UWilhelm Richard Wagner: A Biography. URichard Wagner kunye nemisebenzi yakhe edumileyo

UWilhelm Richard Wagner - umqambi German kunye enye ingcali yale lwedrama, umlawuli yeqonga, umbexeshi, polemicist, eyaduma opera bakhe, ezakhe nefuthe botshintsho kwi umculo Western. Phakathi imisebenzi yakhe ezinkulu - "The Flying umDatshi" (1843), "Tannhauser" (1845), "Lohengrin" (1850), "Tristan kunye UIsolde" (1865), "Parsifal" (1882 .) kunye tetralogy "iDer Ring des Nibelungen" (1869-1876 gg.).

Richard Wagner: ibhayografi elifutshane nobuchule

Wagner wazalwa ngo May 22, 1813 e Leipzig, kwintsapho okulula. Uyise wasweleka kungekudala emva kokuzalwa, unyana wakhe, yaye kwisithuba sonyaka unina watshata Lyudviga Geyera. Akwaziwa nokuba ekundwendweni zolinganiso yokugqibela, uyise kanye lenkwenkwe. Wagner umculo imfundo random, wada-18, xa wachitha unyaka e Theodore Vaynliga e Leipzig. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe ngo-1833 xa umqhubi weekwayara baseWürzburg babhala imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala, eyenziwe ngokulinganisa ezaqanjwa German yothando. Ngelo xesha, umfanekiso wakhe oqingqiweyo olona nguBeethoven.

Wagner wabhala opera "zemimoya 'yakhe yokuqala ngo-1833, kodwa Wanikelwa kuphela emva kokufa umqambi ngayo. Waye womculo we ethiyetha yaseMagdeburg ukususela ngo-1834 ukuya 1836, apho umsebenzi wakhe elandelayo: "Akuvumelekanga Uthando" isekelwe "Umlinganiselo for Umlinganiselo" Shakespeare, wavalelwa kwango-1836. Opera wehlelwa fiasco epheleleyo yaye wenza theatre yimali. Noko ke, iingxaki zemali umqambi ngokupheleleyo lonke ibali lobomi bakhe. Richard Wagner kulo nyaka efanayo Königsberg watshata Minna Planner, imvumi kunye actress, ubesoloko ethatha inxaxcheba ephambili kubomi yemiboniso yephondo. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva wayamkela isithuba womculo umalathisi Theatre kaMasipala, nto leyo ke, naye kungekudala zawa.

Ukusilela waseFransi abuyele Germany

Ngowe-1837, Wagner waba ngumlawuli wokuqala umculo yeqonga e Riga. Kwiminyaka emibini emva koko, emva kokuva ukuba imvumelwano belingayi kwandiselwa, phantsi kwekhwapha ebusuku, bazifihla amatyala kunye nabaqokeleli, esi sibini waya eParis, ndithembe ukuba ibe karhulumente. apho Richard Wagner, ogama engobomi kunye nomsebenzi eFransi sazivelela ngendlela eyahlukileyo, njengoko wayecebe ukuba ixesha lakhe liphuhlise ngentiyo enamandla lwenkcubeko French zomculo, nto leyo eye wahlala naye kwada kwasekupheleni kobomi. Yaba ngeli xesha, Wagner, abaneengxaki zemali, athengisa Paris Opera script "I Flying umDatshi" ukusetyenziswa ngomnye umqambi. Kamva wabhala ivume olunye uhlobo lwale ngantsomi. Yaliwe izangqa zomculo izindawo, Wagner waqhubeka ukulwela ingqalelo: ukuqamba umculo iitekisi French, wabhala bendlela ye Bellini kaThixo "uNorma". Kodwa ke uzama ukubeka imisebenzi yabo yaba lilize. Ekugqibeleni, ukumkani Saxony wavumela Wagner ukuba asebenze kwi Dresden enkundleni yeqonga, kwaye oku kukhokelele ebomini bakhe izindawo.

Richard Wagner, kudana ngenxa yokusilela, ngo-1842 wabuyela eJamani kuhlala e Dresden, apho waba linoxanduva umculo kuba ndlwana enkundleni. "Rienzi" opera embi kakhulu kwi isimbo French, waphumelela nemadlana. Overture kulo usathandwa. Ngowe-1845, e Dresden, le iphambili "Tannhauser." Yaba yimpumelelo lokuqala ukuqina kwiphupha Wagner kaThixo. NgoNovemba ka nyaka mnye igqityiwe ukubhalwa mdlalo ngenxa opera "Lohengrin" ekuqaleni kuka-1846 yaqala ukubhala umculo wakhe. Kwangaxeshanye, uyotywe yi sagas yaseScandinavia, wenza izicwangciso tetralogy yakhe "The Ring of the Nibelung." Ngowe-1845, walungisa script ukuba idrama yokuqala tetralogy "Ukufa uSiegfried," leyo uqambe kamva "Twilight woothixo."

