Exploration D: zigaba namanyathelo

Geology njenge inzululwazi kwakuyinto elide kunye indlela olunameva, njalo-nkqubo ngokusekelwe iminyaka yamava weengcali ngqindilili nengapheliyo. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, aphawula ukuqala belilinye ishishini kokombiwa emhlabeni, ngokuthe ngcembe uhambo izibonelelo ezitsha kunye nokuvula iindlela zemveliso. Izazi ababephila baya kude phambili ngokwemiqathango ulwazi kunye nobugcisa. Noko ke, nakuba yonke le inkqubela, lo msebenzi usalindele eninzi yeendleko ngokwasengqondweni, emzimbeni kunye zemali.

uluhlu ngokomthamo lwemisebenzi iinjongo zeqhinga

Usetsho, ucupho kunye namalungiselelo zobugcisa elukhuni kuphuhliso olungaphezulu zezimbiwa - oko kukuthi inkcazelo kakhulu capacious yonke entsonkothileyo wokuhlola yedeskthopi, isakhiwo ezintsonkothileyo multi-amaninzi ngayo yenza le ndawo kakhulu lavalwa ukuba abo bangenalo ulwazi kancane ezikhethekileyo.

Eyona njongo iphambili lokuhlola kukuba ukufunda iindlela zokuhlola kunye nezimbiwa imisebenzi ngempumelelo enkulu kunye neziphumo nenengqiqo ngokwezoqoqosho. Ngelo xesha linye kumele kuthathelwe ingqalelo kunye nokusingqongileyo - ukulimala umthetho ukuhlola umsebenzi wakhe kuncitshiswe.

Ukongeza, iinkonzo zejoloji kunye nemibutho zidla iinkonzo umhlaba study ezikufutshane ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo phantsi komhlaba ezahlukeneyo, ihambo engineering kunye nokufunda wejoloji kwiindawo ngamnye kwiindawo zabucala, balungiselela engeyongozi nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma mveliso eyingozi.

Ukuhlolwa emfutshane yembali

Khangela tona kwezibonelelo kwezimbiwa (e zesinyithi ethile, ezixabisekileyo non-ayoni, yaye kamva cwaka, namnyama) eyenziwa ngabantu ngakumbi ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Amava yokuqala kunye epheleleyo imisebenzi yokuhlola emasimini eYurophu thaca kwiincwadi zakhe,-nzulu waseJamani Georg Agricola.

Ekwembiweni yokuqala zibhalwe eRashiya sele yenziwe kwi Pechora River 1491. Umfutho kakhulu ezinamandla kuphuhliso kolu shishino kulo mkhuba zasekhaya sele inikwe kuphela emva kweenkulungwane kamva, ngo-1700. Oku lula yi le ncwadi "imicimbi Order rudokopnyh" uPetros I. imibono engaphezulu qho nzululwazi zokuhlola Russian zejoloji eyasekwayo Mihailom Lomonosovym. Ngowe-1882 wadala iziko zejoloji yokuqala karhulumente eRashiya - Committee yokwakheka komhlaba. Its ngokufanayo kubaqeshwa 1892 elishumi nyaka kamva, wakwazi ukwenza imaphu yokuqala zejoloji inxalenye yaseYurophu weli lizwe phezu isikali 1: 2520 000. Malunga xesha, ukuba uqalisa ukwakha kwithiyori wokuhlola oyile, amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, rock nzima kunye needipozithi kombambi webhola kwezimbiwa.

Nokufika yiSoviet thuba, i zejoloji inkonzo aye utshintsho olubalulekileyo. eziphambili kuRhulumente lwaye ngakumbi yokufumana khangela ioli, nto leyo ikhokelele akukho kwandiswa kuphela kwiindawo oyile negesi endala (ingakumbi, i-North Caucasus), kodwa kwakhona ayihlola kwiinkalo ezintsha. Ngoko ke, ngo-1929, yena eziku ukuhlola kummandla iVolga-phambene, kakuhle eyaziwa edume ngokuba "Baku Second."

