Iintlobo Imposiso: yenkqubo, ngequbuliso, ngokupheleleyo, eyiyona

Ukuba i isayensi ngqo, imathematika ongabunyamezeliyo uzise iimeko ukuya jikelele ngaphandle ingqalelo awohluke ye umzekelo othile. Ngokukodwa, akunakwenzeka ukuba siyenze zemathematika, inzululwazi, imilinganiselo elungile ngokoqobo "yi iliso", bengathabathanga ingqalelo ngexesha elifanayo ukubonakala isiphoso.

Yintoni?

Izazinzulu yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo iimpazamo zifunyenwe, ngoko namhlanje sikwazi ngokukhuselekileyo ikwatsho ukuba akukho ndawo wokugqibela omnye akanakuhlala ngaphandle ingqalelo. Kakade ke, akunakwenzeka, ngaphandle usondelisa, kungenjalo wonke umhlaba, kwaye ukwenza kuphela loo ngxelo, bangena nzulu kungena kumawaka kunye kumawaka alishumi. Njengoko yaziwa, amanani amaninzi abangenakwahlulelana omnye komnye ngaphandle kwintsalela kunye nemilinganiselo afunyenwe ngexesha yemifuniselo - iinzame okuqhubekayo uwahlule ibe ziingceba ngamnye ukulinganisa kubo.

Phantse ukuchana ngokwenene kwaye computing kubaluleke gqitha, njengoko yenye engundoqo parameters, uvumela ukuba bathethe malunga nokuchaneka kweenkcukacha. Iintlobo iimpazamo zibonisa ukuba ukufutshane kangakanani na amanani ukuya leyinene. Njengoko ngokuba ubuninzi ibinzana womlinganiselo ukungaqiniseki - yiloo nto ibonisa indlela athembekileyo result. Ukuchaneka na, ukuba impazamo ngasentla lilincinane.

Imithetho yesayensi

Ngokutsho imithetho efumaneka sisebenza kwi imfundiso ekhoyo okwangoku kulahlekiseni, kwimeko apho ukuchana umphumo kufuneka ibe ngaphezulu kunolukoyo ouninzi kunolufumanekayo, isiqingatha kufuneka kane inani imifuniselo. Kwimeko apho ukuchana inyuswe izihlandlo ezithathu, yemifuniselo kufuneka ibe ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezingama-9. Ngaphandle imposiso ngendlela.

LeMetroloji iqwalasela swihoxo isikali yenye awona manyathelo abaluleke ezinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyalandeleka. Ngaba ukuze ithathelwe ingqalelo: ukuchana iphenjelelwa uluhlu nemininzi. Oku kukhokelele kuphuhliso inkqubo yokuhlela entsonkothileyo kakhulu isebenza kuphela kunye nemigqaliselo ukuba lunemiqathango. Phantsi kweemeko yokwenene, iziphumo baxhomekeke kakhulu kungekuphela kwimpazamo ezingundoqo nkqubo, kodwa kwi iimpawu inkqubo yokufumana ulwazi uhlalutyo.

amaka

Iintlobo iimpazamo ezintweni abaphengululi mihla:

• phelele;
• isihlobo;
• sinciphile.

Uyakwazi ukwahlula olu didi kwezinye amaqela, ukuba esekelwe zithini izizathu inaccuracy le izibalo, imifuniselo. Kuthiwa ukuba ngaba:

• Imposiso ngendlela;
• ingozi.

Ixabiso lokuqala rhoqo kuxhomekeke iimpawu inkqubo zemilinganiselo kuhlala ingatshintshanga ukuba ngasinye kwezi zazo zilandelayo iimeko kuhlala ingatshintshanga.

Kodwa ingatshintshwa impazamo random, ukuba uvavanyo ephinda isifundo efanayo olwenziwe usebenzisa izixhobo efanayo kunye neemeko twatse ukuya kwixesha lokuqala.

, Impazamo ngendlela random zenzeke ngaxeshanye kwaye naziphi na iimvavanyo. Ixabiso random variable akwaziwa kwangaphambili, ekubeni afune imiba engalindelekanga. Nangona nokungakwazi ngaphandle algorithms ukunciphisa eli inani kuphuhliswa. Zisetyenziswa kwinqanaba zokuhlela i data efunyenwe ngethuba uphando.

Ngendlela kuthelekiswa imithombo random ngokucacileyo ezahlukeneyo, kwaqala yayo. Oku kubonakele kwangaphambili kwaye siphinde siqwalaselwe izazinzulu ulwalamano obhalisiweyo kunye kubangelwa.

