History of eSiberia. Exploration kunye nophuhliso eSiberia

Stone Kube luqhwemesha, alunxibe omkhulu, Urals, na ololulele babeziindleko ezinkulu eSiberia. Le ndawo igubungela phantse kwiikota ezintathu kummandla lilonke lizwe. ESiberia ngaphezu yesibini ngobukhulu (emva Russia) imeko yehlabathi - Canada. million ngaphezulu kwe elinambini ezikwere zeekhilomitha agcinwe esifubeni obungapheliyo oovimba bayo kwemithombo yendalo, xa isetyenziswa kakuhle, kwanele ubomi kunye nempumelelo kwizizukulwana ezininzi.

Campaign for the Stone Belt

Ukuqala kuphuhliso eSiberia akhawunti kule minyaka yokugqibela wolawulo Ivana Groznogo. Sasiyinxalenye kakhulu elula phambili nzulu kule endle kunye asihlali ngexesha ngasemdeni yaba Urals avareji, umnini ningakruthakrutheki leyo yaba Stroganov merchant usapho. Ukusebenzisa kwephiko tsars Moscow, ababenako iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba, apho kukho iilali ezimashumi mabini anesithoba, nemizana Solvychegodsk banikwa. Kwakhona ene- udederhu inqaba, wolula kunye nomda kunye nezinto ze Khan Kuchum.

History of eSiberia, ukuba ngqo, kokoyiswa kwayo Russian Cossacks baqalisa nesibakala sokuba izizwe nabemi wala ukuhlawula i-Russian Tsar yasyk - ngokomlinganiso zona irhafu iminyaka emininzi. Ngaphezu koko, ngumtshana yomphathi - Khan Kuchum - benemizimba elikhulu abakhwele wenza uthotho behlasela nemizana yonke yosapho Stroganov. Ukukhusela nxamnye iindwendwe okungeyomfuneko ezinjalo abarhwebi abazizityebi baqesha Cossacks ekhokelwa yi Ataman Vasily Timofeevich Alenin ngelika Ermak. Phantsi eli gama wangena imbali Russian.

Amanyathelo okuqala abahlala kummandla olungaziwayo

Ngo September 1582 ibutho asixhenxe anamanci mahlanu umntu waqalisa uhambo lwakhe edume ukuya Urals. Yaba uhlobo Ukufunyanwa eSiberia. Kuyo yonke loo umzila we Cossacks amathamsanqa. AmaTatar ayakhe loo mimandla, kodwa mkhulu kubo inqaba yabo, kodwa ophantsi ayiqhelileyo imfazwe. Bona ngokoqobo babengazi imipu njengoko kokuthanda ngelo xesha eRashiya, wabaleka ngokuphakuzela lonke ixesha weva ivolibholi.

Towards the Russian Khan wathumela umtshana wakhe Mametkula kunye namajoni ishumi lamawaka. Idabi senzeka kwi Tobol River. Nangona noludumileyo lwabo lwamanani, i AmaTatar boyiswa. Cossacks, ukwakha phezu impumelelo, kufutshane kakhulu ezinkulu Khan kaThixo Kashlyk apha ekugqibeleni kuyityumza utshaba. Owayesakuba edge inkosi leyo, yathinjwa idela wakhe uLote. Ukususela ngaloo mini Khanate phantse yaphela. History of eSiberia yenza umjikelo omtsha.

Alwe abafike

Ngaloo mihla, inani elikhulu izizwe phantsi AmaTatar woyisa ngabo yaye nemingenela yawo. Imali babengazi kunye yasyk yakho ihlawulwe oboya. Ekubeni ngokoyiswa Kuchum aba bantu beza phantsi kolawulo tsar Russian, neenqwelo kunye sables kunye martens abada eMoscow kude. Le mveliso kubaluleke usoloko kwaye yonke imfuneko enkulu, ingakumbi - kwimarike yaseYurophu.

Noko ke, asizizo zonke izizwe baye bamkela bembuza. Abanye kubo baqhubeka ukuxhathisa, nangona buthathaka iminyaka ngeminyaka. butho Cossack baqhubeka uhambo lwabo. Ngowe-1584 waphulukana isikhulu lwabo edume Ermak Timofeevich. Kwathi, njengoko kudla ngokwenzeka eRashiya, ngenxa yokungakhathali, kunye nokungakhathali - kwenye ethe abanye akukho sichengeni ixesha. Kwathi efanayo indlela usindileyo iintsuku ezimbalwa phambi kwababathimbileyo utshaba lamabutho ebusuku. Ukuthatha ithuba i ukubongamela Cossacks, evele bahlaselwa kwaye waqalisa ukusika abantu belele. Ermak, ezama ukubaleka, waziphosa emlanjeni, kodwa isikrweqe elikhulu - isipho lobuqu Ivana Groznogo - ubhidwe kuye ezantsi.

