Oxygen Formula. lwezakhi - oxygen

Chemical isiqalelo oksijini zigcinwa kwi qela kwixesha lesibini VI-th ezingundoqo lixesha a umboniso omfisha lweso siCwangciso Periodic. Ngokwemigangatho ezintsha amanani - lelona qela 16. Isigqibo engqinelana nayo yenziwa yi IUPAC ngo-1988. Umoya into elula olungumgubo - O _2. Cinga yayo engundoqo, indima kwindalo kunye noqoqosho. Siqala inkcazo lonke iqela le nkqubo ngamaxesha athile, nto leyo ikhokelwe oksijini. Isiqalelo iyahluka kwenye congeners yayo ekubeni le chalcogen, namanzi yahlukile hydrogen ukuba iikhompawundi ze isalfure, selenium kunye tellurium. Le incazelo zonke linophawu ukuba kufunyanwa, kuphela ukufunda isakhiwo kunye neempawu atom.

Chalcogens - izinto ezinxulumene oxygen

iimpawu ezifanayo ezi athom benza iqela elinye kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Mpilo elikhokelwa yentsapho chalcogens, kodwa eyahlukileyo kubo eziliqela iipropati.

Ubunzima atomic ioksijini - iqela ukhokho i - ngu 16. .. iikhompawundi E m chalcogen kunye nokusekwa yeehidrojeni zesinyithi kombisa igcwala kwisimo sakhe -2. Ngokomzekelo, eyakhiwa amanzi (H ₂ O) Inombolo igcwala ioksijini ngu -2.

Ukwakhiwa zoqobo iikhompawundi hydrogen chalcogen le formula ngokubanzi: H ₂ R. Le zokuchithwa ezi zinto kwakheka acid. hydrogen kuphela ekwakheni umoya - emanzini - iimpawu ezizodwa. Ngokutsho ngeziphumo izazinzulu, le nto engaqhelekanga kwaye ebuthathaka kakhulu asidi, kunye nesiseko ebuthathaka kakhulu.

Isalfure, selenium kunye tellurium babe igcwala karhulumente eqhelekileyo HIV (+4, +6) xa iikhompawundi mpilo kunye nabanye abasebenzi abanga-iintsimbi ukuba electronegativity ophezulu (EO). oxides Ukwakhiwa chalcogen zibonisa indlela jikelele: RO _2, RO _3. Bathi sisincoko ehambelanayo acid: H ₂ RO _3, H ₂ RO _4.

Elements kunxibelelana izinto ezilula: ioksijini, isalfure, selenium, tellurium kunye ಪೇನ್ ipheyini. Amalungu amathathu okuqala ukubonisa iimpawu zalo. Oxygen Formula - Malunga _ne-2. ukuguqulwa Allotropic le nto - ozone (O _3). Zombini iinguqulelo ziya iigesi. Isalfure selenium - Solid ezingezo-iintsimbi. Tellurium - kweziyobisi metalloid, umqhubi we umbane, ಪೇನ್ ipheyini - metal.

Ioksijini - i element kakhulu kuninzi

Umxholo lilonke athom ka sakhi kuqweqwe lomhlaba yi malunga ne-47% (ngokobunzima). Mpilo efunyenwe simahla, okanye njengenxenye uxhulumaniso ezininzi. into Simple, ogama formula O ₂ kuhlanganiselo emoyeni, kuba yi-21% lomoya (ngokomthamo). ioksijini Ezinto unyityilikiswa emanzini, ibe phakathi kweengqakumbana zomhlaba.

Thina sele siyazi ukuba kukho uhlobo olunye lwe ubukho element kwemichiza efanayo ngohlobo into elula. Le ozone - igesi ukwakha malunga-30 km ukusuka umaleko komhlaba, edla ngokuba ozone screen. ioksijini yento singena molekyuli amanzi emaweni amaninzi kunye neeminerali, organic.

Isakhiwo oxygen ingaphezulu

lwezakhi iqulathe inkcazelo epheleleyo malunga oksijini:

1. Inani lothotho inani le element - 8.
2. intlawulo enyukliya - +8.
3. Inani lilonke ovela ku - 8.
4. ifomula umoya Electronic - 1 2 ^{2 2} 2p ^4.

