Hokkaido Island, Japan: inkcazelo, iinkcukacha, olunomdla kunye nohlaziyo

Japan - lizwe leyo yenye yezona ozithandayo phakathi abahambi ezininzi. uhlobo Beautiful of Japan, imbali yawo eyodwa etyebileyo banenkcubeko eyahluke mpela umtsalane abantu abaninzi abavela kuwo wonke umhlaba.

iimpawu indawo echazwe ngezantsi emhlabeni kwikona ngokwendawo kukuba kokubini lasempuma kakhulu yaye isiqithi yomntla Japan leziqithi.

Japan Hokkaido

Lelona siqithi yesibini ngobukhulu of Japan. Le yomntla kwaso kakhulu, kwakunye lonke Japan - Cape soya, kwaye wempuma - ekapa nosappu-Salem.

Isiqithi omkhulu angabamelwane - Honshu, ezahlulwe i Tsugaru Strait. Amanzi oLwandle Okhotsk ahlambe kunxweme yayo emantla, uLwandle of Japan - Western, kwaye Pacific Ocean - ngasempumalanga.

Honshu - kwisiqithi Hokkaido enkulu. Ngaphambili, yena wayesaziwa ngokuba Hondo kunye Nippon. Iba 60% yendawo kulo lonke elo lizwe. Kodwa Hokkaido, omnye 4 iziqithi inkulu Japan, uhlobo eziqala arcade igcinwe. Malunga ne-10% ye nommandla wayo kuhlala iipaki zesizwe (20 zizonke). Ngoko ke, oko kumbindi Hokkaido uKhenketho lwezendalo.

Ummandla kwisiqithi Hokkaido une ariya elipheleleyo km2 phezu 83.453.
It ezikuyo abantu 5,507,456 (ngokwe-manani ka-2010).

Imbali emfutshane kwisiqithi Hokkaido

Ukuqhubeka kwindawo Hokkaido waqalisa malunga nama-20 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngaloo mihla Ainu waphila apha - enye izizwe kakhulu kwezi ziqithi Japanese. Imbali uphuhliso siqithi Japanese nangoku igcina kukho iintlobo ezininzi puzzle. I-reference yokuqala eyaziwa kubaphandi-izazinzulu ngemihla yethu, lwenziwa kumaphepha "Hong Shoki" - lesikhumbuzo ezibhaliweyo Japanese, niyathandana ukususela BC ngenkulungwane yesibhozo

Kukho ingcamango eliqhelekileyo ukuba Vatarishima siqithi (ngaye ekubhekiselelwe kulo umlando) yi Hokkaido, elo wabelithiyiwe kuphela ngo-1869.

I Islands (Ainu) Sizibandakanye bokuloba ngexesha nokuzingela, kwaye ekhoyo ngelo xesha ubudlelwane borhwebo kunye kwiziqithi eselumelwaneni, wabanika ithuba lokuba ukunika ngokwazo kunye nerayisi nentsimbi.

Le ngokonwaba nangokuzola ukuba yaphela ngo XIV-XV iinkulungwane, xa Japanese ngcembe baqalisa ukuhlala kweli lizwe elingummelwane Oshima (ukusuka Hokkaido emazantsi-ntshona). Ku ngamandla wathabatha Ainu, nto leyo eye yakhokelela ekubeni inyathelo wamajoni eyaphela ngo 1475, xa inkokeli yabo wabulawa.

Ngexesha abenzi bemilingo wolawulo Prince Matsumae, ummandla apho akhiwe kakhulu ngayo. Oshima, Hokkaido siqithi kancane yaba yinxalenye izinto zabo. Kwakhona, ekubeni siqithi waqhekeza elide-emi umzabalazo phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni yaye Japanese. Ainu wavukela de kwisiqingatha 2 kwenkulungwane ye-18, kodwa akukho iziphumo ezi zenzo bakhuliswe. Japanese ngokuzithemba kubanjwa siqithi ebalulekileyo ezandleni zabo, ngokungakumbi xa kwakusekho ithuba ngenxa yesifo Russian ukusuka entshonalanga.

Ngowe-1868-1869 gg. Hokkaido Lulo kwakukho yalilizwe elizimeleyo, elavakaliswa emva kokuya kwisiqithi amawaka emfazwe, umnyulwa emva konyulo lokuqala intloko Japanese of the Republic - E. Admiral Takeaki.

Umlawuli akazange eve nalwazelelelo enjalo kwimimandla yabo, yaye ngoMatshi 1869 the Republic of Lulo kwapheliswa, kwaye enetyala nenkokeli yalo.

amaxesha kunzima siqithi ngowe-1945, xa ummandla kwayo kwaba zokuqhushumbisa eyoyikekayo. Ngenxa yoko, eyonakeleyo iidolophu ezininzi needolophana.

Ukukhululwa geni minerals

Hokkaido siqithi becala ezintabeni. Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha intsimi nekuhlala iintaba, abanye ehlanganiswa amathafa. Intaba lwamawa (Hidaka, Tokachi et al.), Side kwi submeridional kwicala. Ingongoma eliphezulu Hokkaido - Mount Asahi (ephakame 2290 meters). Isiqithi 8 mlilo, apho ukusebenza. Amaxesha amaninzi, apha, njengokuba e-Japan, iinyikima zenzeka.

Geni kwisiqithi amalahle nzima, intsimbi nesalfure.

Izixeko kunye nokwakheka nobuhlanga abemi

Hokkaido (gi) elulawulweni yahlulwe sub-prefectures 14.
capital I siqithi kaThixo - Sapporo, elinabemi abantu 1,915,542 (Ngokwezibalo 2010 kulo nyaka).