Ukuhlala kwiphondo yanqoba

Ukususela ngelo xesha, oko yaqala uphuhliso esebenzayo of Western eSiberia. Emva umkhosi Cossack zaye elingatsalanga abazingeli hlathi entlango, abalimi, abefundisi, yaye, ke, amagosa athi. Bonke abo zaphumela i phambene Mountains, abe amadoda free. Kwakungekho serfdom, okanye indawo yokuhlala. Kuphela ahlawule irhafu ezibekwe ngurhulumente. izizwe Local kwakhona, njengoko kutshiwo apha ngasentla, bazizisulu yasykom uboya. Ngeli xesha, ingeniso evela iirisithi kubuncwane ukusuka noboya eSiberia na igalelo elibonakalayo mali Russian.

History of eSiberia ke kwakunxibelelene kunye nokudalwa inkqubo iinqaba - sisuswa (malunga leyo, ngasendleleni, kamva wakhula ezininzi umzi), nto leyo bakhonza beemboniselo ukwenzela ukoyisa ngakumbi kule ngingqi. Ngoko ke, ngo-1604 eyasekwayo isixeko Tomsk, owathi kamva waba iziko inkulu kwezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko. Emva kwexesha elifutshane kwakukho Kuznetsky kunye Yenisei ezintolongweni. Zizinto zamabutho omkhosi kunye nolawulo, ukulawula yasyka yokuqokelela.

Amaxwebhu kuloo minyaka zibonisa izinto ezininzi zorhwaphilizo phakathi kwamagosa karhulumente. Nangona yokuba zonke oboya ukuba yongena ebuncwaneni yomthetho, amanye amagosa kunye Cossacks ababandakanyeka ngqo ukuqokelela irhafu olunyuswe imithetho lusekiwe, wabele umahluko emagemeni abo. ezifana nomthetho Nokuba ke, bohlwaywe ngokuqatha, yaye siyazi amatyala amaninzi xa obawayo ehlawulwayo ukuze isenzo inkululeko nobomi babo.

Ukungena Olunye kwiindawo ezintsha

Ingakumbi inkqubo amazwe kakhulu yaqala emva kokuphela Ixesha Iingxaki. Injongo bonke nabuganga ukukhangela ulonwabo kwi, intsimi entsha unexplored, kwaba eli xesha Eastern eSiberia. Le nkqubo waya isantya ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII Russian afika kunxweme wePasifiki. Ngeli xesha kwakukho isakhiwo sikarhulumente - Siberian Sebe. nomsebenzi wakhe kuquka ukusekwa imimandla yolawulo oda entsha elawulwa neerhuluneli kutyunjwa ababenaye abameli abagunyazisiweyo eli gunya entsimini.

Ukongeza yasychnogo ukuqokelelwa oboya, wenza kuthengwa oboya, apho ukubala lwenziwa ayikho imali, neento zonke zentengiso; nezamazembe, iisarha, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye amalaphu. Imbali, ngelishwa, kukho iimeko ezininzi gadalala. Ngokufuthi, le nalwazelelelo amagosa kunye nabadala Cossack uphela basekuhlaleni uqhushululu, ngubani kwakufuneka abeke phantsi ngenkani.

Eyona ndlela kwamathanga

Eastern eSiberia lubekhona iindlela ezimbini eziphambili: ngasentla ecaleni konxweme kweelwandle, wesa nasemdeni umgca wasezantsi ezikufutshane kuyo yi States. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII ukuba olundwendwe baseRashiya ngaselunxwemeni Irtysh kunye OB, yaye emva kwabo, kunye neendawo ezinkulu esasayame Yenisei. Baye nabo bamiselwa kwaye waqala ukwakha izixeko ezifana Tyumen, Tobolsk kunye Krasnoyarsk. Bonke kwafuneka ekugqibeleni abe ngamaziko mveliso yamasiko ezinkulu.

zokuqhubekeka kuphakanyiswa ze bezithanga Russian kwenziwa ikakhulu Lena River. Apha 1632 yakhiwa inqaba yokubonisela, nto leyo eyabangela kwisixeko Yakutsk - ezibaluleke kakhulu ngexesha reference indawo kuphuhliso ngakumbi kwiindawo ezisemantla nasempuma. Ubukhulu becala ngenxa yoku sele kwiminyaka emibini kamva Cossacks ikhokelwa ngu Ivan Moskvin ikwazile ukufikelela elunxwemeni Pacific Ocean, kunye nabahloli kungekudala Russian kuqala wabona Kuril Islands kunye Sakhalin.