Ekuqaleni kuka 1941, Soviet Geology waqhayisa iziphumo ngendlela encomekayo: zaye ziyahlolisiswa yaye elungiselelwe ukusebenza intsimi kakhulu kwezibonelelo eyaziwa izimbiwa. Ngexesha leMfazwe Enkulu Patriotic (1941-1945) ukuhlola tu kudluliselwa ukukhawulezisa ukufuna kunye nophuhliso lwemimandla kunye ezibalulekileyo esemqoka ngembono lwezibonelelo (ingakumbi, kwi Urals, eSiberia, Central Asia kunye East Far). Isiphumo kwangqanyaniswa ngokubonakalayo ioli, intsimbi, nickel, itoti kunye manganese. Kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe fraying iidipozithi zincitshiswe uphuhliso olumandla ezintsha.

Kwi-Russian mihla ekujoliswe ukuhlola karhulumente sele isukile kakhulu kutyalo-mali labucala. Noko ke, isabelo-mali nathi ivumela ukwakha inkqubo-qhinga zexesha elide ze uphuhliso yezimbiwa yasekhaya izinto ekrwada oovimba beli lizwe. Ngoko ke, kwithuba elisusela kwi-2005-2020 kulindeleke ukusuka iirisithi kubuncwane phezu kwemfundo zejoloji kwisixa engange 540 billion. Phantse isiqingatha kubo iya kugxininisa ngakumbi ulwabiwo Ukuhlolwa hydrocarbon.

Isigaba One - ukulungiselela lokuqala

Onke amanqanaba wokuhlola yeqonga kwaye zizonke zidibanisa iseti ezintathu ezilandelelanayo izenzo.

Zokuqala - kwinqanaba lokuqala - kuquka kuphela umsebenzi yesimo kwiindawo kwindawo neeminerali, yaye bhanyabhanya. Kulo mzekelo kunokwembiwa kudla imithombo reference wenziwe. Ummandla lonke kuthathwa phantsi esweni ngokusondeleyo, kuquka amathuba iinyikima zomhlaba kunye nezinye izinto ezimbi zokuhlola.

Ngenxa yoko a pre-ukuchongwa kwamabala ithemba. Kulo mzekelo, ngokuqinisekileyo ukuseta iimephu elimi zifakiwe okudalwe ububanzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nenjongo. Kwakhona kuqikelelwa imo engqongileyo zomhlaba kwi uzinzo kunye amathuba lutshintsho.

Inqanaba lesibini - usetsho amasimi zabo zovavanyo

Ingqokelela nzulu kunye eneenkcukacha ngakumbi zezimbiwa kwi isikali kwindawo ethile ulwazi luqala eli nyathelo.

Isigaba 2 ukusebenza nohlobo lokuHlola iziphumo ezithembisayo kwesigaba sokuqala ndawo: nokuchongwa zezimbiwa ethile, uqikelelo echanileyo ngakumbi imiqulu zabo. Le entsokothileyo Umsebenzi bamatye, zegeophyisical geochemical uguqulwa aerokosmomaterialy, eyakhiweyo amaqula (okanye yenza nje isizukulwana kumphezulu) ukulungiselela isifundo eneenkcukacha zeengxondorha izisekelo. Isiphumo iseti elandelayo zeemephu zejoloji (isikali-1: 50,000 - 1: 100,000), zokuma ukufumana izandla zakho phezu iingxelo iinkcukacha-manani.

Xa Isigaba sesithathu umsebenzi wokuhlola wagqiba ukuba nokwenzeka wokuhlola ezifumaneka ezinye iidipozithi. Ivela ezi ziphumo ziza kuxhomekeka kumgangatho olandelayo, ngexesha eqala imveliso lwezixhobo ezifunekayo. Izazi ukuqikelela amandla ezoqoqosho Amasimi uyaziwa, ulahle yonke Iqela netsennye.

Akukho shu kukuba emva koku isethi yemisebenzi, bayilungisa uphando lokufumanisa ukuba amaxabiso ingqalelo iidipozithi. Kwaye kuphela iziphumo ezakhayo into ekugqibeleni kutshintshelwa yokuhlola ngakumbi noxhaphazo.

Okugqibela (yesithathu) Isigaba - uphuhliso

Into apho yaye baqhuba ukuqokelelwa yenkuthalo iinkcukacha zomhlaba kwiidipozithi ezaziwayo. Njengoko kunjalo kunye ulawulo yangaphambili umsebenzi wokuhlola yahlula eli nqanaba ngezigaba ezibini.

