Icons Byzantine. icons Russian and Byzantine

Kukholelwa ukuba i icon - ngokomfanekiselo kaThixo okanye njengengcwele emhlabeni, ngubani na le mbambano kunye nesikhokelo phakathi ihlabathi emhlabeni kunye ngokomoya. Uphuhliso imifanekiso ukubhala uya kude kumaxesha amandulo. Indlela yokuqala, ngokutsho legend, yaba yamanyala kaKristu, owayebonakele phezu ngetawuli (ubrus) xa wosula.

Icons Byzantine - oku imifanekiso yokuqala walondoloza, ezithe wazama ukuba zifake imifanekiso zabangcwele, iNkosi uThixo, iNtombi uMariya nonyana wakhe.

umfanekiso ngokubhala

Ii icon zokuqala aseByzantium eyasindayo abala VI leminyaka. Ngokuqinisekileyo, kwakukho abadala, kodwa, ngelishwa, engafakwanga. AmaKristu okuqala zazisoloko batshutshiswa bawasukela emininzi ngqangi kunye nemifanekiso ixesha nje batshatyalaliswe. Ukongeza, lo gama kuthathwa zithixo.

Isimbo sokubhala nga kugwetywa ezithile ebhanyabhanya igcinwe. Kwaba ilula kwaye isicefe. icon ngalinye kufuneka sibonise amandla lwengqondo kunye nendlela ubunzulu.

Okwangoku, ii icon ezininzi walondoloza aseByzantium zigcinwa kwi kwiNtaba yeSinayi xa weemonki iSt. Eyona idumileyo:

• "UKristu Pantocrator".
• "Apostol Pet".
• "I-Virgin etroneni."

nendlela yokubhala - encaustic - ingqalelo omnye ethandwa kakhulu ngelo xesha. peculiarity yalo ukuba umfanekiso encaustic kwathiwa, nokuba shushu. Le ndlela yokubhala yenza ukuba ngokusengqiqweni kakhulu lubhekisele iimilo kwi icon. Kamva ubuchule yasuswa tempera, njengoko kwakukholelwa ukuba ngakumbi ngokuhambelana izimiso yokubhala.

Kwakhona ngongoma umdla kakhulu kukuba ezi imifanekiso amathathu imifanekiso ezibalulekileyo kamva kwasekwa i iconography. Kwixesha elizayo, indlela yokubhala ebegqwese azezi ubuntu lokomfuziselo alawule akuxhomekekanga kuboniswe kwi icon, kwaye yakhe yokomoya. Xa ixesha komninovsky (iminyaka 1059-1204) ubuso imifanekiso babe womuntu ngakumbi kwakhona, kodwa isahleli kwaye ngokomoya. Umzekelo oyinhloko Vladimir icon. Ngenkulungwane elinesibhozo, nangona kokoyiswa eConstantinople, a entsha iconography. Le ezolile monumentalism. ngabapeyinti Kamva waseByzantium waqhubeka ukukhangela upelo oluchanekileyo kobuso kunye nomfanekiso liphela. Kwinkulungwane XIV icons obalulekileyo ukudluliswa ukukhanya kukaThixo. De lokufakwa kweConstantinople akazange ayeke ukukhangela kunye nokulinga kweli cala. yobuciko ezintsha nazo wabonakala.

Byzantine ukupeyinta icon ngexesha lakhe kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke kakhulu onke amazwe apho ubuKristu naa.

Ukubhala icon e Russia

Imifanekiso yokuqala ukuvela eRashiya ngoko nangoko emva kokuba ubhaptizo Rus. Yaba i icon Byzantine ezibhaliweyo ngokwesicelo. Kwakhona kucelwa master zoqeqesho. Ngoko, ixesha lokuqala iconography Russian baphenjelelwa ngamandla kakhulu baseByzantium.

Kwinkulungwane XI kwakukho yokuqala yesikolo kwi Kyïv-Pechersk Lavra. Kwakukho zabazobi yokuqala ezaziwayo-kakuhle - it Alipio kunye 'umqeshwa' yakhe iye yabhalwa-ngqangi enye Gregory. Kukholelwa ukuba ubuKristu waphuma eKiev kwezinye izixeko in Russian. Kunye naye iconography.

