I-Hagia Sophia Mosque e-Istanbul

I-Turkey ngokuqhelekileyo yenye yezona zizwe zi tyelele. IRiphabhlikhi yaseTurkey - ngokuchanekileyo yabiza leli lizwe - libhekiselele ikakhulu empuma-mpuma yeYurophu, kwaye iyingxenye eMbindi-mpuma. EMpuma, njengoko siyazi, "into ebalulekileyo," wayehlala ekhanga, ngokuchanekileyo, athanda abantu abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo ehlabathini.

Ulwazi jikelele

Isixeko esikhulu kunazo zonke seRiphablikhi yaseTurkey yi-Istanbul, isixeko sasendulo, eyayiyinkunzi ye-Byzantine, yamaRoma, i-Ottoman ne-Latin.

Istanbul: I- Ayia Sofia yindawo efanelekileyo yokutyelela

Abakhenkethi abaza apha banombuzo, into ekubonayo kwimibono. UHagia Sophia (uHagia Sophia) itempile yasendulo, eyona nto inomdla kakhulu ukutyelela. Esi sikhumbuzo sakhiwo samandulo sisezindaweni zembali zesixeko, kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiSultanahmet. Ngaphambili kwakuyiziko leConstantinople, kufuphi neNdlunkulu yeNdlunkulu.

I-Hagia Sophia Mosque yenye yezinto eziphambili kweso sixeko sase-Istanbul (iTurkey). Njengoko uyazi, ekuqaleni kwelo lizwe kwakukho uBukhosi baseByzantine, odumileyo kwizinga eliphezulu leenkcubeko. U-Aya-Sofia uguqulelwa kwisiGrike ngokuthi "ubulumko obungcwele". Ngaphambili, kwakungumKatolika we-Orthodox Patriarchal Cathedral, ngoko isakhiwo sasihlala njengemosque ( isakhiwo senkolo yamaSilamsi ), kwaye ngoku iimyuziyam, apho isimo salo itempile efunyenwe kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-XX leminyaka, ngokuchanekileyo, ngo-1935.

Ukwakhiwa kukaHagia Sophia bekubhekwa njengowona mkhulu unqulo lobuKristu iminyaka engaphezu kwewaka, kwada kwakhiwa iSt. Petros Basilica (eRoma, eItali). Ukuphakama kwetempile kuyimitha engama-55.6, kwaye ububanzi bodome bufikelela kumitha engama-31.

Imbali yokwakhiwa kwetempile

Inkundla ye-Aya-Sofia yakhiwe kwiminyaka engama-324 ukuya kuma-337 kwi-square ye-market square yaseAgason phantsi komlawuli uConstantine wokuqala (ngokweminye idatha - phantsi koMlawuli waseConstantia II). Ekuqaleni, itempile yayiyi-Arian ("iArianism" - enye yamaphekula ebuKristwini, eqinisekisa ubungqina bendalo yonyana-thixo), yatshintshwa ebuKristwini nguMbusi uTheodosius wokuqala. Kodwa isakhiwo asizange side ixesha elide. Ngethuba lokuvuswa okuthandwayo ngo-404, inkundla yamatyala yabulawa emlilweni. Icawa entsha eyakhiwe kwindawo yayo yatshisa (415).

Ngokomyalelo kaTheodosius, i-basilica entsha yayakhiwa kwindawo enye. I-Basilika yindlela yokwakhiwa komxholongwane kunye nenani elingavaliyo lama-naves (ahlukeneyo ekuphakameni). Kodwa le nkundla yachithwa ngomlilo. Oku kwenzeka ngo-532, kodwa iincithakalo zale sakhiwo zifunyenwe kuphela ngexesha lokucandwa kwi-XX leminyaka kwintsimi yeshedare.

Emva koko, umlilo wesithathu, ekugqibeleni koMlawuli waseJustinian, kwakhiwa i-cathedral, ebizwa ngokuba ngu-Aya-Sophia.

Ukwakhiwa, abakhethekileyo bezakhiwo bamenywa, abaye banamava amaninzi ekwakheni uhlobo lwetempile. Beyi-Anthimius Trallsky kunye no-Isidore Meletsky. Ngokomxholo, ingcamango yabakhi bezakhiwe imihla ngemihla ngabasebenzi abangaphezu kwewaka lamawaka!

Kwidolophu-dolophu yaseConstantinople, izinto ezifanelekileyo, iimarble kunye neentsika ezisuka kwizakhiwo zamandulo (iikholam ezivela kwiNdlu yeLanga, iintsika zeemabula eziluhlaza ezivela e-Efese) zaziswa. Ewe, isakhiwo saba yithempeli elicebileyo nelona likhulu kunaloo xesha. Esi sakhiwo kwaye kamva saba nguKathhedral kaHagia Sophia.

Imbali yeCathhedral eMbusweni waseByzantine

Kwimbali yoBukumkani baseByzantine, uHagia Sophia wahlwaywa ngamaxesha amaninzi kwiintshukumo, ngoko ke, yagqitywa yaza yakhiwa kwakhona. Ngokukodwa, ifunyenwe idome ephezulu. Ukomeleza ukuzinza kweendonga, kwakhiwa izithintelo (iintsika zokuxhasa izakhiwo ezixhasayo ezivela kubo), kwaye oku, ngokuqinisekileyo, yatshintsha ukubonakala kwendibano yamathandathu.