Kwaye ukuba uqonde ngakumbi?

Ukuze sibe nokuqonda ngokupheleleyo le mbono, kuyimfuneko ukwazi nje kuphela iintlobo iimpazamo, kodwa oko ke imiba yale meko. Mathematics emajukujukwini amacandelo alandelayo:

• ezinxulumene nale nkqubo;
• ngenxa izixhobo;
• ezikhathazayo.

Ukwenza iimpazamo ekubaleni, umqhubi ixhomekeke eziphathekayo,, iimpawu zayo ethile. Ukuba iyinxenye yecandelo zesimo imposiso eyaphula ukuchaneka analysis ulwazi. Mhlawumbi isizathu kukunqongophala amava, maxa wambi - in iziphoso ezinxulumene ekuqaleni isakhelo sesalathiso.

Abunazimposiso ubalo sithabathela ingqalelo ezinye iingongoma ezimbini, oko kukuthi nezixhobo kunye lwemethodoloji.

iinxalenye ezibalulekileyo

Nocoselelo nokuchaneka - isigama, ngaphandle ababengabazi physics okanye imathematika, okanye inani kwezinye zenzululwazi zendalo kunye ngqo, ezisekelwe phezu kwabo.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba bonke abawaziyo iindlela ze kuvunjululwe idata esuka imifuniselo ekhala. Le nto yamcaphukisa impazamo ocwangcisekileyo akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo ukuba siphephe. Kwakhona kuchatshazelwa inkqubo yokubala lamkele nokungaqiniseki ezendeleyo ifomula ukubala. Kakade ke, impembelelo yawo kunye nemfuneko ngeenxa iziphumo.

Yaba owawenza, okt impazamo, ityala apho - .. ukuziphatha engafanelekanga ukuba umqhubi ekuhambeni olu lingelo, kwakunye nokusilela, ukusebenza ezingachanekanga yamacebo okanye elivela kuzo kwimeko esingenakubonwa kwangaphambili.

amaxabiso Imposiso ngoboya ukubona kunokwenzeka ngokuhlaziya iinkcukacha nokuchonga amaxabiso ezingachanekanga xa bethelekisa iinkcukacha kunye neenqobo ezithile.

Yintoni namhlanje kuthetha imathematika, physics? Le zolahlekiso kuphetshwe yi amanyathelo othintelo. Ceba iindlela ezininzi olwamkelweyo zokunciphisa le mbono. Ukuze wenze oku, susa omnye okanye enye into ekhokelela ngenxa kakuhle.

Umcimbi kunye nokubekwa

Kukho iimpazamo:

• phelele;
• lwemethodoloji;
• random;
• isihlobo;
• ninikele;
• isixhobo;
• isambuku;
• olongezelelweyo;
• ngendlela;
• siqu;
• static;
• linamandla.

Imposiso olungumgubo iyahluka ngenxa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, ekubeni kwimeko nganye ithatha ingqalelo inani izinto ezichaphazela lokusekwa neenkcukacha ezingachanekanga.

Xa sincokola ngayo izibalo, ngoko phantsi kwemiqathango ezinjalo ayikhuphi kuphela imposiso isalamane kunye elipheleleyo. Kodwa xa kwangaphambili kunelixesha lokuphumla intsebenziswano litshintsha, sonke sithethe izigigaba amacandelo, emile.

Imposiso Formula ethathela ingqalelo intsebenziswano kwethagethi kunye iimeko zangaphandle, iqulathe ubhaliso ezongezelelweyo, amanani esisiseko. Ukuxhomekeka kwedatha eziligalelo eksperimenti ethile iza uthetha malunga impazamo phinda okanye additive.

ndawo ingundoqo

Eli binzana ngokuqhelekileyo kakuhle data, ibalwe ukuba ukukhutshwa umahluko phakathi iirhafu athathwa ngexesha nokuhlola esebenzayo. It yaqanjwa indlela kulandelayo:

A Qn = Qn - A Q0

A Qn - data ofunekayo, Qn - ezichongiweyo kwi experiment, yaye zero - oku amanani ezingundoqo bafaniswa.

le ngasentla

Eli binzana ithathwa ukuba ibhekisele ixabiso evakalisa umlinganiselo phakathi impazamo ngokwenene eqhelekileyo.