Emva kwexesha elithile, sisungule isikolo enkulu kakhulu Novgorod, Pskov, eMoscow. Ngamnye kubo kuye kwasekwa uneempawu zawo ekubhalweni. Ngeli xesha, yinxalenye yobomi bemihla wokutyikitywa kwemifanekiso, nibanika zabhalwa. Sinokuthi ekubeni elinesithandathu uhlobo Russian ngenkulungwane ye ukubhala eyahlukileyo kakhulu baseByzantium, waba elizimeleyo.

Ukuba sithethe malunga nezikolo ngakumbi, iinkalo uphawu Novgorod yaba lula koomofu, njengokukhazimla imibala kunye nobukhulu iifom. isikolo Pskov uye inani engeyizizo, nto leyo azilingani ngakumbi, kodwa benawo imizwa ethile. Lubonakala ngokuba bit imibala ongemhle ngakumbi ubukho eluhlaza emnyama, icherry emnyama ebomvu kunye imibala ithinti-orenji. imifanekiso Imvelaphi kaninzi yellow.

isikolo eMoscow yokudweba icon kucingwa phezulu ixesha. Oku kuchatshazelwa kakhulu ngumsebenzi Feofana Greka, nto leyo eye yazisa ezinye izithethe waseConstantinople. umsebenzi Andrei Rublev, owadala icon zobungangamela iisampuli ngokwahlukileyo ukuhamba. Kulo msebenzi wasebenzisa indlela yokubhala ukuba okufana yoBukhosi baseByzantium kwenkulungwane XV. Ngelo xesha yena isicelo nolwalathiso Russian. Ekugqibeleni, yaba imifanekiso ngokumangalisayo isimbo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iconography Russian nangona wahamba indlela yakhe, kodwa kugcinwa zonke iintlobo zokubhala icon ezibe Byzantium. Kakade ke, ekuhambeni kwexesha, xa senziwa similise noko, nkqu ezintsha. Oku kungenxa ukuvela abangcwele amatsha lamiselwa, kwakunye intlonelo ekhethekileyo abo baye ukubaluleka encinane Byzantium.

Kwi icon-ukupeyinta ngenkulungwane XVII eRashiya liya lisiba ngakumbi yobuciko ngaphezu kokuba zokomoya, kwakunye yayikukufumana ibonwe. Masters ezixabisa ngaphezulu kwaye ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuba kwiitempile mfanekiso wasedongeni ebewenza. icon Russian ziqiniswa kwaye abavumelani kumazwe amaninzi Orthodox. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, le art ngokutsho kuphela isakhono.

Iconography eRussia ngexesha eSoviet Union kubekho ukuhla, eminye imifanekiso zamandulo zalahleka. Noko ke, ngoku ngokuthe ngcembe zivuselelwe, amagama amatsha amagcisa abaphumeleleyo kule nkalo.

Meaning of the icon ye nguMama kaThixo kubomi amakholwa

Intombi ebesoloko wahlala kwindawo ekhethekileyo ubuKristu. Ukususela kwimihla yayo yokuqala kwaba ngathi mdlali nomkhuseli abantu abaqhelekileyo, kwakunye izixeko, amazwe. Ngokucacileyo, le nto icon ezininzi kangaka nguMama kaThixo. Ngokutsho legend, yokuqala imifanekiso yayo opeyintwe nguLuka loMshumayeli. icon Virgin abe ngamandla akhethekileyo angummangaliso. Kwakhona, ezinye uluhlu zibhalelwe ngendlela eyahlukileyo, oko impiliso kwaye ikhusela ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ukuba sithethe uhlobo icon ye nguMama kaThixo kunokuba kunceda, ngoko ufanele wazi ukuba iingxaki ezahlukeneyo kufuneka ucele uncedo yaye imifanekiso ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, umfanekiso Lady wethu, ngokuba "Ukufuna Lost", kuya kunceda kunye yintloko, izifo iliso, kwaye ugcino lo butywala. Icon "Kuyinto Enyanisweni Dibana" kuya kunceda xa zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo omzimba kunye umphefumlo, njengoko sithandaza kakuhle kwakunye kuye ekupheleni ityala.

