I yokuqala khompyutha yobuqu abaninzi. Imbali ye computer

Le khompyutha iye yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kubomi babantu abaninzi. Kodwa xa PC yaba exotic okanye isixhobo, oko ayifumaneki ngenxa ubuchwephesha bokunciphisa nemfihlo eliphezulu. Noko ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, safumana lwabasunguli inguqu ikhompyutha siqu ibe isixhobo omkhulu. Ngenxa lowo PC iye yaba lula kuluhlu olubanzi abalandeli zobugcisa beteknoloji, kwakunye njengabemi abaqhelekileyo, abo ezibonakala ukwenza kakuhle ngaphandle kwayo? Zeziphi iikhompyutha uthathwa ukuba ngowokuqala kwenani izigqibo ezinjalo?

Iikhrayitheriya indawo yokuqala

iingxoxo Active ngokuba ngubani lokuqala computer ubunzima-kuveliswa, musa kuse kule mini. Iimpikiswano wakhetha lophawu ukuba wenze imveliso, elisuke iiPC baphinda ngokubanzi zahlukile kakhulu.

Iingcali zikholelwa njengenqobo engundoqo, onako ukucacisa umba, inyaniso yembali ezibonisa ixesha ukubonisa ethile imveliso ye kwimarike emikhulu. Oko kukuthi, ikhompyutha iye wasebenzisa enye wathengisa (ekugqibeleni zaba mass) - kwaye ke kufanele, ngokwale ndlela, ngowokuqala ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo. Ngoko ke, injongo yethu engundoqo - ukuhlola zinedatha efanelekileyo yembali.

I PC lokuqala

Xa kwakukho, enyanisweni, i-PC lokuqala - nokuba ubunzima okanye umntu? Ngokuphathelele kulo mba iingxoxo phantse bajokisayo kunokuba kunjalo kwenkcazelo ezo iikhompyutha ukuba bazuze le meko olungenamiqathango lwenziwe ngokubanzi. kwiinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo, ebonisa ezinye ngubani kwakhululwa le PC yokuqala, yaye ngoko, uye wabonakala Yiyiphi imeko. Ngoko ke, kukho ubungqina bokuba ngo-1968, i-injineli evela eOmsk, Arseniy Anatolevich Gorohov, enelungelo isixhobo computing, isakhiwo ifana kakhulu ukuya PC mihla. It langoku unit esweni inkqubo kunye carrier data, kwakunye components electronic ukuba ohambelana imisebenzi motherboard kunye ikhadi levidiyo RAM. Noko ke, wayila into akahambanga imveliso.

I-PC wokuqala Apple

Imbono, apho PC lokuqala ngokupheleleyo-Senior Certificate lwasungulwa kodwa eUnited States - oko kukuthi, kwimigudu Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, banikela ehlabathini PC ezintsha ingqiqo phantsi Apple uphawu ngo-1976.

Iikhompyutha yokuqala Apple zifuna ezongeziweyo iintsimbi ezibalulekileyo - izindlu, monitor, keyboard. Kodwa enyanisweni izixhobo bakwazi ukusebenza kakuhle. Noko ke, ngo-1977 emarikeni yasungulwa computer Apple II, ukuba kukho. Ezi zixhobo, njengokuba abaninzi IT-iingcali kunye abathanda zembali computer, iyavumelana kakhulu kunye nobume be-mass. Kuthetha ukuthini? Isibakala sokuba Apple PC isampulu 1976 - kunokwenzeka, kwaye lelokuqala computer mass zobuqu. Kulandelwe kungekudala imeko ekhoyo kuluhlu olubanzi abasebenzisi bathenga computer Apple II.

I-PC wokuqala IBM

Kodwa ngokuphathelele kwinqanaba ngenxa yeziphumo umsebenzi ezahlukeneyo yakuziphendulela. Phakathi kwazo ezo ezijoliswe umngeni Apple ubume ubuntshatsheli kwi inkalo imveliso kwi emarikeni PC enjalo, inabasebenzi ngokupheleleyo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngowe-1975 - ngaphambi kwakukho izixhobo ukusuka Apple, IBM iye yakwazi ukuvelisa imodeli yekhompyutha ka 5100. Kwenziwa luphawulwa ebusweni monitor ezahlukeneyo, kukho carrier data, kwakunye keyboard, ngoko kakhulu engaguqukiyo, kukholelwa ukuba abathanda yembali computer, ubume siqu. Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso - ngaphezulu kwe-20 amawaka eerandi obune -. A elinesibini umvuzo ezimbalwa American ayisiyiyo negalelo ekubeni kaloku ngowokuqala computer mass zobuqu.

PC IBM kunye nendlela i "ubunzima"

Ngowe-1981, IBM lasungula uhlasela efikelelekayo ngaphezu imodeli 5100, kodwa ngaxeshanye ezisebenzayo, kwaye okona kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba isixhobo Ingcamango kakhulu nokhuphiswano efumene igama PC IBM. Incredible impumelelo devaysa wavumela iingcali ezininzi kunye abalandeli elektroniki luphawulwa ubunzima balo njengoko wokuqala computer yakho. Loluphi uhlobo lokuphikisana kukhokelela sisetyenziswe kuhlola?