Richard Wagner: ibhayografi emfutshane. iminyaka ekuthinjweni

I-revolution ka-1848 kwaqhambuka kwizixeko ezininzi eJamani. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho Dresden, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-mbuso leyo eyaba uRichard Wagner. Biography kanye nomsebenzi umqambi ngenxa ubukhulu becala eli xesha ebomini bakhe. Wabhala tirades sigade kweli phephancwadi yesizwe, buqu ukuhambisa nkqubo phakathi amajoni Saxon, yaye wasinda umlilo kwi nqaba, ukusuka apho wabona iintshukumo emkhosini. May 16, 1849 isigunyaziso sikhutshwe kokubanjwa kwakhe. Ne imali nabahlobo kunye elizayo e-mthetho Franz Liszt wabaleka wemka Dresden, bahamba nge eParis eSwitzerland. Apho, kuqala e Zurich uze kufuphi Lucerne kwiminyaka eli-15 ezayo yaye bavela ngobomi bakhe. Richard Wagner waphila, ndingenabo obam umsebenzi osisigxina, bagxothwa eJamani, kunye isithintelo ukuthatha inxaxheba kubomi yokubonela waseJamani. Ngalo lonke eli xesha ke babesebenza "Ring des Nibelungen 'ukuba alawule ubomi yakhe yokudala engamashumi amabini ezayo.

Ngokuququzelela lokuqala opera uRichard Wagner kaThixo "Lohengrin" yabanjwa Weimar phantsi kolwalathiso Franz Liszt ngo-1850 (umbhali akambonanga umsebenzi wakhe phambi 1861). Ngeli xesha umqambi waseJamani bayiqonda udumo njenge polemicist, kunye nomsebenzi wakhe angundoqo yeengcingane, "Opera kunye Drama" aphuma 1850-1851 gg. Sichaza ukubaluleka amavo ngenxa yemidlalo nendlela ukubhala mdlalo, yaye yaqaliswa iingcinga zakhe malunga nokuphunyezwa "umsebenzi elipheleleyo wobugcisa 'ukuba batshintsha ubomi wokubonelwa eJamani, ukuba ihlabathi.

Ngowe-1850, Wagner yapapashwa isincoko "ubuYuda e Music", apho wathandabuza kakhulu into yokuba ubukho umqambi lwamaYuda yimvumi, ingakumbi kuluntu German. Anti-kwamaJuda wahlala olubalaseleyo bulumko kwakhe ubomi.

Ngowe-1933, i-eSoviet Union, le ncwadi yapapashwa "Ubomi Abantu Iyamangalisa" series AA Sidorova "uRichard Wagner." biography olufutshane umqambi yaseJamani ngaphambi Lunacharsky amagama kufuneka ukuba zingonakalisa ihlabathi, ukunqumla umsebenzi wakhe, kodwa sulilos "yeha kulowo uya Le wizard kwinkampu yethu."

umsebenzi echumayo

Richard Wagner imisebenzi edume esibhaliweyo phakathi 1850 no 1865 - kubo yena unetyala igama lakhe namhlanje. Umqambi ngabom zibuye ukusuka kumsebenzi eqhubekayo ukwenza umjikelo oyindumasi abangaka lilodwa, Nezingathanga zingenelele akukho namnye phambi kwakhe. Ngowe-1851, Wagner wabhala mdlalo for "Abaselula uSiegfried", kamva igama "uSiegfried" ukulungiselela emhlabeni ukuze "Twilight woothixo." Waqonda ukuba ukuze ukuzithethelela omnye umsebenzi wayo, ukongeza koku, kuya kufuneka ukuba ubhale idrama ababini, yaye ekupheleni kuka-1851 Wagner eboniswe itekisi zoba i "Imisesane". Yathi yakudlula "Das Rheingold" ngo-1852 emva kokuba uhlaziyo mdlalo kwi "Valkyrie."