Nabanqobi weli cala zasendle

Imbali eSiberia kunye East Far nangoku lugcina memory of an umhambi obalaseleyo - Cossack Semyon Dezhnev. Ngowe-1648 yena kunye looding okhokelwa naye neempahla ezininzi okwesihlandlo sokuqala weza kunxweme North Asia, yaye engqina ubukho lexinene yohlule eSiberia ukususela eMelika. Kwangaxeshanye nenye mhambi, Pojar, badlula kumda osemazantsi eSiberia Besuka Amur, waya kufika uLwandle Okhotsk.

Nasemva kwethuba sele esekelwe Nerchinsk. ixabiso layo luqinisekiswa kakhulu kukuba ngenxa Cossacks empumalanga kufutshane eTshayina, apho nabo bathi kule mimandla. Ngexesha uBukhosi Russian yafikelela imida yayo yendalo. Kwinkulungwane elandelayo kuza inkqubo ngcembe yokudityaniswa bufezekiswe ngexesha amazwe iziphumo.

Uwiso-mthetho ezinxulumene emasimini ezintsha

Imbali kwi eSiberia ngenkulungwane ye-19 luphawulwa intabalala ezintsha becala yolawulo kuqaliswa kubomi mmandla. Enye yokuqala dabi 1822 umthetho wesiqhelo ka-Alexander I, iyantlukwano yalo mmandla zibe ngokubanzi-yokubusa ezimbini. Tobolsk yaba liziko i-West kunye eMpuma - Irkutsk. Nabo ke, yahlulwe yaba ngamaphondo, kwaye nabo - on kwibhunga County kunye inorodcheskih. Le nguquko sisiphumo kuphuculo ezaziwayo-kakuhle M. M. Speranskogo.

Lo nyaka wabona ukukhanya ezenzo ezilishumi mthetho zisayinwe ukumkani nokulawula yonke imiba yezolawulo, ezoqoqosho kunye esemthethweni ubomi. nekugxininiswa kakhulu kuzo kolu xwebhu wanikwa kwimiba ephathelele kuphuhliso iindawo ukuhluthwa kwenkululeko nocwangco ukukhonza amagama entolongweni. Ngenkulungwane XIX sajikwa kunye emajele zibe yinxalenye yalo mmandla.

ESiberia kwimephu kuloo minyaka igcwele amagama emigodini, umsebenzi eyenzeka kuphela ezandleni amabanjwa. Le Nerchin, kwaye Trans-izimvu kunye noGrace kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ngenxa yokufika enkulu labathinjwa phakathi nxaxheba ye Decembrists kunye imvukelo Polish 1831, urhulumente nokuba hlanganisa zonke kwiphondo eSiberia phantsi kweliso District Gendarmerie ngokukhethekileyo esetyenziweyo.

Ukuqala ngezoshishino emphethweni

Lamashishini eziphambili ezifumene ngeli xesha lophuhliso olubanzi, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kuqala kuyo yonke imveliso yegolide. Ngu-kwenkulungwane ukuba inxalenye enkulu ngumthamo opheleleyo ngentsimbi axabisekileyo eveliswa kweli lizwe. Kwakhona beza kwengeniso ezinkulu zikarhulumente kushishino lwezimbiwa, okunyuke kakhulu eli xesha umthamo kwemigodi. • Ukuphuhlisa, kunye nabanye abaninzi likhule.

Kwinkulungwane entsha

Ngenkulungwane XX ekuqaleni, umfutho uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lo mmandla ulwakhiwo Trans-Siberian Railway. History of eSiberia kwixesha post-revolution uzele weqonga. Njengoko itshayelwe babeziindleko esinombala yandile imfazwe fratricidal, leyo eyaphela ngo ekuvalweni intshukumo White kunye nokusekwa kwamandla Soviet. Ngexesha leMfazwe Patriotic Enkulu kulo mmandla bakhutshwe amashishini ezininzi mveliso kunye nomkhosi. Ngokuphathelele oku kunyusa labemi izixeko ezininzi.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kuphela kwisithuba ka-1941-1942. apha beza ngaphezu kwesigidi abantu. Kweli xesha kwemfazwe, kwakhiwa xa abaninzi mveliso ngxilimbela, izityalo amandla kunye nemizila kaloliwe, yaye ekufikeni ebonakalayo iindwendwe yabhalwa - bonke abo kulungiselwe bona ikhaya elitsha ukuba eSiberia. Imephu lo mmandla mkhulu kwakukho amagama eziye zaba uphawu lama - izimvu-Amur yokurhafisa, Bratsk HPP, naseNovosibirsk kunye abaninzi ngakumbi.