Kuqala kwinto zonke, babiza uhlaziye iinqobo ezifana "ubunzima". Kakade ke, isixhobo Apple lukaThixo ngokwembali ngaphambi kwezisombululo ezininzi wokhuphiswano ngokwemigaqo ingqikelelo linikeza kwimarike PC ezifikelelekayo. Nangona kunjalo, i-PC IBM baba ingakumbi ngenkuthalo zihanjiswa ngokusebenzisa phandle: a umsebenzisi ukuthenga PC, uyakwazi uguguqula kancincane kwayo nomba lokuthath'indawo ezahlukeneyo amacandelo - iprosesa, inkumbulo, hard drive. Supplier ngamagosa okubeka esweni iimviwo kunye nezinye izixhobo inokuba yiyo nayiphi brand. iikhompyutha Apple yakhe, nayo, liqonga esivalekileyo. Ngokunjalo bekunjalo aspect software. Le yokusebenza ye khompyutha yobuqu ingqiqo PC IBM kungenzeka nayiphi na. Ngenxa yoko, kwisixhobo Apple ndafakwa kwimeko jikelele, inkqubo yokusebenza lobunikazi.

imibono emibini

Ngoko ke, lo kwingongoma nganye "ubunzima" njengoko lisetyenziswa emarikeni izixhobo zekhompyutha ziyalandeleka ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Computer ukusuka Apple kunxibelelana naye ngenxa yokuba kunye ukukhululwa yamacebo zokuqala iiPC brand ziye ngokubanzi uluhlu ezifikelelekayo abasebenzisi. Ethetha imarike US - nawuphi na ummi kunye nenani avareji. IBM uye wanikela i US waza kamva jikelele market isixhobo, ngaphandle nokufikeleleka, kufuneka ilungiswe ngokukhululekileyo, zikhutshelwa kwi kwesisu. software PC, ehambelana IBM izakhiwo, nazo kwenziwa yi nabani na uyazi ukuba angathini na.

Kaloku, ukuba uphendule umbuzo ongundoqo nqaku esinako ngeendlela ezimbini. Ukuba sithethe nini yaye yaqulunqa computer yokuqala yabantu lobuqu, xa umgaqo, sinako kakuhle inkampani Apple kunye nesixhobo kwegama elifanayo ngo-1976 waba nguvulindlela emarikeni. Kodwa siyazi ukuba kukho ezinye ezithathwa zobunzima, ezifana ngokuphandle nayiphi umqambi yeekhomponenti okanye software iintsimbi. Nabo ke, ekwafanekisa le yimveliso yenkampani IBM. Ngoko ke, ekuphenduleni lo mbuzo xa yaye yaqulunqa computer yokuqala abaninzi zobuqu, siya kuthi - wadlala indima enkulu apha, IBM kunye IBM PC 1981 imveliso yalo nyaka.

Utoliko elithi "ikhompyutha siqu"

Kukho umahluko utoliko elithi "ikhompyutha personal" kunye ezihamba iinguqulelo umahluko, ebonisa ukongama lophawu ngokwemigaqo kwimarike ye-PC. Yintoni ingongoma ngembono leengcaphephe kulo mba?

Ezinye iingcali zithi le ethi "ikhompyutha personal" khona kudala ngaphambi apho ingqalelo Soup ukusuka Apple kunye IBM. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, oko kusetyenziswa yokuqala ngokunxulumene kwisixhobo Programma 101, ekhutshwe yi yinkampani Italian Olivetti - kwakhona, nembambano kwilizwe awazalelwa kuyo iiPC yokuqala. Uvela kule nto, igunya naziphi na iintlobo American - Apple okanye IBM ukunika ngokuchanekileyo.

Noko ke, kukho mpikiswano malunga izizathu eziphembelele unikezelo ubunzima elithi "ikhompyutha siqu". Apha iinguqulelo diverge ukuhanjiswa eneneni yolunye izimvo malunga IBM kunye Apple Championship nomba kwezixhobo imveliso kwi kwimarike ezikhoyo kuluhlu olubanzi abasebenzisi. Thelekisa kubo kugunyaziwe, mhlawumbi andiyi isebenze ngokuchanekileyo.

Iikhompyutha yokuqala ethandwayo ukusuka Apple: Ukucacisa

Kodwa emva kwimbali PC. Siye sele uqinisekile ukuba omnye utoliko i "ubunzima" yexesha umthengisi yokuqala PC kuqwalaselwa Apple. Kunika umdla ukufunda ngeempawu izixhobo ukuba corporation US wazibeka phezu emarikeni 1976 no 1977. I-Apple computer yokuqala exhotyiswe i MOS 6502, owayesebenza kumaza-1 MHz e. I-PC wafunyanwa 4k ka RAM, leyo ngoncedo iibhodi beesekethe zifakelwayo kwandiswa ukuya 48 KB. Phantse iimpawu ezifanayo aba Apple II.