Sapporo - sixeko sikhulu Hokkaido. Ukususela kwiziqithi Kuril ezahlulwe sisithuba kwiStraits uyajola wakhe Kunashir.

kwizixeko ezikhulu siqithi - Muroran, Tomakomai, Otaru. Ukubunjwa uhlanga ilula: Japanese - 98,5% yabantu bebonke, Korea - 0.5%, IsiTshayina - 0.4% kunye namanye amaqela yobuzwe (kubandakanywa Ainus) -% 0.6 kuphela.

Imilambo namachibi

Eyona inkulu emlanjeni siqithi - Ishikari (ubude 265 km) kunye Tokachi (ubude 156 km).
kwelona chibi likhulu - Sikotsu, Toya kunye Kuttyaro (umngxuma) kunye Sar (imvelaphi Lagoon). Kukho isixa esikhulu Hokkaido kunye namachibi ezincinane mlilo ukuba bondliwa kwimithombo kwezimbiwa ashushu.

sezulu

Hokkaido has a imozulu kancinci eyahlukileyo ngaphezu kwezinye iindawo Japan. Apha, i komndilili weqondo lobushushu yonyaka +8 kuphela ° C. Ngenxa kufutshane kwi-Pacific Ocean kwezi nkalo kulo nyaka yi-avareji ye-17 kuphela iintsuku ezipheleleyo ilanga. Kodwa kumathuba zasehlotyeni kukho malunga 149 lemvula, ubusika - malunga 123 iintsuku ikhephu.

Ukanti, ngokuvisisana Japanese kwemozulu nemigangatho ihlobo phezu kwisiqithi Hokkaido, koma kubalele, ubusika - enkulu ngaphezu kwezinye iingingqi zeli lizwe.

Ewe, kwaye ingqiqo ka "emntla" kwi Hokkaido kubalulekile kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, isixeko Wakkanai, ibekwe ngasentla egqithiseleyo siqithi, ebekwe ngezantsi umzi ka Paris. Ngokubanzi, oku siqithi yaseJapan ithathwa "ngqwabalala North."

Enezityalo nezilwanyana

Uninzi utyani Hokkaido Amahlathi coniferous (fir kunye nespruce), Zinokuxutywa ngoqalo (uthathe-60% ye-siqithi). Pine, amahlathi ezinde heaths ityholwana kuxhaphakile ezintabeni.

Phakathi ezanyisayo kukho iimpungutye, amabhere, Sable, ermine kunye weasels. Zonke iziqithi Japanese (Hokkaido phakathi kwabo) abantu ehlabathini Akumangalisi ezahlukeneyo iintaka kunye amanzi ayo onxweme ezininzi iintlobo ezininzi yeentlanzi.

izinto

Yintoni umdla, ngaphandle kokuba ubume emangalisayo ekhethekileyo ukuba, anokubonwa kwisiqithi Hokkaido? Umhambi Uhlaziya kule siqithi, kuba loo nto, kwaye malunga lonke Japan, kakhulu ezintle.

E Sapporo, kukho iindawo ezininzi ephawulekayo: nenqaba iwashi igama elifanayo - yenye izakhiwo elisaphilayo embalwa ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 kwi-American style yobukoloniyali; Botanical Garden nge inxalenye abalondolozwa amahlathi zendalo ukuba kanye khula phezu kwendawo komzi; Odori Boulevard; TV Tower (ukuphakama 147 meters); Mountain Capelin 8 yeekhilomitha ukusuka eyinkunzi; beer museum (kanye efektri imveliso yalo); Nakajima Park.

Kwisixeko Hakodate apho pyatibastionnaya Fortress (1864); Isigodlo Koryudzi; Church yoVuko kaNdikhoyo kunye neCawa yamaKatolika Momomati; Isigodlo Higashi Honganji.

Kwi siqithi apho Hokkkaydo National Parks: shikotsu-tōya ipaka yesizwe, Kushiro-Sitsugen, Akan, Shiretoko, Rebun kunye Rishiri Island-Tayseiudzan. Parks miqulu eselugcinwe yokuzibophelela - Hidaka, Abashiri, Onuma, prefectural park emvelo Akkeshi.

Xa ndiqukumbela, zimbalwa izinto ezinomdla

• Kuqala wacinga ukuba Hokkaido - siqithi Russian. Japan akazange abonise nayiphi umdla okanye Kuril Islands, Sakhalin okanye, phambi kokuba ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. Island ngaphambili Japan ngokusemthethweni ingqalelo ummandla amazwe. Ngowe-1786 kwafika i yaseJapan apho kunye basekuhlaleni, amagama kunxitywe Russian neefani. Aba baba lusungulo kanye Ainu, yazeka kwaoko ubumi Russian Orthodox ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. abantu Ainu sebenzisa bahlale kummandla Russia (Sakhalin, kumazantsi eKamchatka kunye Kuril Islands). Olu hlanga isici esasenza - ukubonakala yaseYurophu. Namhlanje e Japan kukho malunga nama-30 000 abantwana babo, kodwa ke abe ingxenye kunye yaseJapan ngeli xesha elide.

• I Festival Snow Sapporo ubanjwa minyaka le, eyayibanjelwe kuqala ngo-1950. Olu hlobo lomboniso yamanani ikhephu.

• In Hokkaido imithombo emininzi ashushu ngokugqithiseleyo. Eyona umdla kwezi Dzigokudani (Dolina Ada). Kule sayithi kukho kweegiza ezininzi, maxa wambi indanda ngaphezu komhlaba.

• Kummandla wakhe Hokkaido nama ulingana kwintsimi Austria.

• Ukususela 1859 e Sapporo osebenzisa Orthodox, wakha imikhosi ye-Russian Church Mission - Church yoVuko kaNdikhoyo. Ukususela ngowe-1983, oko ngokusemthethweni kokwabo ilifa lenkcubeko Japan.