veberom. Kodwa kangangexesha elide, sobulumko abazange baqaphele kuluntu lwezenzululwazi kakhulu, isosioloji ayikhange iphumelela iwonga yokuziqeqesha esisiseko. Berlin isangqa izazinzulu yintsini kwi-nzulu yokuqala, nzulu ngezinto, kwaye buhlungu kuye. Nangona waqhubeka ukusebenza ngomonde: camngca, ukubhala amanqaku, ukunika iintetho.

Ngo-1900, nangona kunjalo, oku ifumana kwaye ukwamkelwa ngokusemthethweni, yena wawongwa kwisihloko unjingalwazi yekhethelo, kodwa sekunjalo akazange ukufikelela isimo oyifunayo. Kuphela ngo-1914, ekugqibeleni uba uprofesa wezifundo. Ngeli xesha sele waba ngeembalo zezenzululwazi kunye ethandwayo ngaphezulu kwama-200. Kodwa sikhundla yena ungafumani kweyakho University of Berlin, kwaye eStrasbourg, kwiphondo, yintoni umthombo yamava akhe ukuya ekupheleni kobomi. Uye ke afika kunye elite oososayensi basekuhlaleni, kwaye kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe wabuva ubulolo kunye nenkcaso.

Ideas malunga nemithetho yobomi

Georg Simmel engafani bexesha lakhe elikhulu Ukungabikho ukubandakanya ecacileyo nawuphi bulumko. indlela yakhe izele oluvunjululweyo, wamangaliswa ngezinto ezininzi, ukufumana izinto ezinjalo lokuyijonga yentanda, ngaphambili wayengekho iinkcuba abanomdla. Ukungabikho wacaca ayikho wakhetha Simmel. Oku esinye isizathu nobunzima ukuhlanganiswa sobulumko ngayo eluntwini lwezenzululwazi. Kodwa kule nobubanzi yokucinga, wakwazi ukuba negalelo kuphuhliso imixholo emininzi kwaye ebalulekileyo-bulumko. Kwinzululwazi, abantu abaninzi omsebenzi wakhe yenu uqalisa kuhlolwa kuphela emva kweminyaka embalwa, yaye oku Georg Simmel. Biography sazi ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi kunye neembono.

Thesis Georga Zimmelya enikelwe Kant. Kulo sobulumko wazama ukwenza intsingiselo a priori imigaqo umyalelo yoluntu. Ukuqala umendo nzulu ngezinto nayo yalikhanyisa impembelelo Charles Darwin kunye Herbert Spencer. Ukugcina iingqiqo zabo Simmel evakalayo ithiyori ulwazi, ezichaza izizathu zendalo zebhayoloji nesimilo. Sobulumko ingxaki central iingcinga zakhe babona yobukho bomntu eluntwini, ngoko ke wabhekisela ulwalathiso ngokuba "ifilosofi yokuphila". Sibopha ngolwazi nengqiqo ubomi aze abone umthetho wayo ophambili kweli imveliso ye imida eziphilayo. ubukho Human ayikwazi kuqwalaselwa ngaphandle kwe moya yaso yendalo, kodwa kuphela ukuba ukunciphisa zonke kubo akunakwenzeka, njengoko coarsens intsingiselo yobomi.

Ifilosofi kwezentlalo Georga Zimmelya

Simmel e Berlin, kunye nabantu umphefumlo uvana nowam, kubo apho Weber kunye F. Tennis, ezilungiselelwe yi-German Society of Iingcali. Yena ngenkuthalo ndicinga le into, isihloko kunye nesakhiwo emalunga nenzululwazi entsha, baqulunqe imigaqo yomyalelo yoluntu. Echaza inkampani, Georg Simmel, intsebenziswano loluntu umelwe ngenxa abafowunelwa abantu abaninzi. Ngelo xesha wazisa iimpawu eziphambili kwinkqubo loluntu. Phakathi kwabo ezifana inani labathathi-nxaxheba kwi-intsebenziswano (inokuba akukho ngaphantsi kwesithathu), ubudlelane phakathi kwabo, nto leyo ke eyona ubambiswano kunye nendawo lwentlalo. Yaba nguye ongenela ejikeleza lwezenzululwazi kwekota ukuba libhekisela kwindawo yonxibelelwano, leyo nxaxheba ukuchonga yeyakhe. Ubiza amandla ezibalulekileyo zentlalo imali nobukrelekrele ayeba. Simmel kudala ukuhlelwa iintlobo kwimpilo, olusekelwe phezu iqondo kufutshane okanye kwizikolo ezikude kakhulu kwi "umthombo wobomi." Ubomi ivela ifilosofi efanayo njengoko amava zeesekethe, leyo zibangelwa zombini eziphilayo kunye nenkcubeko.

Ukunikezelwa inkcubeko wesimanje

Georg Simmel wacinga lukhulu malunga iinkqubo zentlalo kunye nohlobo inkcubeko lwanamhlanje. Wayeqonda ukuba mandla yokuqhuba enkulu yoluntu imali. Wabhala umsebenzi omninzi "Ifilosofi imali", leyo wachaza imisebenzi yabo kwezentlalo, wabafumana ifuthe eluncedo elibi uluntu lwale mihla. Wathi, ngokuyinene, lwemali olulodwa kufuneka zidalwe, leyo buthathaka ukungaboni zenkcubeko. Yena silahle malunga namathuba zentlalo unqulo kunye nekamva inkcubeko lwanamhlanje.

"Imisebenzi Social Conflict"

Society, ngokutsho Simmel, isekelwe ubutshaba. Ukusebenzisana kwabantu eluntwini kusoloko kuthatha uhlobo kwakunzima. Competition, i ngaphantsi kunye ubunganga, ukwahlulwa yabasebenzi - yonke iintlobo intiyo, leyo uya kukhokelela lokulwa zentlalo. Simmel babekholelwa ukuba umkhwetha ukuyilwa Imimiselo nemigangatho emitsha kunye nokuxabiseka koluntu, baba - njengento ebalulekileyo ngendaleko yoluntu. Njengoko sobulumko ichonge inani eminye imisebenzi impixano, uye wakha typology, wachaza isigaba bakhe, wachaza iindlela zokuhlala.

concept fashion

Reflections on iifomu lwasentlalweni sisiseko bulumko, umbhali apho Georg Simmel. Fashion, ngokwembono yakhe, yeyona nto ebalulekileyo kuluntu namhlanje. Xa "fashion intanda" Wafunda isenzeko kwenkqubo yentlalo, weyiseka ukuba livela kunye kuphela kwabantu ezidolophini kunye langoku. KumaXesha Aphakathi, umzekelo, ukuba akakho, ngokutsho Georg Simmel. theory Fashion livela yokuba ikhawulelana iimfuno zomguli ekuchongweni, inceda amaqela amatsha zentlalo ukufumana indawo yabo eluntwini. Fashion - luphawu ngoluntu lwentando yesininzi.

Ixabiso iimbono zeentanda Georga Zimmelya lwenzululwazi

Ukubaluleka umsebenzi Simmel ayikwazi nemikhuba. Nguye ngomnye wabaseki kwabantu, utyhila izinto zophuhliso lwentlalo, camngca ngendima imali le nokuqulunqwa kwi nenkcubeko yoluntu. Georg Simmel, impixano leyo yaba isiseko bulumko bentlalo Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yama-20, washiya umsebenzi ngokunzulu egusheni zentlalo. Yena waba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo ukuyilwa kwicala American wenzululwazi ngabantu yaye intwasahlobo neengcinga postmodern.