Kwindalo, kukho izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezintathu kuzinza, nto leyo ukuba inani elifanayo ngokulandelelana kwi Periodic Table, i ukwakhiwa efanayo protons kunye elektroni, kodwa inani ezahlukeneyo neutron. Izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo zibonakaliswe yi lomfanekiso ofanayo - O. Kuba itshathi Uthelekiso ebonisa ukwakhiwa izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo ezintathu ioksijini:

Iimpawu ioksijini - into imichiza

Ngomhla 2p ingaphezulu sublevel iye elektroni ezimbini unpaired, nto leyo echaza imbonakalo igcwala -2 ne-phinde ngo 2. elektroni ezimbini nesithandwa ayikwazi uyeke, ukuba iqondo igcwala landile ukuya ezine njengoko isalfure kunye nezinye chalcogenides. Isizathu - Ukungabikho sublayer free. Ngoko ke, ukuba iikhompawundi ze-element khemikhali swi kombisa ioksijini Valence kunye nenombolo iqela elilinganayo igcwala wombuso umboniso omfisha kwenkqubo ngamaxesha athile (6). Inombolo igcwala Umyinge ngu -2 kuye.

kunye iikhompawundi fluorine kuphela ebonisa ioksijini uncharacteristic igcwala karhulumente ezintle-phinde ngo 2 yena. ixabiso EO of nama- nonmetals ezimbini: EA (D) = 3.5; EE (F) = 4. Njengoko into electronegative ngakumbi, fluoro ngokomelela igcina electron yayo Valence yaye etsala amasuntswana ukuba inqanaba lamandla lwangaphandle atom ioksijini. Ngoko, kwi basabela kunye fluorine oko ioksijini ukunciphisa arhente ulahlekelwa electron.

Umoya - into elula

D. IsiNgesi umphandi likaPriestley ngo-1774 ngexesha yemifuniselo ezichongiweyo gas ngenxa yokubola lesigidi oxide. Kwiminyaka emibini ngaphambili, ukwimo enye kwifomu yalo olunyulu K. Scheele. Kuphela nje kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, lo usomachiza French Antoine Lavoisier wafumanisa ukuba lwerhasi yinxenye zezulu, waza wafunda iimpawu. Chemical ifomula umoya - O _2. Abonakalisa ukurekhoda ukwakhiwa elektroni umcimbi ezithatha inxaxheba ukuyilwa kwento covalent iqhina non-polar - O O ::. Faka ngalinye pair nisondelelane electron ne layini enye: O = O. ifomula oxygen enjalo ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba atom kwi molecule zinxulunyaniswa ngambini ezimbini electron eqhelekileyo.

Yenza izibalo ezilula kwaye amisele ukuba yintoni na ubunzima isalamane beemolekyuli ioksijini: Mnu (O ₂₎ = Ar (O) x 2 = 16 x 2 = 32. Kuba uthelekiso: (. Air) Mnu = 29. ifomula Oxygen Chemical yehlukile ozone neoksijini ingaphezulu. Ngenxa yoko, uMnu (O ₃₎ = Ar (O) x 3 = 48. Ozone kwi oxygen 1.5 nzima.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Umoya - igesi ngaphandle umbala, incasa kunye nevumba (kwiqondo lobushushu standard kunye noxinzelelo ngokulinganayo womoya). Le into inzima kancinci ngaphezu umoya; enyibilikayo emanzini, kodwa hi mpimo lowutsongo. Lokunyibilika oxygen negative kwaye -218,3 ° C. Ingongoma apho ioksijini ulwelo iguqulelwa umva gas - i kwithempritsha yayo abilayo. Kuba O ₂ iimolekyuli ixabiso le ubungakanani emzimbeni ifikelela -182,96 ° C. I-oxygen engamanzi kunye okuqinileyo kuba umbala ukukhanya-blowu.

Ukufumana oksijini elabhoratri

Xa itshiswe, ioksijini-equlethe izinto ezifana potassium permanganate, unikelwa igesi ezingenambala leyo iqokelelwe kwi intsuba okanye ityhubhu. Ukuba wenza unqulo itotshi ioksijini ovuthayo, lona livutha nangakumbi ngaphezu emoyeni. enye indlela laboratory ezimbini ukuvelisa ioksijini - yokubola iperoksayidi yehidrojeni kunye potassium khloreyithi (Ipotaziyam khloreyithi). Cinga isixhobo yesekethe, esetyenziswa ngenxa yokubola thermal.

