Theory yexabiso: inkcazelo, iintlobo nemisebenzi. Imfundiso Ixabiso surplus: Inkcazo

theory Classical yexabiso lunikezelwa omnye weyona milenze ibaluleke gqitha lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho. Ngaphandle kunzima ukucinga urhwebo mihla kunye nobudlelwane emali labavelisi ezahlukeneyo kunye nabathengi.

theory classical

Ithiyori ezaziwayo-kakuhle nexabiso elichazwa obizwa imfundiso yabasebenzi yexabiso. Umsunguli yaso umkhenkethi odumileyo Scottish Adam Smith. Wadala isikolo IsiNgesi bezoqoqosho yamandulo. Le thesis ye-nzulu tsariweke babecinga ukuba intlalo-ntle yabantu angakhula kuphela ngokwandiswa imveliso emigudwini yakhe. Ngoko ke, Smith wathetha esidlangalaleni ukuba kukuphuculwa kweemeko zokusebenza bonke abemi IsiNgesi. imfundiso yakhe ixabiso ithi ukuba umthombo ixabiso ukwahlulwa zentlalo ngemigudu kuzo zonke iinkalo zemveliso.

Le thesis kuye kwavela elinye ngezoqoqosho ebalaseleyo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX Davidom Rikardo. I eliNgesi bathi ixabiso nayiphi na impahla yorhwebo kuxhomekeke yabasebenzi olufunekayo imveliso yawo. Kuba theory Ricardo Smith ngayo ixabiso ibe isiseko lonke uqoqosho longxowankulu.

theory Marxist

Labour theory yexabiso lamkele omnye ngezoqoqosho ezaziwayo-kakuhle. Wabo uKarl Marx. sobulumko German kunye ideologist wafunda ngokutshintshiselana kwempahla ezivenkileni waza wagqiba kwelokuba zonke iimveliso (nkqu ezininzi owahlukeneyo) kufuneka isiqulatho efanayo womlinganiswa lwangaphakathi. Yaba ixabiso. Ngoko ke, zonke iimveliso bayalingana omnye komnye ngokungqinelana inani elithile. Marx wabiza le ukukwazi kwixabiso exchange. Lo mhlaba ethile sizalwa nayiphi na imveliso. Isiseko sale ziyenzeka zemisebenzi yoluntu.

Marx yaphuhliswa izimvo zakhe eziphambili Smith. Ngokomzekelo, yena ngunozala ingcamango nibulalekayo unalo uhlobo ombaxa - zombini eziphathekayo kunye ezingabonakaliyo. Iminyaka emininzi, le nzulu waseJamani bahlele ulwazi lwabo kwinkalo yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko. Le uluhlu olubanzi lwezimvo kunye izibakala baba isiseko iingcamango ezintsha abangabaxhasi bakaMarx. Oku ekuthiwa-theory yexabiso surplus. Waba ngomnye kwiimpikiswano abaphambili critique owayephila ngexesha inkqubo yobungxowankulu.

iingeniso

Ingcamango entsha ixabiso Marx lowu umsebenzi ngokuthengisa umsebenzi wabo, ndifaniswe baxhatshazwa ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba. Phakathi esigaba nongxowankulu kwabakho ungquzulwano, unobangela apho ixabiso kwenkqubo yoqoqosho yaseYurophu. Abanini Imali banda kuphela ngokusebenzisa zabasebenzi, yaye lo umyalelo uKarl Marx wagxeka kakhulu.

Ixabiso lempahla simisela nkulu, lisoloko lingaphezulu ixabiso abasebenzi abaqeshwe yi abasebenzi. Ngenxa yoko, oohlohlesakhe uncedwa ngayo yokuba andayo amaxabiso ingeniso yabo. Kuyo yonke lo msebenzi ebesoloko abahlawulwa imivuzo ephantsi, kuba nako ukuphuma indawo yabo baxhaphaze. Bazifumanisa kwimo ekuxhomekekeni lomqeshi.

wenani Absolute

Imfundiso ngokweMarxist iindleko zabasebenzi ikwathetha kwithuba "ixabiso surplus ngokupheleleyo". Kuthetha ntoni ukuthini? Eli xabiso surplus, efunyanwa nkulu kululwa imini zomsebenzi baphantsi kwabo.