4, inyathelo (ukuhlola) iqala kuphela kwimihlaba otsenonnyh (kwezo waqonda nophuhliso lwamandla agciniweyo ngokwezoqoqosho). Obucaciswe ngokweenkcukacha kubume zejoloji into zibalwa iimeko Geotechnical ukuba imigodi wayo ozakube usaqhutywa, kuphandwa iimpawu kobuchwepheshe zezimbiwa ibekwe kuyo. Ngenxa yoko, zonke iidipozithi otsenonnye kufuneka ibe ngendlela uzilungiselele ukusetyenziswa ngakumbi. Akukho kangako kwi Ukuhlolwa iinkcukacha imali ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo imithombo kuwa phantsi udidi A, B, C1 no-C2.

Ekugqibeleni, kwinqanaba yesihlanu umsebenzi wokuhlola wenziwe intelligence zokusebenza. It ithatha ixesha lonke uphuhliso asendle, ukuze iingcali bakwazi ukuba data ethembekileyo kwi iidiphozithi ezikhoyo (morphology, isakhiwo lwangaphakathi kunye nemeko zezimbiwa).

In search kwemibhobho yamanzi ephantsi komhlaba

Ngu mfanekiso kunye nezokukhupha kwezimbiwa eqinileyo imisebenzi wokuhlola phezu kwamanzi yabanjwa kanye amanqanaba amane efanayo (kwimimandla iimviwo wejoloji prospecting entsonkothileyo, uvavanyo kunye nokuhlola). Noko ke, ngenxa yohlobo lwemvelaphi kunye nemiqathango yokwakhiwa kwayo, utsalo lwenziwa eninzi kujonge izinto.

Ngokukodwa, yokusebenza amanzi kubalwa kwaye kwaqinisekiswa ngokupheleleyo kwezinye iiyunithi. Zibonisa ivolyum sisibonelelo kukhutshwa kwiimeko anikwe nganye kwexesha unit - m ³ / ngosuku; l / s, kunye t. d.

Exploration umsebenzisi Modern chonga iintlobo 4 komhlaba :

1. Ukusela kwaye yezobuchwepheshe - ezithi zisetyenziswe kwiinkqubo kwamanzi, yokunkcenkceshela umhlaba wavelisa, amadlelo wankcenkcesha.
2. amanzi nezimbiwa kunye elapha - uhlobo olunjalo lisetyenziswa ukwenziwa zesiselo kwaye kananjalo ngeenjongo zokuthintela.
3. Ubushushu kunye namandla (inani elifanayo kule zenyathi kwakuquka umxube umphunga-amanzi) - isetyenziselwa ubushushu ukusetyenziswa kwimizi-mveliso, ezolimo kunye yoluntu.
4. amanzi kwimizi - lisebenza wendaba utsalo elandelayo kwezinto ezixabisekileyo kulo, kwaye amacandelo (iityuwa, izinyithi, kwaye ezahlukeneyo izinto, azafunyanelwa ndawo imichiza).

iziganeko umngcipheko omkhulu, iziganeko kunye neziphumo ngamanye amaxesha bafa kusoloko anyanzela ingakumbi nexhala ukuba bahloniphe ukhuseleko imisebenzi zejoloji ejoliswe ukukhangela komhlaba. Development yasendle emhadini olusithabazi ngokufuthi ikhatshwe suffosion, landslides, zekhephu nokudilizwa. Ukugcina imigodi komhlaba usenokuphinda sinxulumana inrush ngesiquphe amanzi, floaters nezikhukhula. Ngaphandle ingozi izicacele ukuba ngabantu, kwaye athambekele yeziphumo ezibi yesihloko ezikufuphi nezinye izimbiwa - ukuba bathele nje.

bokuqonda ezizodwa ukukhangela oyile negesi

Nezokukhupha kwezi zibonelelo yahlulwe nezigaba ezibini. Lokuqala - usetsho - nezijolise ekufumaneni data zokubasa esiwa phantsi kweendidi C1 no-C2. Ngelo xesha kwakhona inika uvavanyo zejoloji nezoqoqosho bona yophuhliso iidipozithi ezithile. Kwaloo isigaba luqhutywa ngokwamabakala amathathu ke:

1. umsebenzi yokwakheka komhlaba kunye yesimo zesicwangciso lwengingqi - zibandakanya abasakhasayo kwiindawo uphando sifundo. Wazithwala phandle uvavanyo qualitative yokuqhubekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zamanani ngamathuba oyile negesi kule ndawo yophando. Ngokwesiseko le datha kwangaphambili izinto ephambili ukuhlola le-oyile negesi.
2. Lungisa umhlaba atshone amaqula nokuhlola - kule phambili ekuvunyelwene ekhethiweyo indawo amanqaku encwadi imithombo lokuhlola. Oku kuquka siqhuba uvavanyo eneenkcukacha esifana nezi, kwezinye iimeko, ngakumbi kunye igrabile / prospecting zombane.
3. Ukufuna lomsebenzi - ngethuba ukubhola kunye nokuvavanywa amaqula zafike kwaye kuqikelelwa namathemba oyile negesi kunye neempawu, noovimba ibalwe wafumanisa iidipozithi. Ukongeza, kuvela iimpawu zejoloji kwaye yesimo ka imimango ajikelezileyo zikhabane.

Nawuphi na umsebenzi ukuhlola iprojekthi kukwaquka ukukwazi ukuqhuba yokomba emasimini ezikhoyo. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ufumane iidipozithi engakumbi amaziko ezisetyenziswa ukuba kwinqanaba lokuHlola ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi iza waphawula.

Inqanaba elilandelayo - ukuhlola. Kukholelwa ukwenzela ukulungiselela onke amasimi wafumana oyile negesi bethembisa kuphuhliso olungaphezulu. Zaphandwa iinkcukachaa ubume kumachibi elibhaqiweyo, iindawo zokugcina eziqwalaselwa ibalwe parameters condensates, uxinzelelo komhlaba, kunye nezinye iparameters ezininzi.

Ngesiphumo okuhlola isigaba - yokubala ye-oyile negesi loovimba. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, nokusombulula kwezoqoqosho zokuxhaphaza ngakumbi.

ngezantsi ithemba okanye amathemba ukuhlola?

Kweelwandle neelwandlekazi, nangona nokusilela isihlobo yokufunda ngexesha lethu, elichule ngokunjalo. Okokuqala, kukho ishelufu ngaphansi amathuba kakhulu umxhelo ngenxa nezokukhupha neetyuwa ezahlukeneyo izimbiwa (umzekelo, ityuwa ulwandle, evuthiweyo kunye t. D.), Oli kunye negesi. Zonke izimbiwa iindawo ezinjalo zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintathu:

1. Eziqulathwe olwandle.
2. izibonelelo Solid ukuba ibekwe kwi emazantsi / umaleko ezantsi.
3. Ulwelo (oli kunye negesi, amanzi ashushu), lulele ezinzulwini uqweqwe elizwekazi yolwandle yomhlaba.

Ngokutsho indawo yazo ithathwa njenge:

• Iidipozithi akufuphi nakude nonxweme.
• Imali ye kwemiqolo ezinzulu-elwandle.

Emazantsi eli okuhlola ulwandle oyile negesi yenziwa kuphela kusombiwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zibonelelo ibekwe hayi ngaphantsi kwe 2-3 iikhilomitha nzulu kweshelfu. Thathela ingqalelo umgama ukuya emasimini, esebenzisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo amaqonga, kuya kwenziwa ukusuka apho ukuhlola neznye:

• Ukuze kubunzulu yeemitha 120 - isiseko yingqumba.
• Kubunzulu yeemitha 150-200 - ezidadayo iqonga ukuze aqinise le nkqubo.
• Amakhulu kweemitha / isibini kweekhilomitha - ezidadayo rigs wokugrumba.

umkhuba Western yoshishino yabucala

Phesheya, ukuhlola wejoloji izimbiwa lwenziwa kakhulu iphulo mveliso abucala, eshiya urhulumente kufuneka uphando yedeskthopi ngendlela kunye nomsebenzi wokuhlola kwinqanaba lengingqi. Iinkqubo lokulungisa amasimi kuphuhliso lwabo ngakumbi uninzi ukuqala kuphela emva kokuba iziphumo zokuqala HIV ukombiwa zokuphanda banzi (nemingxuma esidalwe ngumntu kwi kwesikhoko wambumba ngenxa wokuhlola).

Nabo ke, phantsi kunokwembiwa eneenkcukacha kunye nokuvulwa iidiphozithi inkulu; ngokuba kuphuhliso lwezamazhishini nto leyo eza kufuna utyalo-mali olukhulu. Xa wenza intelligence yokusebenza iindidi iphezulu kwezibonelelo bayanda kuphela ezo imithamo ezifunekayo ukuze imveliso yangoku. Ubunzulu apho umsebenzi wenziwe, phantsi amatyala njengesiqhelo ezinjalo ayidluli 2-3 kolundi yokusebenza (iseti ukombiwa zokuphanda kwinqanaba elinye).

