I-avareji yamandla agciniweyo

amandla ekinetiki ke amandla umiselwa isantya intshukumo ngongoma eyahlukeneyo yelo nkqubo. Ngoko kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwahlula phakathi eneji ubonakalise intshukumo translational kunye nentshukumo ejikelezayo. Ngelo xesha, i-avareji namandla entshukumo - umahluko avareji phakathi eneji iyonke kwenkqubo yonke namandla alo ukuphumla, oko kukuthi, enyanisweni, ixabiso layo yi-avareji ye lamandla.

ubuninzi emzimbeni ibalwa kwifomula 3/2 KT apho iphawulwe: T - ubushushu, k - Boltzmann njalo. Eli xabiso unako ukukhonza njengekhrayitheriya sothelekiso (reference) xa amandla eziqulathwe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo sentshukumo thermal. Umzekelo, i-avareji yamandla agciniweyo le zegesi kuphononongo sesindululo translational, yi-17 (- 10) NJ kubushushu zerhasi 500 C. Njengoko umthetho, kwi electron aphezulu amandla abe isindululo translational, kodwa amandla ion kunye atom cala kwaye kakhulu ngaphantsi.

Eli xabiso, xa siqwalasela na isisombululo, gesi okanye engamanzi, igcinwe kule lobushushu unalo ixabiso rhoqo. Le ngxelo kuyinyaniso ukuba izisombululo colloidal.

Ngandlel kunjalo eziqinileyo. Kwezi izinto, i-avareji amandla agciniweyo zonke amasuntswana mincinane kakhulu ukoyisa imikhosi yomtsalane eziphilayo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ungenza intshukumo kuphela ejikeleza indawo ethile, nto leyo ngokuqhelekileyo ithumba lizama kwindawo ethile a isuntswana kwithuba elide. Lo mhlaba ivumela eziqinileyo uzinze ngokwaneleyo kwimilo kunye nomthamo.

Ukuba ingqalelo iimeko: intshukumo phambili kunye negesi efanelekileyo, apha umlinganiselo yamandla agciniweyo ayiloxabiso, kuxhomekeke ubunzima eziphilayo, kwaye ke ngoko libhalwa njengexabiso ukuba umlinganiselo ngqo ixabiso obushushu epheleleyo.

Zonke ezi zigwebo siye sikunike ngenjongo ukubonisa ukuba esebenzayo zonke iintlobo udibaniso ithi zenkqunto - kuyo nayiphi na kwezi lobushushu isebenza iimpawu eziphambili, ebonisa nemiba kunye nokuqina sesindululo thermal ngayo izinto. Nguwo lo ngumongo ingcamango lwalusanda-agciniweyo kunye nesiqulatho ingqikelelo lwesilinganiso thermal.

Njengoko yaziwa, ukuba izidumbu ezimbini ebonakalayo kungena uthethathethwano kunye nezinye, inkqubo kobushushu lwenzeka phakathi kwabo. Ukuba umzimba sisixokelelwano esivalekileyo, oko kukuthi, angavumelaniyo nayiphi na imizimba, inkqubo yayo transfer ubushushu kuzakuthatha ixesha elininzi kangangoko kufuneka uhambelane iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni kunye nokusingqongileyo. Le meko kuthiwa lwesilinganiso thermodynamic. Esi sigqibo iye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kungqinwe iziphumo imifuniselo. Ukuze ubone amandla agciniweyo avareji kufuneka ujonge iimpawu ubushushu bomzimba kunye neempawu zayo kobushushu.

Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba micro-iinkqubo ngaphakathi emzimbeni kwaye ayipheli xa umzimba engena lwesilinganiso thermal. Kule meko, ngaphakathi emzimbeni kukho ezihambayo iimolekyuli ukutshintsha sesiqhelo zabo, amaqhuma kunye zingenzi ngozi. Ngoko wazithwala enye kuphela abaliqela izityholo zethu - umthamo umzimba, uxinzelelo (kwimeko gas) inokwahluka, kodwa amaqondo obushushu aya isahleli rhoqo. kanye kwakhona Oku kungqina ngoluvo lokuba umlinganiselo amandla agciniweyo sentshukumo thermal kwiinkqubo ekwanti uzimisele kuphela kwisalathisi iqondo lobushushu.

Lo mthetho esekwe ekuhambeni amalinge, uJean uCharles ngo 1787. Ngokubonisa ngee-eksperimenti, kuba waphawula ukuba xa ubilisa imizimba (greenhouse) yi-mali efanayo, uxinzelelo wazo utshintshiwe ngokungqinelana nomthetho umlinganiselo ngqo. Eyathi yenza kube lula ukwenza izixhobo ezininzi kuluncedo kwaye izinto, ingakumbi - ithermometer igesi.