Iintlobo uMama kaThixo

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba umfanekiso ngamnye Onyulu unentsingiselo ezinokuthi eziqondwa uhlobo lokubhala icons. Iindidi benziwa nkqu eseByzantium. Kwezi, i ezibalaseleyo kakhulu.

Oranta (Mol)

Ngoko thaca ekuqaleni icon zamaKristu aseByzantium ye nguMama kaThixo, apho uboniswa elizeleyo ubude okanye ezinqeni-nzulu kunye izandla lahlukanise emacaleni wokutyhalela ngaphandle, ngaphandle usana. afunyanwa Le imifanekiso mangcwaba baseRoma, uhlobo iconographic zinabe kakhulu emva kweminyaka 843. The main Ixabiso - kuxolelaniso nangezibongozo ye nguMama kaThixo.

Kukho kwakhona luguqulelo oluphambi umfanekiselo Virgin kunye noKristu umntwana medallion setyhula kwinqanaba esifubeni. Xa iconography Russian, ubizwa ngokuba "Isibonakaliso". Intsingiselo umfanekiso - kuba Epiphany.

icon Famous:

• "Yaroslavl".
• "Indebe ungaphelelwayo" et al.

Hodigitria (Putevoditelnitsa)

Olu hlobo icon yaseByzantium ye nguMama kaThixo basasazeke ngamaKrestu ehlabathini emva kwinkulungwane VI. Ngokutsho legend, ixesha wokuqala wabhala naye uMvangeli noLuka. Emva kwexesha, lo icon waba umthetheleli kweConstantinople. Le yokuqala iye yalahleka ngethuba zokungqinga yayo ngonaphakade, kodwa wahlala ezininzi zintlu.

Le icon ichaza Virgin Mary ephethe usana uYesu ezingalweni zakhe. Nguye lo embindini nokwakheka. UKristu usikelela ngesandla sakhe sokunene, ngoxa ekhohlo ubamba incwadi esongwayo. Virgin amanqaku ngesandla efanayo kuye, ngokungathi ukubonisa indlela elungileyo. Ukuba oku intsingiselo imifanekiso yalo hlobo.

icon Famous:

• "Kazan '.
• "Tikhvin".
• "Iver" et al.

Eleusa (Nomusa)

Le icon wabonakala kuBukhosi baseByzantium, kodwa abaninzi ngakumbi eRashiya. Le isimbo sokubhala Kwabonakala kuphela kamva, ngenkulungwane yesithoba. Iyafana kakhulu kuhlobo Hodegetria, kuphela kakuhle. Ke ubuso usana kunye nguMama kaThixo ukunxibelelana nabanye. Umfanekiso lathamba isebe lawo ngakumbi. Ekukholelwa ukuba imifanekiso yalo hlobo adlulisele uthando lukamama unyana wakhe, ngathi ubudlelwane babantu. Kwezinye iinguqulelo lo mfanekiso kuthiwa "ngesisa".

Icons yolu didi:

• "Vladimir."
• "Pochaev".
• "Ukufuna Lost" kunye nabanye.

panachranta

Imifanekiso yalo hlobo yabonakala kuBukhosi baseByzantium ngenkulungwane XI. Bona ebonisa Virgin Mary, ohleli phezu kwetrone (itrone) kunye nomntwana ehleli ethangeni lakhe. Ezi mpawu Babonakalisa Lady Lwethu ngobukhulu bakhe.

Umfanekiso yolu didi:

• "Olawulayo".
• "Vsetsaritsa".
• "Irholo".
• "Cyprus" et al.

Umfanekiso we Virgin "Ukuthantamisa" ( "Yiba nemihlali, uMtshakazi Nenevestnaya")

Icon "Ukuthantamisa", nto leyo ebonisa ubuso Virgin Mary ngaphandle usana lwakhe, babengamalungu uSeraphim of Sarov. Wama kwisisele sakhe, phambi kwesibane sakhe encinane usoloko uvutha, ioli apho wokubathambisa kwakhe ukubandezeleka, baye bephiliswa. imvelaphi yayo ngqo ayaziwa. Kukholelwa ukuba umfanekiso ibhalwe ngayo kwinkulungwane XVII. Noko ke, abanye bacinga ukuba lo icon yatyhilwa uSeraphim of Sarov, njengoko wayenolwalamano olukhethekileyo nguMama kaThixo. Akazange nakanye wamsindisa ukugula, ngokufuthi wabonakala emibonweni.