Kukho zizakhelo ezithile ixesha elifunekayo ukuvelisa iimveliso. Xa abanikazi yenza bazakhe ukuba basebenze ngaphandle le mida, ukuxhatshazwa yabasebenzi iqala.

Le kwendleko ebekiwe

Imfundiso eliluncedo eziseludinini, okanye ngenye indlela - ingcamango kwendleko ebekiwe sisiphumo yophando ezininzi zoqoqosho ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwinkulungwane XIX: William Jevons, uCarl Menger, Friedrich von Wieser, njl Umfazi kuqala wanika ingcaciso ubudlelwane phakathi ixabiso lempahla kunye zengqondo nasengqondweni .. umthengi. Ngokutsho theses yayo engundoqo abathengi bathenge ingaba yintoni umthombo wabo ulwaneliseko okanye ukuzonwabisa.

theory eliluncedo ezihlelelekileyo wenze izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Okokuqala, ngenxa kuyo laliqulunqwe indlela entsha ekufundweni iingxaki wemfezeko yemveliso. imithetho Okwesibini, sasetyenziswa zokuqala. Kamva, yena eliboniswa nezinye ezininzi zoqoqosho. Theory of kwendleko ebekiwe kuye kwanyanzeleka izazinzulu ukushifta ngokujonga yabo ukusuka kuphando esisiseko iindleko zemveliso lokugqibela result. Ke ekugqibeleni, okokuqala embindini isifundo yajika ukuziphatha kubathengi.

marginalism

theory Classical yexabiso, leyo amarhamente Smith, URicardo Marx, bakholwa ukuba ixabiso yorhwebo - yinto ixabiso njongo, ekubeni umiselwa mali yabasebenzi lusenziwa kwimveliso. Imfundiso eluncedo litheni kwakhona inika enye indlela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo le ngxaki. Kwakhona aziwa Marginalism. Le mfundiso intsha kukuba ixabiso yorhwebo lifezekiswa hayi iindleko zabasebenzi zemveliso, kodwa isiphumo lungenza kumthengi.

Umongo Marginalism kukwazi ukwakhiwa ngolu hlobo. Abasebenzisi siphila kwihlabathi ngokupheleleyo yempahla ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngenxa amaxabiso zabo nokwamkelwa kokwahluka kwabantu ezikhathazayo. Bona zixhomekeke kuphela ngehambo ngobuninzi abathengi. Ukuba iimpahla ziya kuba imfuno, ngoko amaxabiso baqala kuvuka. Kulo mzekelo, akunamsebenzi indlela umenzi echithwa kuye ngemali ngaphambili. Yonke into ebalulekileyo kukuba ingaba umthengi ufuna ukuthenga imveliso. Le kulwalamano zibe inxitywe iimfuno zabathengi, eliluncedo elungileyo, imilinganiselo yayo kunye inani lokugqibela.

Umthetho Ixabiso

theory Classical enexabiso ingqalelo umthetho ixabiso njengenye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Exchange kweempahla yenzeka emva kufikelela naseYiputa kunye eMesopotamiya malunga namawaka amahlanu eminyaka eyadlulayo. Oku kwavezwa sisazinzulu isiJamani kunye omkhulu ka Karla Marksa , Friedrich Engels. Kwandula ke kwabakho umthetho ixabiso. Noko ke, enye yezibninzi ezisetyenziswayo, wakufumanisa ngexesha wempumelelo longxowankulu. Oku kungenxa yokuba kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho evelisa impahla iba ngokubanzi.

Yintoni ngumongo umthetho ixabiso? Yintoni na umyalezo wayo ophambili? Lo mthetho uthi ngokutshintshiselana kweempahla kunye nemveliso yazo yenziwa ngokwe iindleko kunye zabasebenzi eziyimfuneko. Le ubuhlobo sisebenza na eluntwini apho kukho exchange. Kwakhona ixesha ukusebenza ebalulekileyo ichithwa indalo kunye nokulungiselela kweempahla ezithengiswayo. Ukuba liphakamile ixabiso, ixabiso lentengo aphezulu.

