Ibhanti yenyikima yomhlaba. Amagama imimandla wenyikima boMhlaba

zone Umhlaba seismic - ummandla apho plates ohlanganisa lithospheric ezakha umhlaba. Uphawu yale mimandla lwakukhula ukuhamba, leyo luboniswe iinyikima rhoqo, ngokunjalo phambi mlilo, nto leyo maxa wambi ezo iqhuma impahla. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi iindawo Umhlaba yade ukuba amawaka eekhilomitha ubude. Kuyo yonke lo mgama ingalandwa ntanda enkulu uqweqwe. Ukuba xitsunga enjalo phezu kolwandle, kubonakala ngathi kugutyulelwe sredneokeanichesky.

Igama yakutshanje imimandla wenyikima boMhlaba

Ngokutsho ingcamango eqhelekileyo geographical, ngoku umhlaba kukho ummandla ezimbini ezinkulu seismic. Ezi ziquka inkululeko leyo ibekwe ecaleni ikhweyitha, kwaye yesibini - le esiqu, ngokulandelelana, aa Incopho lowo wangaphambili. Eyokuqala kuthiwa Trans-lweMeditera imvelaphi yayo kuthatha malunga Gulf, yaye kwinqanaba embindini ifikelela ye-Atlantic Ocean. Eyesibini kuthiwa meridional Pacific, waza wambambela ngokuthobela ngokupheleleyo kunye negama labo. Kungenxa kule mimandla unawo umsebenzi ophezulu wenyikima. Kukho babe ngokobuninzi babo indawo rock, kwakunye rhoqo mlilo. Ukuba ze data iibhanti yenyikima Umhlaba kwimephu yehlabathi, kuye kucace ukuba uninzi mlilo iwela inxalenye kwamanzi iplanethi yethu.

Eyona inkulu ntaba uluhlu kwihlabathi

Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba-80 ekhulwini zonke neenyikima mlilo iwela kwi Pacific Ridge. Uninzi kokuba ibekwe phantsi kwamanzi ityuwa, kodwa kwakhona kuchaphazela ezinye ilizwe. Ngokomzekelo, Hawaii, ngenxa yamatye gqiphu koMhlaba, rhoqo iinyikima zomhlaba, nto leyo edla kukhokelela ekubeni kubekho inani elikhulu iingxaki. Ngaphezu koko, le kummango omkhulu luquka kumhlaba ibhanti ezincinane seismic. Ngoko ke, iphathwa ena, i Aleutian Islands. Ichaphazela kunxweme olusentshona lonke belizwekazi American kwaye iphela ekunene eMzantsi Loop Antilles. Kungenxa yoko le nto zonke iindawo zokuhlala, ezithi zibekwe ecaleni komgca, rhoqo ukwenziswa into iingcangcazela ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi namandla emhlabeni. Phakathi kakhulu ethandwa mega-mizi, apho kulo mmandla ezingazinzanga - Los Angeles.

Land ibhanti zenyikima. Amagama abo azixhaphakanga

Ngoku cinga indawo iinyikima eziziisekondari ekuthiwa-okanye seismicity minor. Bonke bephela zikwindawo ikufutshane ngokwaneleyo imida iplanethi yethu, kodwa kwezinye iindawo le ntlokoma hayi ziphulaphulwa ngelo xesha, njengoko kwezinye iingingqi iingcangcazela zafikelela phantse esiphezulu. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba le meko luphawu kuphela zamazwe, leyo phantsi World Ocean. iibhanti Secondary yenyikima Umhlaba bebekelwa amanzi Atlantic, kwi wePasifiki kwi Arctic kunye iindawo Indian Ocean. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo iingcangcazela kakhulu, ngokuqhelekileyo iwela kwimpuma onke amanzi ezisentlabathini, okt "Umhlaba ephefumlayo" kwindawo Philippine, ngokuthe ngcembe usihla ku Antarctica. Ukuze othile, kumaziko zezi kuhlaselwa iyasebenza amanzi wePasifiki, kodwa Atlantic iphantse njalo ezolile.