Emva kokufa kwe icon umdala "Ukuthantamisa" yaye ukudlulisela Diveevo sigodlo. Ukususela ngoko, kubhaliwe kwathiwa oluninzi izintlu, abanye baye baba ngokungummangaliso.

Umfanekiso ngumfanekiso isiqingatha-ubude. On kubhaliweyo ngaphandle unyana Virgin, kunye ezingalweni zakhe isongwe intloko yakhe axis kancinane. Le yenye imifanekiso ezininzi mnene of the Virgin, apho kubonisiweyo ukuba ukuzalwa kukaKristu, kodwa emva yanelisa kwakhe kungoMoya oyiNgcwele. A icon nemazi nguMama kaThixo. Yintoni esiza na? Okubaluleke kakhulu umfanekiso amantombazana kunye namabhinqa ukusuka kwiminyaka elishumi ukuya amathathu. Kukholelwa ukuba imithandazo yakhe iya lula i elivisayo kunzima, ukugcina ubunyulu bakhe intombi nobunyulu. Kwakhona, lo icon yi nomncedisi ngexesha ebamba abantwana ngokweenzala zabo.

Pochaev Icon ye nguMama kaThixo

Le yenye akukho odumileyo ngaphantsi umfanekiselo Virgin. Yena udume ngenxa yobugorha bakhe ngokungummangaliso ixesha elide yaye wayesoyikwa kakhulu phakathi kwamanye Orthodox. icon Pochaev sise oyiNgcwele Dormition Pochayiv Lavra, nto leyo ndawo wamandulo Orthodox. Lo mfanekiso kwakunikelwa yi mhlaba ekukruqulayo Goyskoy zasekuhlaleni 1597. Ngaphambi koko, wafumana njengesipho esivela yesiGrike Metropolitan Neophyte. Le icon lwalupayintiwe kwi baseByzantium unobumba style tempera. Ekubeni senziwa imisongo ngaphantsi kwama-300 ukuba kamva abe ngokungummangaliso.

icon Pochaev amaxesha amaninzi kusindiswa woonongendi abaphangi, ukongeza, kuye kwenziwe eninzi yokuphilisa nayo. Ekubeni umthandazo waya kule mfanekiso, ngoncedo ngesinyanzeliso amazwe, nokuphilisa izifo iliso.

"Lusizi"

Icon "Abazilileyo" - oku umfanekiso Virgin ngamehlo aqondele phantsi, ezo wambu ezineziciko. Umfanekiso yonke ubonisa intlungu lukamama unyana elahlekileyo. NguMama kaThixo uboniswa yedwa, kukho kwakhona imifanekiso kunye Mntwana.

Kukho iindlela zokupela ezininzi. Umzekelo, eYerusalem Chapel Kristu u yi icon ubudala, nto leyo ibonisa Virgin elila. ERashiya, umfanekiso ngokungummangaliso i "Joy of All Ngubani Usizi" ethandwayo, nto idume ukuphiliswa kwayo.

Icon "Abazilileyo" yi umncedi nomsindisi ngexesha ukulahlekelwa ngabantu obathandayo, ethandaza ngale ndlela uncedo ukomeleza ukholo ebomini obungunaphakade.

Imvelaphi ESmolensk Icon ye nguMama kaThixo

Lo mfanekiso in hlobo yayo iconographic Hodegetria loluka, kwaye lo icon edume kakhulu. Akwaziwa enoba original okanye nje kuluhlu. In Russia ESmolensk icon weza ngo-1046. Wayefana yintsikelelo Constantine IX Monomakh sovey intombi umtshato Anna ukuba Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich of Chernigov. Unyana ka Vsevolod, uVladimir Monomakh, ubunzima lo icon ESmolensk, apho yayigcinwe ibandla Kwingcingane Our Lady, awayelakhile. Ngoko ngale ndlela, baza igama layo.

icon kamva wenza imimangaliso ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, 1239 kungaba yingozi for ESmolensk. A hlokondiba omkhulu Batu koko bahamba emhlabeni Russian, esiza umzi. Imithandazo abahlali, kwakunye Mercury feat njengegorha phambi lowo Virgin wabonakala embonweni, ESmolensk wasinda.