Ngecawa yaseSt. Sophia, ngokwembali, icawa lembali lamaKristu angena kwiicawa zamaKatolika kunye neeOthodoki, zixhomekeke, kuba kwakukho kwesi sakhiwo ngoJulayi 1054 ukuba uKhadimali Humbert wanikela incwadi yokuxotshwa kuMikhail Kurullaria.

Kuze kube ngu-1204, enye yeetempile zetempile yayibizwa ngokuba yiTurin Shroud eyaziwayo, eyathi, ngokwembali, yayifakwe emzimbeni kaYesu Kristu emva kokubandezeleka nokufa.

Imbali emva kokunqotshwa yi-Ottomans

Emva kokunqoba kwimbali yama-Ottoman ngo-1453, iSt. Sophia Cathedral kwafuneka yitshintshe inkolo yayo. Waguqukela kwi-Islam ngokwakha ii-minare ezine emagumbini aze aziphendukele zibe ngama-mosque. Njengoko kwaziwa, kwinkolo yamaSilamsi kubalulekile, xa uthandaza, ukubuyela ethempelini lasendulo, eMecca. Ama-Otomom ayekufuneka atshintshe yonke into ngaphakathi kwintendelezo, ii-frescoes zenziwe nge-plaster (ngenxa yokuba zigcinwe kwiinkulungwane ezininzi), kwaye abanquli bahlala kwinqanaba elakhiweni.

Ngaphezu koko, kude kube ngephakathi kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, akukho msebenzi wokwakha kabusha owenziwe kwi-Aya-Sofia Cathedral e-Istanbul. Ngeli xestile le-XIX, kwagqitywa isigqibo sokubuyisela isakhiwo malunga nokusongela ukuwa. Kungekudala emva kokubuyiselwa, ngowe-1935, i-mosque yajika yaba yindawo yamyuziyam, ishiya indawo encinane kuphela yokunqula iSilamsi.

Iimpawu zokwakha zakwaMosque

Ukuqulunqwa kwetempile kwintengxube eyenza ama-neve amane (ephakathi-ngaphezulu nangaphezulu). Isithsaba sineqonga le-basilica kunye nesigxina, esimele i-quadrangle. Isakhiwo sasiyimpumelelo yenkqubo yedome yexesha layo, kwaye amandla eendonga, ngokulandelwa kwendalo, igcinwa ngokubonga ngenxa yokukhishwa kwamacembe e-ash, eyongezwa kwisisombululo. Inkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yamatye emithathu kunye neendumla ixhasa idome ukusuka kumacala onke kwaye yomeleza.

Iindalo zeMosque

Ngoko, iMosque yaseHagia Sophia e-Istanbul yenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Cinga izinto eziphambili zeemyuziyam enomdla.

• Ikholomu "yokulila" ityhefu, ngokutsho kweenkolelo, izalisekisa umnqweno walabo ababeka isandla sabo emgodini baze bazive benomswakama.

• "Iwindowibanda ebandayo" yinto enye imimangaliso yendalo, umoya obandayo uphuphuma kuwo nangomhla oshisa kakhulu.

• Iifresksi zasendulo ezibonisa uYesu Kristu kunye noMninimzi wethu, zigcinwe ngaphantsi kwezinto ezinobumba obuninzi, zimela umboniso omkhulu.

• Kwigalari ephezulu yetempile ngokugculela ungabona igraffiti. Abaninzi babo babeninzi ngamakhulu eminyaka edlulileyo kwaye ba khuselwa nguRhulumente (ngenxa yale njongo bahlanganiswe ngeplastiki ebonakalayo). Le mibhalo - i- runes yaseScandinavia- yayinokuthi ikhutshwe kwi-parapet yecawa yecawa ngamasosha e-Middle Ages.

• Iimpawu zengqungquthela zimela umzekelo onomdla wobugcisa obukhulu beByzantium.

• Umfanekiso we-Emperor Alexander wenziwa ngexesha lokuphila kwakhe, wavula indawo ephawulekayo ngo-1958 ngexesha lokubuyiselwa kwesikhokelo somfanekiso.

Kwintlanganiso yesithili kukho imimandla yamaSilamsi, apho amawaka abahamba ngee-pilgrim afika. Phakathi kwabo sinokuhlukanisa:

• I-barbar (indawo apho imam ishumayela khona).

• I-Lodge yeSultan (eyakhiwe ngexesha lokubuyiselwa ngabazalwana beFossati).

• Mihrab.

Njengengqungquthela yasempumalanga, ubuBungcwele boTurkey budibanisa iingcamango ezibonakala zichasene: iOthodoxi kunye ne-Eastern Islam, iinkolo ezimbini, ezahlukileyo, kodwa ngeendlela ezithile zifana nomnye. Ngaphandle, itempile ibonakala ngathi yincwadana elula yokwakha izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendawo, kodwa ngaphakathi kwakho kuya kubethwa bubungangamsha bodome kunye nokuphakama kwayo, nokunye okuninzi.

Esi sisakhiwo esisodwa esilondolozwe kwintandathu yesibini AD ukuya kwangoku kwifom engatshintshiyo ngoku, ngoku sele ibe yimyuziyam, i-charter ukunika uxanduva lwezenkolo kwiimfundiso ezahlukileyo.

Isiphelo

Ukuba unethamsanqa ngokwaneleyo ukutyelela i-Istanbul ubuncinane iintsuku ezimbalwa, qiniseka ukutyelela kwiCathhedral kaHagia Sophia. I-Turkey izakukudlalela ngemibandela emitsha ngokubulela kule tempile.