Germany - lizwe likhulu eNtshona Yurophu: Mandulo Nakule Mihla

Modern Germany umzekelo ukusebenza ogqibeleleyo karhulumente neoliberal koqoqosho ziphuhliswe nkulu, nto leyo libambe indawo ebalulekileyo imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa iipateni ehlabathini. Uqoqosho enamandla lizwe uxhomekeke kumashishini eziphakamileyo-zobugcisa, uphuhliso lweenkonzo kunye kubuchwepheshe iinkcukacha eziphambili, ezo baxhotyiswa kuphela iinkampani zorhwebo kodwa arhente zikarhulumente, kunye nemibutho ebalulekileyo ekuhlaleni.

Ubomi Germany: ukuba isebenza njani

Njengokuba elinye lamazwe amaninzi kuphuhliswa eYurophu, Germany ukhokela searchers iindlela ezimanyumnyezi engcono ehlabathini lonke. Phantse nawuphi na umntu oqeqeshiweyo kuyo nayiphi inkalo unako ukufumana isicelo weetalente kweli lizwe.

Phantse onke amacandelo oshishino isiJamani ifuna iingcali umgangatho ophezulu kakhulu lobuchule, leyo zingathengwa kwiiyunivesithi emveli German. Uninzi lwezi iiyunivesithi abahlala inkqenkqeza phambili kwezi zixeliweyo ngamazwe kumaziko emfundo.

Emva siseko intlalo evulelekileyo kwaye uyangeneka, abasemagunyeni waseJamani lifakele abanyanisekileyo kakhulu kubafundi angaphandle abanqwenela ukufunda kwizikolo eziphakamileyo German. Noko ke, imfuneko ingundoqo kokufumana zokufunda, izibonelelo, kwaye, kakade, nokuqeshwa ezilandelayo uhlala ilifa ulwimi zesiJamani kwi kwinqanaba eliphezulu.

wokungenisa German

Angela Merkel ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuhla embalini njengenye German Chancellor kakhulu onesiphiwo. Efuna ukugxininisa ubuhle bayo ezizodwa, amaJamani wangena "kantslerka" feminitiv kwi imali, nto leyo ngaphambili zange azikho ngolwimi German. Ke ngoko kuqala kwiinto zonke, Angela Merkel uya kukhunjulwa ukuba indlela yakhe enobuntu nangakumbi ekusonjululweni ngeentlekele ezijongene noluntu ezaqala eYurophu ukususela 2014 yaze yabangela, kuyabonakala ukuba, ukwanda lihlangana kwenani ezivela usilwa Middle East kunye namazwe North-Afrika. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ukunganeliseki ezikhulayo, nguTshansila umi phakathi abemi kwinto yokuba Germany unyanzelekile ukwamkela abo ngokwenene abafuna yemibutho ngokubanika ubuncinane abaluleke kakhulu: indawo yokuhlala, unyango olusisiseko lwempilo kunye iseti esisiseko kweemveliso.

Ikomkhulu Germany yamkele inani elikhulu iimbacu ezivela kumazwe ukubandezeleka intlekele elinikelayo, yaye, Kakade ke, ababa kodwa kuchaphazela isithuba zasezidolophini, kuba uxinzelelo kwizibonelelo zentlalo liye landa izihlandlo ezininzi. Noko ke, urhulumente eBerlin, uhlawule ingqalelo enkulu kuphuhliso lwezibonelelo lweedolophu, kuyimfuneko ke kula maxesha anzima. Ngenxa yoko, Germany - likhaya izigidi zabantu abafuna uncedo.

Geography ne Economy

EJamani, ukuma apho kangangeenkulungwane kakhulu entle sophuhliso lwazo zonke-round kushishino, imisebenzi yobugcisa kunye norhwebo, singene kwisigaba lophuhliso olusebenzayo nkulu kakhulu emva kwexesha. Amazwe afana ne-United States, i-United Kingdom kunye Spain, sele ifikelele kumgangatho kunokuba enkulu yophuhliso kwezoqoqosho nezamashishini ngenkulungwane XlX kade, kodwa iJamani wayeselapho umfelandawonye silwe kakhulu izilawuli saa, duchies nezikumkani.

Ngenxa yoko, Ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, ungquzulwano phakathi amaqela anomdla ezahlukeneyo kunye nezindlu sigqibo nempembelelo ayivumelekanga ngexesha elifutshane ukuphumeza uphuhliso olukhawulezayo.