Icon ukuhambela. Ngo-1398 kuye kwaziswa eMoscow wazibeka Cathedral le Annunciation, apho wahlala de 1456. Kulo nyaka iye icinywe uluhlu yakhe novulelweyo eMoscow, kwaye original uthunyelwa umva ukuya ESmolensk. Emva koko, lo mfanekiso liye laba uphawu umanyano yelizwe Russian.

Hi ndlela leyi, i icon wokuqala Virgin (baseByzantium) walahleka emva 1940. Kwi-20 ngokuthi umthetho athimba imyuziyam, emva koko isiphelo sayo ayaziwa. Ke kaloku Kwingcingane Cathedral yenye icon, nto leyo umqulu. Libhalwe ngo-1602.

Icon ye Serafima Sarovskogo

Serafim Sarovsky - Russian yinto wemimangaliso, ngubani waseka wabafazi Diveevo eMonastri yaye kamva waba wakhona. uphawu lukaThixo wamiswa esemncinane, emva kokuwa nenqaba intsimbi Wasinda sesi sifo emva kokuthandaza phambi kokuba icon ye nguMama kaThixo. Ngelo xesha kukokomoya kwaye yayingumbono. USeraphim wayesoloko belwela ukuba monasticism, ngoko ngo-1778 waza wabalelwa ekubeni mafikizolo kwi Sarov woonongendi, yaye ngo-1786 waba indela apho.

Amaxesha amaninzi wabona iingelosi uSeraphim, kanye nokuba waba umbono weNkosi yethu uYesu Kristu. Kwixa elizayo, ezi yedwa engcwele bafuna, ukuba amava pustynnozhitelstva. Kwakhona ilenze feat of intsika-yokuhlala eziliwaka iintsuku. Uninzi zobuqhawe eli xesha wahlala ayaziwa. Emva kwexesha elithile Serafim Sarovsky wabuyela Sarov weemonki, kuba wayengakwazi ukuhamba ngenxa iinyawo yokugula. Apho, kwisisele mdala, waqhubeka ukuthandaza phambi kokuba icon ye nguMama kaThixo "Ukuthantamisa".

Kuthiwa emva kwexesha elithile Virgin wamxelela ukuba ayeke zatvornichat nokuqalisa ukuba ndiphilise imiphefumlo yabantu. Wafumana isipho clairvoyance kunye imimangaliso. Ngokucacileyo, le nto namhlanje i icon ye Serafima Sarovskogo inani lo ikholwa kuyinto enkulu. UMfundisi wayesazi malunga ekufeni kwakhe waza walungisa kwangaphambili yona. Nkqu wathetha koonyana bakhe bokomoya ngayo. Bathe bakumfumana ukuthandaza phambi kokuba icon ye nguMama kaThixo, lowo kunye naye wonke bonke ubomi bakhe. Emva kokufa uSeraphim imimangaliso emininzi lwenziweyo engcwabeni lakhe, ngo-1903 waba lamiselwa.

Icon ye Serafima Sarovskogo kubalulekile ukuba abo ejonge. Umthandazo ikwanceda usengxakini. Kuwo nawuphi na emzimbeni kunye nezifo zokomoya Mfundisi icon kuya kunceda. Kukho kwakhona ulawulo umthandazo Serafima Sarovskogo.