A ufumane inkcazelo engakumbi ngalo mba

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, nibhinqe yenyikima Umhlaba amiliswe kwisiphambuka kwamacwecwe enkulu lithospheric. Le inkulu phakathi kwabo ke okuyi wePasifiki Ridge, sonke ubude apho kukho inani elikhulu ukuphakama ntaba. Njengomgaqo, ukuhlaselwa ekugxilwe kuzo, nto leyo ebangela iingcangcazela kule ndawo yendalo - subcrustal, ngoko zisasazwe phezu imigama emide kakhulu. Isebe kakhulu seismically ebonakalayo ithe cwaka eli kummango yinxalenye yayo wasentla. Apha kukho ezipalini eziphakamileyo kakhulu, nto leyo ngokufuthi ukufikelela kunxweme California. Kungenxa yesi sizathu, inani izakhiwo yakhiwa kule ndawo lusoloko zigcinwe ubuncinane. Nikelani ingqalelo into yokuba izixeko ezifana San Francisco, Los Angeles, ngokubanzi, elinye-ezinemigangatho. izakhiwo ezinemigangatho esakhiwe kanye ndisembindini wesixeko. Isihloko sub seismicity ephantsi eli sebe lifinyele. Kunxweme olusentshona yoMzantsi Melika iingcangcazela azikho ndomelele njengokuba kwi izilonda subcortical North, Noko ke, kukho into zabambalwa.

A ezininzi namasebe Ridge enye enkulu

Amagama imimandla yenyikima Umhlaba, leyo ngamahlumela ukusuka ithe cwaka engundoqo ye kummango Pacific, ezinxulumene ngqo indawo okuyo. Enye amasebe - East. Zivela kufuphi nonxweme eKamchatka kunye runs ecaleni Aleutian Islands, ngoko iya ujikeleze lonke eli lizwekazi American luze luphele kwi Falkland Islands. Le ndawo ayikho catastrophically-seismic kunye amaqhuma enziwa ngaphakathi kuyo encinane. Omnye kuphela uqaphele ukuba kummandla we-ikhweyitha nto iya kwisebe East. I-Sea Caribbean yonke siqithi ithi, apho ibekwe apha, sele kwindawo seismic Antilles loop. Kulo mmandla, i ngaphambili wabona iinyikima zomhlaba ezininzi, onikhuphileyo amaninzi iintlekele, kodwa kule mihla Umhlaba "yadamba", kunye iingcangcazela, nabanako weva kwaye yeva zonke iiholide zeCaribbean, musa ukuma nayiphi na ingozi ebomini.

indida Small zejografi

Ukuba sicinga ibhanti yenyikima yomhlaba kwimaphu, kuvela ukuba isebe elingasempuma kummango Pacific ubaleka kunxweme olusentshona belizwe-langa, okt ecaleni eMelika. Isebe ntshona ibhanti efanayo seismic iqala kufutshane Kuril Islands, Japan singenelayo, uze emva koko zibe nangakumbi. Akuqhelekanga ukuba amagama ezi imimandla wenyikima akhethwa ngokuchanileyo kodwa koko. Hi ndlela leyi, loo masebe mabini, ezo le band kwakhona unalo igama "West" kunye East ", kodwa eli xesha imvelaphi yabo indawo ihambelana nemithetho eyamkelekileyo. East uhamba nge New Guinea to New Zealand. Kule ndawo ingalandwa umothuko wamva ngokungenamkhethe womelele, ngokufuthi banxiba yingozi. isebe East Azigubungele emdeni Philippine Islands, iziqithi esemazantsi iThailand kunye iBurma, yaye ekugqibeleni idityaniswe kummandla Trans-lweMeditera.

Wayo "parallel" Ridge wenyikima

Ngoku cinga indawo lithospheric ukuba kufutshane kummandla wethu. Njengoko usazi, igama imimandla wenyikima iplanethi yethu ixhomekeke kundawo yawo, yaye kulo mzekelo, iMeditera-Range ubungqina Trans-Asia. Kwisithuba iyalibala yayo Alps, i Carpathians, i Apennines kunye iziqithi ebekwe kuLwandle lweMeditera. Uninzi ziintshukumo zenyikima iwela kwiyunithi isiRomania, apho rhoqo kukho umothuko wamva eyomeleleyo. Ukuya eMpuma, ilizwe ubamba Bhinqani Balochistan, Iran, yaye iphela eBurma. Nangona kunjalo, ipesenti iyonke ziintshukumo zenyikima, oluba kule ndawo, ngu 15. kuphela Ngoko ke, lo mmandla kukhuselekile kwaye cwaka.