Yonke into yatshintsha nge ukufika Chancellor Bismarck, ngubani ikwazile amazing - oko inamathele nje uhlanga waseJamani, kodwa abafumana ngezoshishino noko olukhawulezayo maxesha. Zenzele amandla, iJamani laqalisa imfazwe ngokupheleleyo itshintshe yembali yabantu. Ukusuka First World iJamani ayishiya zatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo, baphangwe phantse qwengile umntwanam. Ubomi Germany emva kokoyiswa kwintlekele elibuyisiwe ixesha elide, kodwa yaphela imfazwe elandelayo, nto leyo ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela elikhulu akulohlazo ngakumbi iziphumo isizwe siphela.

emva kwentlekele,

Emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, umgaqo Jamani lwalujoliswe kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nezentlalo, kwakunye nokuhlalisana ngoxolo kunye nabamelwane balo. Kancinane kodwa iyazeya urhulumente waseJamani awalungise kwiimpazamo langaphambili, nokuhlawula imbuyekezo kunye bakulwazi ityala esidlangalaleni. Germany emva kwemfazwe ibingumbono inemfesane enkulu: imizi engamanxuwa, bayonakalisa shishino kunye ukwahlulwa ibe ithi ezimbini.

Icandelo lokuqala zibe yekhasi kuhlaliwa ngayo bukhosi boyiswa kukhokelele ekuyilweni ababini ithi - East Jamani kunye eNtshona Jamani. Thetha ukuba lo mzuzu umgaqo iJamani simanyene, bekuya kuba yinto ephosakeleyo.

karhulumente German badalwa inxaxheba US neBritani, wabizwa ngokuba Federal Republic of Germany kwaye iphantsi koxinzelelo oluqaphelekayo oluvela namahlakani akhe Democratic. karhulumente East German lalibizwa waseJamani Democratic Republic. Ngelo xesha, omabini la mazwe ayesithi Berlin, nayo eya- yahlulwe kubini - empuma nasentshona. Le proximity ayikwazanga ukwenza uxinzelelo kakhulu ngenxa yokuba abemi eMpuma Jamani aza uzama ukubaleka zonke-ukubona urhulumente wakhe ngegqudu kwindawo yoxanduva lwalo lwesininzi.

Ukuze ixesha eliqingqiweyo zabemi ebaleka ingxaki phantse isonjululwe xa wakha Berlin Wall KuloMgabuli isixeko de 1990. Noko ke, akusekho alawula ukubhabha abantu entshona kwimida elide kunye namazwe angabamelwane ezikhawulezileyo isiphumo salo sakhiwo.

Germany: saseGDR kunye FRG

ithi ezimbini zingumqondiso imodeli kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nezentlalo, zonke ngokusisiseko ayibandakanyi enye. Ngelo xesha nye ekumda phakathi Germanys ezimbini zotshintshiselwano ngenkcubeko ezinkulu kakhulu, kubemi ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba kwakudala wayehlala kwelinye ilizwe.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho elandelayo mazwe mabini angabamelwane ngenxa yokuba icandelo mveliso German ziye zasasazwa ukuthwalisana kwintsimi lonke wayo waseJamani.

Xa wakha Berlin Wall, ilizwe omkhulu kwakhona hlanganyela buthathaka kakhulu eminyaka. Noko ke, emva kokuba ngokuwa Warsaw Pact kwafika ixesha lula kancinci kubomi yeentlanga aseYurophu, ngokuba ukuhlanganisa imifuziselo eyahlukileyo ezimbini ubomi - hayi umsebenzi olula. Ichaphazela umahluko omkhulu kumgangatho wobomi: East amaJamani awayehlala ehlupheke kakhulu kunokuba abemi kwamanye kwiMpuma Jamani kwaye, kananjalo, oqhele kweminye imigangatho yeenkonzo zikarhulumente kunye neminye imigangatho yoxanduva ubomi babo.

Nangona intshabalalo imiqobo phakathi kwamazwe amabini laba sisiqalo sexesha elitsha kubomi babantu German, wonke umntu waqonda ukuba ukulibala malunga elidluleyo wakhe akunakwenzeka. Udonga, Kakade, ibhujiswe ngokupheleleyo, lo gama kugcinwe nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo izizukulwana ezizayo njengesikhumbuzo ngemiphumo ukulwa ngokugqithiseleyo. Found apha kwaye apho amaqhekeza Berlin Wall ithandwa kakhulu ngabakhenkethi, musa ukulibala lokufotha ukuqeshwa wakho kunye nembali.