Xa tube uvavanyo okanye iselwa ngeenxa usisangqa kuyimfuneko kuso khloreyithi encinane potassium, vala le ngesiciko kunye ityhubhu umzi werhasi. ukuphela kwayo malungana kufuneka zithunyelwe (kwamanzi) zocaphulo ibheke ezantsi kwi iselwa. Intamo kufuneka ezishiyiweyo eglasini okanye ukufuma ezaliswe ngamanzi. Xa ioksijini eshushu iphume ityhubhu khloreyithi ityiwa. Njengoko ungena ityhubhu umphunga kulo iselwa, kancinane amanzi kulo. Xa ibhalbhu uzaliswe igesi, ngaphansi gingci stoppered kwaye zocaphulo. Efunyenwe kule experiment elebhu, oxygen ingasetyenziswa ku dyondza iimpawu eekhemikhali into elula.

elivuthayo

Ukuba laboratory uphumeza ukutshiswa kwezinto oksijini, kuyimfuneko ukwazi kwaye nokuthobela imimiselo ngomlilo. Hydrogen combusted kweso emoyeni, ugalelwe oksijini umlinganiselo we-2: 1, oko Uyadubula. izinto omlilo umoya olusulungekileyo okukhulu kakhulu emoyeni. Oku kuchazwe yi isenzeko zesakhiwo lomoya. Oksijini emoyeni umane ngaphezu iinxalenye 1.5 (21%). Omlilo - yokusabela izinto kunye ioksijini, yaye oko kukhokelele neemveliso ezahlukeneyo, ikakhulu oxides lwesinyithi kunye nonmetals. umxube Oxidising ka O ₂ kunye izinto ezinokutsha, ukongeza, imichiza iziphumo kunokuba ityhefu.

Omlilo ikhandlela yesiqhelo (okanye okufanayo) sikhatshwe ukuyilwa le carbon dioxide. Le lokulinga ilandelayo ingenziwa ekhaya. Ukuba into kuqhunyiselwe phantsi kwijokhwe yakho yeglasi okanye ikomityi enkulu, ukutsha ziya kupheza kanye yonke ioksijini kuyaphela. Nitrogen akaxhasi zokuphefumla komlilo. Carbon dioxide - igcwala imveliso - akusekho idityaniswe oksijini. Ngaphaya limewater uyakwazi ukubona ubukho carbon dioxide phezu elivuthayo. Ukuba kudlula iimveliso yokutsha ngokusebenzisa calcium hayidroksayidi, isisombululo kuba lisibekele. indlela Chemical kwenzeka phakathi kwamanzi ikalika carbon dioxide, wafumana ezingenakunyibilika calcium carbonate.

Ukulungiswa mpilo ngendlela engazange mveliso

Le nkqubo ibiza, apho molecule zifumaneka simahla komoya O _2, hayi ezinxulumene ne ekuqhubeni ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Kushishino, umzekelo, bayisile ematyeni intsimbi, umoya kubushushu elisezantsi kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu kwegesi. Ezo amacandelo ezinkulu esesibhakabhakeni ezifana oksijini nitrogen, uphekele kwiqondo lobushushu ezahlukeneyo. Zahlule umoya umxube kubushushu ngokuthe ngcembe ukuba lobushushu voice. Okokuqala, iimolekyuli initrogen bayahluka, uze oksijini. Indlela yokuzahlula ngokusekelwe kwiipropati ezahlukeneyo emzimbeni kwezinto ezilula. Formula into elula oxygen iyafana njengoko kwakunjalo ngaphambili pholisa kunye yokunyibilika zomoya, - O _2.

Ngenxa yoko, ezinye reactions electrolysis, kakhulu, ioksijini, iqokelelwa phezu electrode ahambelanayo. iimfuno zerhasi mveliso, iinkampani zokwakha imithamo emikhulu. Imfuno Oxygen lukhula rhoqo, ngakumbi Liyafuneka lweshishini lemichiza. gas imveliso kugcinwe iinjongo zoshishino kunye yezonyango cylinder ensimbi, zixhotyiswe nge lokumakishela. Itanki oxygen anegazi ngombala oluhlaza okanye oluhlaza ukwahlula oko kwezinye igesi liquified - nitrogen, methane, ammonia.

izibalo zemichiza ngokusekelwe neefomula kunye zibalo yendlela ebandakanya O ₂ iimolekyuli

Ixabiso ngamanani ubunzima izinyo ioksijini ingqamana kwenye ubungakanani - isalamane isiphumlisi. Kuphela kwimeko yokuqala, kukho iiyunithi. Ngokufutshane ifomula oxygen kweziyobisi ubunzima baso eziphilayo kufuneka zibhalwe: M (O ₂₎ = 32 g / Mol. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo adla wawo nawuphi na umthamo gas ingqamana iilitha 22.4. Ngenxa yoko, 1 Mol ka O ₂ - kweelitha 22.4 into 2 abamenzelayo O ₂ - 44.8 iilitha. Ngokutsho inxaki basabela njani phakathi hydrogen neoksijini kunokubonwa ukuba asabele abamenzelayo-2 yeehidrojeni omnye nolovane ioksijini:

Ukuba umdlalo indlela 1 Mol hydrogen, isixa-oksijini 0.5 Mol • 22,4 l / Mol = 11.2 iilitha.