Noko ke, ukuthembeka kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba oku akuthethi akuqinisekisi abasingethe miscalculations ezinzulu neempazamo ekufuneni zezimbiwa. indlela Western ukuba iihambo ngokubanzi kuphela ukuba nezokukhupha ulwazi Ngokwesiseko intsimi elibhaqiweyo ziya kuhlolwa ezabiwayo kwazo kwezoqoqosho, ukuba uphumelele, ngoko nangoko ukusetyenziswa. Kulo mba, phezu kwento ukuze ukuchonga esona sixa sikhulu kangangoko kuzo zonke iintlobo izimbiwa, kwakunye ukuqikelela resource ukuba oovimba ayihlola nto kanye msebenzi eziyingxaki.

Imithombo imali ukuhambahamba neznye baseRashiya

Le ndlela Russian ambiwa wokuhlola wenziwe ngenkxaso karhulumente, nangeendleko zotyalo-mali labucala. Kwiimeko ebandakanya urhulumente kufuneka wonke umsebenzi wokuhlola zinikwe ngohlobo odolo. Kuxhomekeka kwicala kunye nomthamo, bakhi olulungiswe indlela ahambelanayo kwi-mali kwinqanaba: federal, kwingingqi okanye imibutho yasekuhlaleni.

Ngaphambi kokuqala kokuhlolwa kwezemvelo kunoma yiphina indawo ngendleko yemali yebhajethi, urhulumente ukhetha abafake izicelo ngokukhuphisana. Inkqubo ngokwayo ilula kakhulu:

1. Intsimi nganye apho urhulumente aceba ukuqhuba umsebenzi wokuhlola ummandla ubonakaliswe kukhuphiswano olufanelekileyo. Kule meko, umthengi (ibutho likarhulumente) uphuhliso lomsebenzi we-geological kunye nexabiso lokuqala kweziphumo ezilindelekileyo ukusuka kwiprojekthi yokuhlola i-geological geological. Iqwalasela iindleko zokulawula imveliso, kunye nenqanaba elinjongo yenzuzo.
2. Umninimzi owanikezela ukhetho olufanelekileyo kakhulu kwixabiso elifanelekileyo, ngokuhambelana nenkqubo emiselweyo, ufumana ilayisensi yokuqhuba umsebenzi ngaphakathi kwinto echaziweyo.
3. Ngethuba lokukhutshwa kwemvume, umthengi naye utyunye isivumelwano kunye nomqhubi wokhuphiswano lokuhlola. Ixesha lokusetyenziswa komsebenzi lichongiwe ngaba ziphumo zokhuphiswano, okanye ngeengxoxo ezongezelelweyo kunye nezivumelwano kunye nekhontrakthi.

Amaphuzu aphambili kwisikimu sokuxhaswa kweprojekthi yokuhlola i-geoji kwinqanaba likaRhulumente zilandelayo:

1. ISebe loMphathiswa Wezinto Zendalo lifumana kwiSebe lezeMali ezabiwe ngonyaka kunye nokwahlukana kwekota kunye nezicwangciso zabo zokusabalalisa phakathi kwabathengi karhulumente. Emva koko, uMphathiswa uthumele ulwazi olufanelekileyo kwiCandelo eliPhezulu leNondyebo.
2. I-Federal Treasury iyazisa izahlulo zayo zendawo malunga nemali evunyiweyo yabathengi abakhonzayo.
3. I-Ministry of Resources Resources ke ngoko ithumela inani elivunyiweyo lezemali kumthengi, ngokukhawuleza linike "i-Khontrakthi ekudlulisweni kwemisebenzi yomthengi welizwe" ngokuhambelana nemilinganiselo emiselweyo.
4. Iindlela kunye nekhontrakthi ezenziwe kumthengi ziyisiseko socwangciso olukhawulezileyo lokuhlola i-geological.

Ikontraka ithola inkokhelo yomsebenzi wokuhlola i-geological quarterly (ikwabonelela ngethuba lokuhlawula phambili). Kwaye kuphela ukuba ingxelo kwingxelo yesigidimi esigqibeleleyo iyanelisa ngokupheleleyo ubuchule bombuso, emva koko ifunyenwe ngempumelelo kwindawo yokugcina i-geological fund kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-geological kugqityiweyo.