Ngowe-1853, umqambi sele aqalise ukubhala "Das Rheingold". Le orchestration yagqitywa 1854th. umsebenzi elandelayo waqala kakhulu Richard Wagner, "Die Walküre", oko yagqitywa ngo1856-m. Ngeli xesha ke waqalisa ukucinga ukubhala "Tristan kunye UIsolde". Ngowe-1857, isenzo yesibini "uSiegfried" yagqitywa kwaye umqambi ukuntywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo kwisincoko "Tristan." Lo msebenzi wagqitywa ngowe-1859, kodwa iphambili yalo kwenzeka kuphela 1865 eMunich.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Ngowe-1860, UWilhelm Richard Wagner wafumana imvume ukubuyela eJamani, ngaphandle Saxony. uxolelo olupheleleyo babemlindile kwiminyaka emibini. Kulo nyaka mnye waqalisa ukubhala umculo for the opera "The Mastersingers of Nuremberg", nto leyo akhulelwa 1845-m. Wagner kuqaliswe umsebenzi kwi "uSiegfried" ngo-1865 waza waqalisa ukwenza nomzobo ikamva "Parsifal", ithemba ngawo pasika, kususela yoo-1840s. opera umqambi wathabathela ekupheleni ukunyanzelisa of umxhasi wakhe lokumkani wohlobo Ludwig II. "Die Meistersinger" yaqukunjelwa ngo 1867. Le iphambili yabanjwa eMunich kunyaka ozayo. Kuphela emva koko waphinda waqalisa umsebenzi isenzo wesithathu "uSiegfried", eyagqitywa ngo-Septemba 1869. Ngenyanga enye, oko kuqala kwenziwe opera "Das Rheingold". Le umculo for i "Twilight woothixo," umqambi wabhala phakathi 1869 no 1874

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala umjikelo opheleleyo "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ( "Das Rheingold," "Die Walküre", "uSiegfried" yaye "Twilight of Koothixo") wabulawa kwi "Festspielhaus", emthendelekweni theatre ukuba Wagner wazakhela lokuzikhethela Bayreuth ngo-1876, emva kweminyaka engama-30 emva kwalo mbono kuqala beza kuye. Wayigqiba umsebenzi kwi "Parsifal", idrama wakhe zakutshanje 1882. February 13, 1883 e Venice, uRichard Wagner wafa waza wangcwatywa Bayreuth.

Philosophy tetralogy

"I Ring of the Nibelung" ithatha indawo esembindini umsebenzi Wagner. Apha wayefuna ukuba asondeze iingcamango ezintsha yokuziphatha kunye izenzo zabantu, nto leyo ukuba watshintsha ngokupheleleyo indlela yembali. Ngeso ihlabathi simahla ngokunqula ebukhobokeni angaphezu, leyo wayekholelwa nempembelelo engentle impucuko yaseNtshona ukusuka eGrisi yamandulo ukuya namhlanje. Wagner kwakhona ingqalelo umthombo yonke imisebenzi yabantu boyika ukuba balahle loo mntu unako ukuphila ubomi obufezekileyo. I 'Ring of the Nibelungen "wayezama ukucacisa amazinga aphezulu abantu, izinto ziya kulawula phezu kwabo bangathathi ntweni. Naye, ngokutsho kwakhe, abafayo kufuneka baqaphele eyakhe imeko yabo kwaye nobungangamsha hero efanelekileyo. Kwiingxaki search msulwa yokuziphatha kunye nobuhlanga ezinxulumene, lukwa yinxalenye yesicwangciso, leyo ayemzonda uRichard Wagner.

Imisebenzi ye umqambi yenziwa yinkolelo yokuba ezihanjiswayo kuphela Ukuntywiliselwa ngamava oluvo onokulukhulula umntu kwimiqobo nengqiqo. konke ukuba kube ubukrelekrele ezixabisekileyo, ubomi okrelekrele kuthathwa Wagner njenge umqobo ekuphumezeni le ndoda ngokupheleleyo ulwazi. Kuphela xa indoda efanelekileyo kunye nomfazi ofanelekileyo ndawonye, umfanekiso ngokudlul zobugorha anokwenziwa. Kwaye uSiegfried Brungilda intsimbi ezingazange emva kokuba zingeniswe omnye komnye; ngaphandle angabikho egqibeleleyo.

Kwihlabathi wasentsomini Wagner kukuba akukho indawo inceba kunye yimibono. Ukuzibophelela nemihlali kuphela omnye komnye. Bonke abantu kufuneka baqaphele ukongama ezinye izidalwa, uze baqubuda kuye ngokwesicelo sabo. Umntu unako ukukhangela ikamva lakhe, kodwa kufuneka bathobele ukuthanda enyangweni, ukuba iindlela zabo ukuwela. I 'Ring of the Nibelungen "Wagner wayefuna ukuba babuye umva nempucuko njengelifa ihlabathi Hellenic-Christos-lamaKristu. Yayifuna ukubona ihlabathi, nto leyo ilawulwa yi amandla ingonakaliswanga, bamemelele sagas kubaphangi. Imiphumo yale bulumko ukuba ikamva yaseJamani ezibangele.