Icon ye Sergiya Radonezhskogo

Sergiy Radonezhsky - le yenye abangcwele kakhulu bahlonipha eRashiya. Nguye owasungula kaBathathu Emnye-uSergiyo Lavra. Kwakhona yaba lokuqala umphathi wayo. Trinity Monastery Ngummiselo yayibukhali kakhulu, njengokuba yena uSergiyo yayifana kakhulu ubomi emishini. Emva kwexesha elithile, ngenxa ukunganeliseki kunye nabazalwana kwafuneka ukuba ahambe. Kwenye waseka Kirzhachskiy Annunciation Monastery. Apho wachitha ixesha elifutshane njengoko wacelwa ukuba abuyele oyiNgcwele Trinity Monastery. Ngoko nangoko wemka kuThixo ngo 1392.

Le icon indala hagiographical of Sergiya Radonezhskogo senziwe 1420s. Ngoku kwi Emnye-uSergiyo Lavra. Le inshorensi ezimfakamfele, nto leyo ibonisa Indlela St. uSergiyo, nasesangqeni ishumi elinethoba uphawu adume yobomi bakhe.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akukho namnye Radonezh icon. Kwakhona kukho umfanekiso Kwingcingane Cathedral eMoscow. Sasikho malunga phesheya XV-XVI eminyaka. I Museum of. Andrei Rublev, kukho omnye icon kwexesha.

Ngumfanekiso Radonezh i umncedisi kwi zigulo ngokwenyama nangokomoya, kwakunye nangexesha neengxaki zemihla ngemihla. Jonga ongcwele, xa imfuno yokukhusela abantwana nempembelelo embi, yaye kwakungekho ukusilela kuphononongo. Umthandazo phambi umfanekiso St. uSergiyo Iluncedo abanekratshi. Radonezh Icon ohlonelwa kakhulu phakathi amakholwa.

Ngumfanekiso eSt Peter and Fevronia

Imbali ubomi uPetros Fevronia of Murom kubonisa indlela umntu unokuba ozinikeleyo, othembekileyo ekuyikhonzeni iNkosi, nkqu amaqhina entsapho. ubomi babo mkhaya waqala nesibakala nomyeni wakhe elizayo Fevronija owaphiliswayo evela nangokhwekhwe, izilonda umzimba wakhe. Ngenxa yoko, wacela ukuba ukutshata naye emveni kokuba unyango. Kakade ke, i-Prince wayengafuni ukutshata intombi amasele ityhefu namkhonto, kodwa Fevronija Kulindeleke. isifo Prince liqale, yaye nalapho ebemzekile. Baqala ke ukuba kulawula kunye saziwa yokuhlonela kwakhe.

Kakade ke, ibhodi akubanga ngqo. Bagxothwa kweso sixeko, waza ke wacela ukuba ukubuya. Emva koko ke walawula de umhlala-phantsi, uze ube indela. Esi sibini ukuba kungcwatywa kwebhokisi iludonga obhityileyo, Noko ke, ayizange wabulawa umyalelo lwabo. Ngoko ke, ukuba kabini wabaleka, wehla waya kwiicawa ezahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa noko ngokungummangaliso yaphelela kunye.

Icon Fevronia noPetros nguye umxhasi umtshato lamaKristu. umfanekiso Hagiographic abangcwele, apho umhla kunyaka 1618, ngoku e Murom, kwi Historical Museum of Art. Kwakhona, i icon zabangcwele inokufumaneka kwamanye amabandla. Umzekelo, e Ascension etempileni eMoscow ine umfanekiso isuntswana izinto ezingcwele.

Icons-abagcini

ERashiya, ngelo xesha kwakukho uhlobo enye indlela - kuba umlinganiselo. Kuba okokuqala le icon lwalupayintiwe kuba unyana Ivana Groznogo. Ukuze baye basinda kwenye amabini-zigcinwe ngale ndlela. Yaba ungumgcini-icon - kwakukholelwa ukuba imifanekiso ngcwele ngabaxumi iintsana de kube sekupheleni ubomi babo. Kule mihla, lo mkhuba waqhubeka. Sele omnye ingayalela ukuba umntwana ngale ndlela. Ngoku jikelele kukho iseti ethile imifanekiso ukuze isetyenziselwe imibhiyozo eyahlukahlukeneyo. Oku, umzekelo, imifanekiso ngegama, lomtshato, usapho, kunye nabanye. Ngokuba kwimeko nganye, unako ukuthenga ngokufanelekileyo.