Emva kweminyaka engamashumi, ngoMeyi 2010, isakhiwo yesikhumbuzo yavulwa eBerlin, osihloko sithi "Inkumbulo Window". Loo gama omnye uyayigubungela imbali iingozi ezininzi ezibuhlungu. umgca ngokwahlukana kalukhuni wakunciphisa laphu ephilayo umzi, ukukhathaza ezilungiselela abemi, kunye neendawo apho umda waba phantsi iifestile izindlu, wababulala abemi ezininzi GDR, ukutsiba ngeefestile ngethemba ukufumana ngokwakhe kwiparadesi wongxowankulu.

Modern Germany: Isimo

Ufundo ubume kubemi lizwe ibandakanyeka Ofisi ekhethekileyo Statistical, eliphanda idemografi lizwe. Ngokutsho ofisi manani, emva kokuba ubunye labemi belizwe wayefike abantu abazizigidi asibhozo. Oku kubeka Germany nombolo yayo kwindawo elinesithandathu ehlabathini. Ukubunjwa labemi German yi ezahlukeneyo zahlukene.

Of umdla ethile kukuba iminyaka emininzi inguqu German kunye noqoqosho luphawulwa ukukhula kade kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe. Nkqu ngamaxesha obunzima, abemi wakhula kunye noqoqosho zange wabola ukuya kangangokuba umntu uthetha recession ebalulekileyo.

I-asethi ye-arhente statistical inika ulwazi oluneenkcukacha kuphela malunga abemi Federal Republic, kodwa ukwakhiwa kwayo wesizwe zonqulo. Ukuba olu lwazi kukuvumela ukuba ucwangcise inkcitho yentlalo. Umzekelo, kuyaziwa ukuba abantu bathi abangawo nayiphi na inkolo, banabantwana abangaphantsi kwe kunoogxa babo zonqulo. Ngelo xesha abafazi abafundileyo bakhetha ukuba babe nabantwana emva kwe amabhinqa emfundo angezantsi okanye ayeke ukuzala.

Kambe ke kuyimfuneko ukuba acacise ukuba esitalini, nangona amancinci, ekwandeni kuqala isekelwe kwinto yokuba eJamani, ngokutsho ingxelo UN, Lilizwe lesibini ehlabathini ngokwemigaqo abafakwa samkelwe. Kwindawo yokuqala, Kakade ke, eUnited States. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba eziphawuleka kakhulu kwinani kunye nempembelelo Ukuya Kuhlala Kwezinye Iindawo bubonakaliswe abasuka eTurkey kunye nenzala yabo. Uninzi abafuduki ukusuka Turkey wafika kweli lizwe ngexesha impumelelo yolwakhiwo, nto leyo eza phezu ngokutsha post-imfazwe. Noko ke, hayi kuphela abasebenzi namhla eJamani, kodwa iimbacu, apho siseko waseJamani uqinisekisa yokhuseleko kwezopolitiko. Kuyo, kunjalo, kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngokutsha kunyaka ngamnye.

Ukuma federal: ukuba isebenza njani

Enye yezona ngokuqhelekileyo iimanyano kweli hlabathi eJamani. History of the State ibonisa ukuba izithethe namasiko kwimimandla ngamnye zibaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni inkqubo ezinzileyo kunye yentando yesininzi yezopolitiko. ilizwe nganye unefuthe nkqubo wesizwe ngokusebenzisa unyulo epalamente kwaye kamongameli ngonyulo lizwe.

Ngelo xesha linye ubomi abemi bendawo ngokusebenzisa unyulo lomasipala Ukuxhobisa nepalamente karhulumente, bekwi nokunikezelwa kwemali eqokelelwe ngohlobo irhafu.

KuLawulo Germany yahlulwe elinesithandathu ithi, nganye eneyazo yakhe iPalamente kunye noRhulumente. Ingaba urhulumente kunezizwana North Rhein-Westphalia kunye nabemi elinesixhenxe yezigidi, uthathwa ukuba Free kunye okhawulezileyo हायपरटेक्स्ट City of Bremen incinane - umhlaba, ezibandakanya izixeko ezibini: okunene Bremen kunye Bremerhaven.