Umthetho yexabiso, kwakunye ingcamango esisiseko ixabiso kukuqinisekisa ukuba ixesha yabasebenzi ngamnye kuyimfuneko ekuhlaleni kufuneka ilingane. Ezi ndleko imigangatho ethile, ekufuneka wabeka abenzi. Ukuba abakwazi ukumelana nalo, iya zilimale.

Imisebenzi yomthetho yexabiso

Kwinkulungwane XIX ingcamango kwezoqoqosho ixabiso kunganxulunyaniswa umthetho ixabiso indima enkulu ukuyilwa lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho. Imarike yanamhlanje ngokwamanqanaba zamazwe ngamazwe nezesizwe, iqinisekisa kuphela le ithisisi. Lo mthetho unika izinto kukho ukukhuthazwa uqoqosho kunye nophuhliso kwimveliso. impumelelo yayo ixhomekeke kubudlelwane kunye nezinye izenzakalo kwezoqoqosho - ukhuphiswano, yedwa kunye ejikeleza emali.

Inomsebenzi ebalulekileyo umthetho ixabiso ulwahlulo layo software zabasebenzi phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo kwimveliso. It ulawula ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo ezifunekayo ukwenza iimveliso kunye nenkangeleko yabo emarikeni. Into ebalulekileyo yalo msebenzi i Dynamics amaxabiso. Kunye kunyuka index lemarike kwenzeka lahlule umsebenzi nekomkhulu phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo ezoqoqosho.

Ukuvusa iindleko zemveliso

Umthetho yexabiso ivuselela iindleko zemveliso. njani le patheni? Ukuba umenzi uzenzela iindleko zabo yabasebenzi ngamnye ngaphezu noluntu, ngokuqinisekileyo oko kuya ulahlekelwe yimali. Lo mzekelo akhe kwezoqoqosho. Ukuze ukuba siyabhanga, umenzi kuya kufuneka ukunciphisa iindleko zabo wakhe. Ukuze oku kunyanzela ukuba umthetho ixabiso, osebenza kuyo nayiphi kwimarike, nokuba baxhasa eliphi na ishishini elithile.

Ukuba abalimi ehlisa ixabiso ngamnye iimpahla, uya kufumana izinto ezithile kwezoqoqosho phezu okhuphisana zabo. Ngoko ke umnikazi akukhokhele kuphela iindleko zabasebenzi, kodwa ufumana ingeniso ebonakalayo. Le ndlela yenza abadlali kwimarike ngempumelelo ezo zabenzi abo imali yabo ekuphuculeni imveliso ngokusekelwe inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe.

Imfundiso yanamhlanje yexabiso

Kunye kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwemarike kunye imbono ukutshintsha nto. Noko ke, ithiyori mihla ixabiso ngokupheleleyo isekelwe phezu imithetho ziqulunqwe Adam Smith. Enye amabango ayo inkulu ithisisi ukuba zemisebenzi yoluntu yahlulwe kubini - kwinkalo lwenzululwazi nobugcisa kwakunye kwinqanaba yokuzala.

Yintoni umahluko zabo? kwinkalo Scientific and zobugcisa zemisebenzi yoluntu kuquka ukuveliswa yeemveliso ezintsha ezisekelwe olufumeneyo kwezenzululwazi neteknoloji. Kuye kwasekwa njengoko ixabiso ukusetyenziswa (imfundiso entsha neyezoqoqosho ukwabizwa ngokuba ixabiso elililo).

nezinye izinto zemveliso osentsimini yokuzala. Kukho akhiwa isizalwane okanye exchangeable, iindleko. Ixhomekeka iindleko zamandla yokuzala yempahla kunye neenkonzo. Imfundiso yanamhlanje ixabiso kunokwenzeka ukuba ukumisela imithetho emisela ixabiso yemivuzo ngamnye. Oku ngokuyintloko kuxhomekeke sengqondo kuluntu esisingise ngempumelelo luncedo elithile ethile.