Philosophy nezinye opera

In "Tristan," Wagner iye yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo indlela yayo, eyenziwe nguye kwi "Ring of the Nibelung." Kunoko, yena walukhenketha icala elibi uthando ukuntywila ezinzulwini amava ezimbi. Tristan and UIsolde, akhululwa, ikamva uthando umxube zisele, akavumanga uYehova ukuyonakalisa ubukumkani, ukuba uthando ukuze niphile; amandla inkanuko uthando kuqwalaselwa apha etshabalalisayo, kunye nesimbo chromaticism zomculo kunye pulsations enkulu okhestra zezona ukulungiselela umdlalo iingxelo isithembiso.

Narcissism Wagner, lowo awukwazi ukumelana yonke into kodwa engaziboni iziphako yayo, wafika kuqala "Die Meistersinger." Ibali lingantoni eliselula hero-imvumi ukoyisa umyalelo omdala uzobe phantsi isimbo esitsha, kumnandi ukuya izithethe yenkampani enxulumene of Nuremberg - intsomi tale of the "ring" kwi ezisithele eyahlukileyo kancinane. Wagner wathi ngokuphandle ukuba "Tristan" na "Ring" efinyeziweyo. Ngokucacileyo, ngo "Die Meistersinger" umqambi achonge nomfuziselo bukaMesiya imbongi German abaselula imvumi ophumelele ibhaso, yaye ekugqibeleni owamkelwa yinkokeli uluntu elitsha - ziyajongwa uyahambelana umbhali yintsomi ngobomi bakhe. Richard Wagner "Parsifal" ibonisa ngakumbi okukhulu yena kunye uTshawe-umsindisi, uMkhululi wehlabathi. Amiswa, bevuma elokudumisa ukuya opera, olwabo kuba ubuqaqawuli umbhali, kungekhona nawuphi na uthixo.

Ulwimi zomculo

Ubungakanani umbono Wagner lumi ngolu imincili njengoko dudula ingqondo yakhe ezikhona. Ngaphandle umculo, idrama yakhe iseza kuhlala kwimbali yokucinga Koloni. Richard Wagner, ogama umculo phinda ixabiso umsebenzi wakhe izihlandlo ezininzi, yabangela ulwimi, esimele intanda yakhe. Wayezimisele ukuba sigqibe uxhathiso sempi ngesizathu ngeendlela zomculo. Ngokusesikweni, uncuthu kufuneka kuhlala ngonaphakade, kwaye nelizwi kunye nombhalo ziyinxalenye laphu, ihlangene kunye web zobungangamela orchestration. ulwimi yomlomo, ngokufuthi ezifihla kakhulu kwaye syntactically endandikuyo, yamkeleka kuphela ngomculo.

Kuba umculo Wagner ngayo nangayiphi na indlela wayengekho isongezelelo, zayinxalenye umdlalo emva kokugqitywa kwalo, yaye kwaba ngaphezu mpathombi mpendulo esesikweni, "vutshila ngenxa yobugcisa kaThixo." Sibopha ubomi nobugcisa, bobukho wenkohliso iyuniyoni enye bokubambisana, sizibhokoxe ezabo ifuthe lazo magic kwi abaphulaphuli. ulwimi zomculo Wagner xa kujongwe ukuba ukuveza ubengo, kwaye ibangele ukwamkeleka olomeleleyo iinkolelo umqambi ngayo. In Wagner funda Schopenhauer imidlalo zomculo efanelekileyo - oku kubonisa yehlabathi, kodwa ihlabathi ngokwalo.

iimpawu zobuqu

Olo isiphumo ubomi ezinobuchule Wagner ayithethi nto malunga neenzima enkulu ebomini bakhe buqu, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, baba nefuthe opera yakhe. Ngenene umzobo iqhajana oye woyisa ubunzima. ESwitzerland, umqambi owayehlala yeminikelo ezifunyenwe ngoncedo ubuqili isimanga nokukwazi ukulawula abantu. Ngokukodwa, kuba negalelo kwimpilo-ntle yentsapho Wesendonck, kunye Matilda Vezendonk, omnye kubafundi abangabathandi ezininzi Wagner waphefumlela ukuba abhale "Tristan."