An into umdla kukuba Bremen - ilizwe kuphela apho kukho phezu motorways kwesantya: kufuneka awudluli kwiikhilomitha ezingama namashumi amathathu ngeyure nganye. Ngoko ke ezi zinto nezingathi zincinci, kwaye ibonisa umoya lokwenyaniso federalism kunye nedemokhrasi, kuba abemi abeke imithetho yabo, nto leyo ebonakalisa kakhulu ngokuchanekileyo indlela yalapho yokuphila.

Ngoko ke, kuyacaca ukuba eJamani - iphuhlise ilizwe yedemokhrasi abanamasiko kunye norhulumente Federal.

E North iRhine-Westphalia, ubume olukhethekeliyo mmandla lukhuselekile njengoko Federal siseko kunye nemithetho yelizwe ngokwalo. Kwi-united Germany North iRhine engena ubume karhulumente, uyiyeka ibe epalamente yayo kunye esilawulayo.

EBerlin - European Youth Capital

Ngaphandle kokuba ngakumbi nangakumbi kuthandwa phakathi ohambahambayo capital bafumane ulutsha ezifana Budapest ne Prague, Berlin isekhona phambili simo imizi ngentshukumo lwezenkcubeko kweli European Union. Le Uzuko isiseko esiqinileyo, ngokuba likomkhulu lwe eJamani ngokusesikweni ekhaya kumagcisa abangaphezu kwezigidi ezithandathu ezibhalisiweyo.

Loo inani labasebenzi zobugcisa ngenxa yokuba eBerlin na inkqubo yemfundo art aphuhliswe kakuhle kakhulu, ezikarhulumente nezabucala, kwakunye ngokungacwangciswanga. Kuba amagcisa apha inika inani elikhulu ngabemi zobugcisa, zocweyo kunye, Kakade ke, neegalari ezo, abakulungeleyo ukunika iqonga wamagcisa aselula kwaye abanetalente. , neegalari ezo ikomkhulu ngaphezulu kwe ezine, kodwa eneneni okungakumbi, kuba zininzi kangaka izizathu mboniso sikweni.

Ngaphezu koko ezilikhulu, neegalari kunye iimyuziyam amashumi kunye ingqokelela ezaziwa kumazwe ngamazwe lidume Berlin inkcubeko womdaniso, nto leyo limelwe iiklabhu ezahlukeneyo amaqela rhoqo ephila.

iisimboli State

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, eJamani - urhulumente federal mihla lwentando yesininzi. Noko ke, simele sikhumbule ukuba, nangona iphucukile kunye nezimo, nje ukuba ubutyebi bembali kunye elide zinkulu, ebangela abantu German ukubandezeleka okukhulu.

Ngoko ke, le mihla yoluntu iflegi Germany lisukela emva Republic lokuqala iflegi ye-Weimar Republic, obe ukususela ngowe-1919 ukuya 1933. Emva kokuphunyezwa eJamani olawulo iflegi lwamaNazi kwapheliswa oko, kodwa laba yamkelwa ngo-1949. Flag kunye ingubo iingalo eJamani, apho kunzima zazi ukubaluleka, ngaba njengesakhi esibalulekileyo ungubani kazwelonke zingumqondiso umanyano lwesizwe.

iflegi Modern Federal Republic imele tristimulus web ebalulekileyo ngokwembali ukuba imibala eJamani - emnyama, obomvu negolide (ezantsi). Ezi imibala idla ngokusetyenziswa eJamani-kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, intshukumo ekhalazela umyalelo endala yaseYurophu elasekwa emva kokoyiswa uNapoleon.

Nangona iflegi civil jikelele Kuyinto tricolor elula imivumbo zilaliswe ngecala iflegi karhulumente ibekwa Republic idyasi.

Ngomhla ingubo iingalo iJamani wasebenzisa uphawu zixhaphakileyo imbali - njengokhozi. ngamaphiko okhozi luxeliwe, kodwa noboya somthi esibuyiselweyo nkqo ezantsi. Ulwimi, iinzipho, ihamba kunye ngomlomo njengexhalanga eyenziwe ebomvu.