Lokuqala computer ukusuka Apple: ithuba

Yintoni eyayiza kwenziwa kwi-PC wokuqala Apple? Oko kusenokubonakala ngathi ukuba iziqhubekisi ezichaphazelekayo ezifana iikhompyutha zobuqu abe nani omoya ezindilisekileyo kakhulu.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba umsebenzi ibhalwe yazanela uphuhliso lweenkqubo, ngokunjalo imidlalo - enyanisweni, isicelo lokuqala woqoqosho uhlobo olufanelekileyo baba, njengoko kuqatshelwe abanye mbali kunye neengcali, ebhalwe ngqo Apple II. imidlalo yekhompyutha, kubulelwe PC evela Apple, baba ezikhoyo, ngoko ke uluhlu olubanzi abasebenzisi.

PC IBM: Iimpawu

Features IBM PC, wakhululwa ngowe-1981, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. PC yafakwa nge an Intel 8088 iprosesa ukubaleka kumaza ka-4,77 MHz e. Kwi computer zingacwangciswa kwi 640 KB ye RAM. PC ezilawulwa-BASIC IBM okanye PC-DOS yokusebenza.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba njengovimba ukugcina data kwi PC IBM yayisetyenziswa ubukhulu becala ifloppy diski enobubanzi we 5.25 intshi. Kamva ke baya PC yokuthengisa kunye amakhasethi. Nangona kunjalo, i-PC IBM kungekudala kusonjululwa le ngxaki kunye uqhagamshelwano yekhompyutha hard disk ngokuthi kukhutshwe umnqongo ehlukeneyo kuyo, apho oko kunokwenzeka ukuba nikeza kwamandla. Ngoko abasebenzisi ngoku ukudibanisa IiCD yakho PC kunye nomthamo 10 MB.

imodeli PC IBM kwaba yimpumelelo kangangokuba ingqikelelo esicetywayo yinkampani US ubesoloko ethatha zikhutshelwa - zombini ushishino engahlawulwayo kunye enkulu. izigqibo ezifanelekileyo babizwa "IBM PC Ihambelana", oko kukuthi ehambelana kunye neqonga yokuqala. Eli gama kuhlala ezifanelekileyo unanamhla.

Ngokusekelwe ingqikelelo ye-IBM baba kwiiklasi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo computer - "desktops", nemivalo iilekese, laptops. Iingcali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba izakhiwo kwakhona iifowuni, ngokubanzi, ekwafanekisa eqongeni, njengoko ziqulathe CPU, inkumbulo, iiyunithi yokuzonwabisa processing kunye nokugcinwa.

Kakade ke, zombini iintlobo - Apple kunye IBM, baye benza igalelo elivakalayo kuphuhliso lwamashisini lekhompyutha. Noko ke, naziphi iingqikelelo ezikhuphisanayo ngokwabo ngengasibonisanga kakhulu kurhwebo PC zehlabathi. Uhlobo esisiseko zombini maqonga esele ihleliwe yi impembelelo yabo ezaqala ukuza kuthi ga ngoku - phantse onke amacandelo ezinkulu kwezixhobo zekhompyutha kunye nezixhobo zedijithali.

imiqondo ukuqhubeka

Omabini la magama - vula kwaye ezo zivaliweyo, ecetywayo yi IBM kunye Apple kaThixo, ahlale hlobo nangoku. Kulo mzekelo, nobunzima kakhulu, ngokutsho iingcali, ubonakala nje iqonga enye evela IBM - ngenxa phandle okhankanywe ngasentla.

kukho ibinzana elithi "PC-ehambelanayo computer IBM" kwi kwimarike computer mihla. Oku akuthethi ukuba ibithethwa ezikhutshwe IBM. Noko ke, loo nto iyavumelana nengqiqo ukuba wanikela ngo-1981. Kakade ke, kwabonakala kwimarike iintlobo ngeentlobo zendidi iikhompyutha zobuqu, kodwa ngokwemiqathango sokubandakanyeka iqonga ukuba ngandlel 'ayinakuchazwa imibono efanelekileyo evela PC IBM.

iqonga Apple xa ugcina isimo ezivaliweyo. Ngokufanayo, le meko kunye nezinye iinxalenye yemarike, apho brand ekhoyo - ingakumbi kummandla elektroniki mobile. Smartphones kunye amacwecwe Apple - iPhone, iPad iphawulwa iqonga elivaliweyo.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba umntu okhuphisana zazo eziphambili kuthathwa ukuba ingcamango evulekileyo ngokusekelwe ekusetyenzisweni Android yokusebenza evela Google. Ngenxa yoko, longquzulwano phakathi kumaqonga evulekileyo kwaye evaliweyo okunene idluliselwe kwimarike PC kwanjalo kwi icandelo elektroniki mobile.