Ubomi Umqambi emva kokuphuma Saxony kwakugcwele rhoqo ngamayelenqe, impikiswano, ukuzama ukoyisa ngabandayo zehlabathi, ekhangela umfazi ogqibeleleyo ufanelwe luthando lwakhe, kunye ezifanelekileyo umxhasi kumamkeli elingene mali apho ba. Cosima von Bulow Liszt yayiyimpendulo nokufuna kwakhe umfazi ogqibeleleyo, obsequiously kwaye fanatically esingelwe kwimpilo-ntle yabo. Nangona Wagner ne Minna ixesha elithile wahlala yedwa, akazange utshate Cosimo ngo-1870, phantse elishumi iminyaka emva kokufa nomfazi wakhe wokuqala. kweminyaka 30 ngaphandle komyeni wakhe, Cosima bonke ubomi bakhe izinikele yeqonga Wagner kaThixo Bayreuth. Wafa ngo 1930

Yangqineka i umxhasi ofanelekileyo Ludwig II, ngubani ngokoqobo usindiswe Wagner entolongweni abatyali 'yaye baya umqambi eMunich kunye Blanche phantse ezinokufumaneka ubomi kunye nomsebenzi. Crown Prints Lyudvig yaseBavaria waya iphambili "Lohengrin" xa eneminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu. Wayemthanda uRichard Wagner - hayi iinyembezi zovuyo zizehlela emehlweni akhe kanye italente admirer eliphezulu umqambi ngexesha yokusebenza. Opera waba sisiseko uKumkani yaseBavaria fantasy zehlabathi, apho wayesoloko wabaleka ebomini bakhe abadala. kukhathazeka bakhe opera Wagner wakhokelela kulwakhiwo ezinde ezahlukeneyo fairytale. "Neuschwanstein" yeyona isakhiwo edumileyo, ngokukhuthazwa imisebenzi umqambi waseJamani.

Noko ke, emva emkhusela, Wagner uziphethe naphambili ukuba umane ekudumiseni inkosi entsha emva kweminyaka emi-2 kwanyanzeleka ukuba babaleke. Ludwig, nangona ukuphoxeka kwakhe, yaba mxhasi azinikele umqambi. Ngenxa nesisa kwakhe ngowe-1876 lwaba yimpumelelo yokusebenza umthendeleko yokuqala "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ku Bayreuth.

Difficile Wagner uyohlwaywa ngabo kwakhe, kunye neminyaka yaba ingcamango yakhe manic. Waba singabunyamezeli nayiphi na intandabuzo, nayiphi na ukusilela ukuba yena kunye nendalo yakhe. Yonke into endlwini yakhe eyayithanda kuphela ngeenxa zonke kuye, ibango bakhe nabafazi, mistresses, abahlobo, iimvumi kunye ngokuthanda abantu inkuntyula. Umzekelo, Hanslick, owaziwayo Viennese umculo umgxeki, waba kwase Bekmessera ngo "Die Meistersinger."

Xa sobulumko oselula Fridrih Nitsshe kuqala wadibana Wagner, wacinga ukuba uyifumene indlela yakhe kuThixo, ukhazimle kangaka nonamandla kwabonakala kuye. Kamva Nietzsche waqonda ukuba Umqambi ngaphantsi kakhulu ngaphezu kokufa ogqibeleleyo Superman, indlela wabonakala kuye, wajika wemka kuzo uzothekile. Wagner akazange wamxolela ebaleka Nietzsche.

Indawo embalini

Ngokubujongela kude ukufezekisa Wagner kudlule ukuziphatha kwakhe, kwaye ilifa lakhe. Wakwazi ukuba asinde kwaliwa enokuxelwa kwangaphambili kwizizukulwana ezilandelayo abaqambi. Wagner wadala lulwimi enjalo esebenzayo, unique zomculo, ingakumbi kwi "Tristan" yaye "Parsifal 'ukuba ekuqaleni umculo mihla idla ezabhalwa kwixesha ingenzeka ezi opera.

Richard Wagner, imisebenzi yabo nabadumileyo zingaphelelanga icala olusulungekileyo kunye nophuhliso abstract yeengcingane, wabonisa ukuba umculo ungamandla ephilileyo uyakwazi ukutshintsha ubomi babantu. Ukongeza, kukho ubungqina bokuba yokubonela okumangalisayo liqumrhu kwemibono, hayi kwindawo ubalekele iqiniso kunye nokuzonwabisa. Waza wabonisa ukuba umqambi nonelungelo uthathe indawo yawo phakathi yawona enkulu revolution impucuko yaseNtshona, bebuzana yaye balwa oko wabonakala nezingamkelekanga ngendlela esilwazingalo yokuziphatha, amava, emfundo kunye yobugcisa. Kunye ne Karlom Marksom noCharles Darwin Richard Wagner engobomi, ubuchule, umculo umqambi ukuyithabatha kwindawo yalo efanelekileyo kwimbali nenkcubeko kwinkulungwane XIX.