Umwana umfuziselo ebalulekileyo yesizwe kwenzeka ngamanqanaba amabini: ekuqaleni, ngowe-1950, kwagqitywa ekubeni kuphela inkcazelo ingubo ingalo. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva kwaye samkelwa umboniso lomzobo, okt. F umzobo wabulawa ngokungqinelana kunye nenkcazelo ifunyenwe ngaphambili. Ekubeni Germany - yinto republic federal, ukuba wesifundo ngasinye ingubo yayo ingalo, kwakunye imizi nangubo zangaphantsi zabo yembali iingalo kunye seeflegi, kukho kwiinkulungwane ezininzi.

angaphandle

Germany kutshanje linikwa indawo ekhethekileyo kakhulu kwi kwezopolitiko kwihlabathi. Thathela ingqalelo labemi, inqanaba lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kunye emkhosini, nayiphi na into ebalulekileyo kweli hlabathi ukwenza ngaphandle ingqalelo i-German Foreign Ministry.

Germany ulilungu inani elikhulu ezinqkqenkqeza nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, amaziko kunye nee-arhente. Iingcali International ziveza ukuba, isicwangciso salo lizwe ilandela mgaqo yoxolo nobuntu, akwalikhumbula ntlekele inkulu kwinkulungwane XX, ukuphindaphindwa ababengabazi Abantu urhulumente akafuni.
Noko ke, oku akuthethi kuthintela ilizwe ukuba athathe inxaxheba kumsebenzi NATO - umanyano emkhosini-ezopolitiko - kunye nokubonelela nommandla wayo ngenxa US raskvartirovki emkhosini. Ukongeza koku, eJamani obelilungu ezele club kwamagunya zenyukliya, evumela ukuba ukuthatha rhoqo kuzo yi-UN liBhunga lezoKhuseleko, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ibonelela eziluncedo ebalulekileyo nenguquko umdla kwipropati yenkampani waseJamani.

yokudala ukuthula

Nangona Germany kwaye enye bemikhosi zinamandla ehlabathini, endaweni ohlala ingakumbi ngenxa amaphulo uxolo emhlabeni wonke ngokuphathelele uncedo noluntu kumazwe kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-World Okwesithathu. EJamani, ogama geography yenza kube sisekunqumlaneni kweendlela kwiinkcubeko, kukho inani elikhulu amkele iimbacu ezivela kwiindawo usilwa ulunikeza kunye izixa ezikhulu uncedo kwabo wagqiba ekubeni ashiye ilizwe labo ikhaya. Kwi ubomi engaphakathi-ezopolitiko inesandla ngamaqela eziphila esihlenga, yaye oku kube nefuthe kakhulu, ngokukodwa, kwaye ajenda ngamazwe kweli lizwe. Ngenxa oku, eJamani umlandeli esebenzayo kumaphulo okusingqongileyo ekulweni ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye Iziphumo zongcoliseko mveliso.

nkqubo olulinganiswa kokusingqongileyo lizwe ivumela ubuninzi offset nefuthe elibi inani elikhulu kwamashishini zoshishino, ezo ziphantsi kolawulo olungqongqo ngabasemagunyeni zoluntu kunye nemibutho engenzi nzuzo kokusingqongileyo. Germany yenye yeenkokheli kummandla ophezulu-zobugcisa eneji ehlaziyekayo, apho imali ebonakalayo abucala kunye nebhajethi. Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba amaqela yezenzululwazi egqwesileyo intsebenziswano eli lizwe kunye nemibutho yamazwe ngamazwe esebenza ukuphuhlisa iiteknoloji ngakumbi phambili ngakumbi imveliso yezamandla.

Ezona mpawu zibalulekileyo

Ukushwankathela, kufuneka athi kuba kuqoqosho olomeleleyo, inzululwazi progressive, imfundo esemgangathweni kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo ezifikelelekayo wayeza kunokwenzeka ngaphandle esebenza kakuhle amaziko oluntu, nto leyo ezazakhiwe eJamani ngabemi eminyaka.

Kukarhulumente kunye nabemi ngokusondeleyo sisebenzela ukwenza kummandla wabo iimeko kakhulu ukhululekile kunye lwezakhono zoluntu ke ibaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe lonke.

Urhulumente German uyaqonda ukuba ngaphandle ingqalelo iimfuno zabantu akanakuba kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo loqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko yinxalenye yobomi bomntu. Yiyo le sengqondo ngayo abemi ivumela Germany mababe kwizikhundla eziphezulu noluhlu umgangatho ngamazwe ubomi kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho.

Uphuhliso evumelanayo uluntu kunye norhulumente kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba eJamani - urhulumente esemthethweni wentando yesininzi kunye nowiso-mthetho oluzimeleyo kunye norhulumente, abo ebona abantu neminqweno abemi balo.