Indima ka O ₂ iimolekyuli kwindalo kunye nobomi babantu

I-oxygen obuselwe eziphilayo emhlabeni, kwaye ebandakanyekileyo ukuhamba kwezinto in excess leminyaka emi-3 billion. Le ke into ephambili yokuphefumla futhi umzimba, oko zibole molekyuli izondlo kuhlelwe yi umzimba kufuneka amandla. Mpilo rhoqo zidliwe ehlabathini, kodwa oovimba bayo ziyahlaziywa iphotosynthesis. Isazinzulu Russian K. Timiryazev wayekholelwa ukuba ngenxa yale nkqubo kusekho ubomi emhlabeni.

Inkulu indima ioksijini kwindalo kunye noqoqosho:

• wendele ngexesha nokuphefumla eziphilayo;
• inxaxheba abasabela ngayo photosynthesis;
• yinxalenye molecule eziphilayo;
• iinkqubo ukubola, ukubila, ukurusa kwenzeka kunye inxaxheba oxygen ekhonza oxidant;
• esetyenziselwa Yindibanisela iimveliso organic.

Le cylinder lwepetroliyam asetyenziswa ukusika ukuwelda isinyithi kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Ezi nkqubo kwenziwa izityalo kumatshini-isakhiwo, kwiinkampani zezithuthi kunye zokwakha. Kuba umsebenzi phantsi kwamanzi, ngokufihlakeleyo, ngokugabadelayo kungekho abantu bafuna O ₂ molecule. iitanki oxygen asetyenziswa ngayo amayeza ekuncedeni ukwakhiwa zezulu ukurhogele ngabantu abagulayo. Gas ukulungiselela iinjongo zonyango, ebonakala ngu kukunqongophala phantse epheleleyo ubumdaka zobugcisa, ivumba.

Ioksijini - i oxidizer ogqibeleleyo

Eyaziwa oxygen compound zonke iziqalelo eekhemikhali lwezakhi, ngaphandle ukuba abameli zokuqala yentsapho zegesi ezinqabileyo. izinto ezininzi basabela ngqo athom ioksijini, ngaphandle halogens, igolide ne- platinum. Okubaluleke kakhulu ke nesenzeko ezibandakanya mpilo, zihamba kokukhutshwa ukukhanya nobushushu. iinkqubo ezinjalo ezisetyenziswa kweli khaya kunye noshishino. Le ores metal zakudibana oksijini ebizwa ukudubula. ore Pre-emhlabeni oluxutywe umoya zizityebi ioksijini-. Kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu ukufunyanwa zesinyithi ukusuka emanzini ukuya izinto ezilula. Ngaloo wafumana intsimbi kunye ezithile zesinyithi non-ayoni. Ubukho ioksijini ecocekileyo iphucula izinga iinkqubo zemveliso emasebeni ezahlukeneyo chemistry, ezobunjineli kunye yokunyibilikisa isinyithi.

Ukubonakala indlela olutshiphu ukuvelisa oksijini evela emoyeni ngenxa yokuzahlula zibe kumacandelo ayo kubushushu obuphantsi, iye yavusa uphuhliso kwiindawo ezininzi yemveliso mveliso. Bemithi bakholelwa O molecule ₂ O athom arhente oxidizing efanelekileyo. Ezi izinto zendalo, rhoqo ukuba zihlaziywe kwindalo, musa zingcolise okusingqongileyo. Ukongeza, ekudibaneni kwemichiza ebandakanya ioksijini aphela rhoqo nge Yindibanisela enye imveliso yendalo kunye ekhuselekileyo - namanzi. Indima ka O ₂ ekususweni enetyhefu mveliso amanzi inkunkuma ukuhlanjululwa ukungcola. Ngapha koko oxygen isetyenziselwa kweentsholongwane zokuguqulwa yayo allotropic - ozone. Le into elula anazo umsebenzi omkhulu oxidizing. Xa ozonization amanzi ukubola ezingcolisayo. Ozone kwakhona kungaba yingozi microflora izifo.