Xa kubalwe le hlobo imposiso nje kuphela iziphene ezinxulumene kunye nezixhobo umsebenzi kwi experiment, kodwa icandelo methodological, kwakunye impazamo eyiyona nokubala. Ixabiso yokugqibela nomsindo zintswelo ukalisha langoku izidanga kwi-kwimitha.

Enye into edibene nale ngcamango kunye impazamo instrumental. Oku kwenzeka xa isixhobo elalenziwe ngokungachanekanga, ngokuphosakeleyo, ngempazamo, reading ebangela ekhutshwe lwazo ngqo ngokwaneleyo. Noko ke, ngoku uluntu lwethu kwinqanaba inkqubela zeteknoloji, xa kudalwa esixhobo akanaye impazamo instrumental, kodwa alinakuzuzwa. Yintoni apha ukuthetha isicelo esikolweni aze umfundi iisampuli eziphelelwe lixesha. Ngoko ke, enethemba ukulawula, bekusetyenzwa elebhu, ngoyaba impazamo instrumental akwamkelekanga.

amanqaku

Olu hlobo izakufunyanwa omnye yezizathu ezibini, okanye complex:

• imodeli lweMathematika kuphando olwenziwayo akazange ngqo ngokwaneleyo;
• ezikhethiweyo iindlela yomlinganiselo ezingachanekanga.

luluvo

Eli gama libhekisela kwimeko apho ulwazi ifunyanwa ngexesha intelekelelo okanye amalinge baba iimpazamo ngenxa yokungabikho emfundo yokuvelisa nokusebenza kwabantu.

Asikwazi ukuba kukho kuphela kuphela xa le projekthi sele uthathe abantu abangafundanga okanye ezasuka inxaxheba. Ingakumbi, le impazamo kubangelwa ukungafezeki inkqubo olubonakalayo kwabantu. Ngenxa yoko, oonobangela nga ngqo ixhomekeke kumsebenzisi yokulinga, kunjalo, ukuba zihlelwa njengomba yabantu.

Statics kunye neentshukumo e-worldwork theory yeempazamo

Imposiso ethile usoloko enxulumene nendlela ukusebenzisana igalelo kunye nexabiso output. Ingakumbi, inkqubo icakaca ulwalamano ngexesha lekhefu kwangaphambili. Ukuxoxa:

• Iimpazamo evelayo ekubaleni amaxabiso athile kwangaphambili ngexesha rhoqo lekhefu. Ezi zibizwa static.
• udibaniso Dynamic ne umahluko yimbonakalo ukubonwa ngokulinganisa uhlobo data uveza echazwe ngasentla kumhlathi.

Yintoni eyona nto noko kulandela?

Kakade ke, udini isiphoso kuxhokonxwa ezingundoqo parameters ezichaphazela umsebenzi othile, nangona kunjalo, impembelelo non-uniform, okwenza ukuba abaphandi wabahlula iqela ngokweendidi ezimbini data:

• Ukubala kwiimeko yokusebenza eqhelekileyo imilinganiselo amabinzana lwamanani, onke amanani echaphazela. Abo kuthiwa esisiseko.
• Ezongezelelweyo wabumba phantsi kwempembelelo yeemeko Nedlac, amaxabiso engafanelekanga eqhelekileyo. Ezi mpawu efanayo zobuso bathi kwimeko apho ixabiso eziphambili engaphaya kwenani oluqhelekileyo.

Kwaye ukuba kuqhubeka ntoni emhlabeni?

Esinalo kakade ngaphezu kwesihlandlo wabhekisela elithi "eqhelekileyo", kodwa akazange anikwe inkcazelo yokuba loluphi uhlobo iimeko nenzululwazi ekuthiwa yesiqhelo kwakunye kukhankanywa ukuba ezingasese kunye nezinye iimeko.

Ngoko ke, eqhelekileyo - imeko apho onke amaxabiso echaphazela zokuhamba e kuluhlu echongiweyo kumaxabiso yabo yesiqhelo.

Kodwa abasebenzi - gama esebenzayo iimeko apho utshintsho ixabiso kwenzeka. Xa kuthelekiswa yesiqhelo ke umda ibanzi kakhulu, kunjalo, kuchaphazela ixabiso kufuneka zibe zezifanele inqanaba elikhankanyiweyo kubo sokusebenza.

Ukusebenza kunye ixabiso izinga nempembelelo kuthatha ixabiso lokuphumla axis xa Ukwabiwa kunokwenzeka ngokwazisa imposiso olongezelelweyo.

Yintoni ichaphazela ixabiso igalelo?

Ukwenza iimpazamo ekubaleni, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ixabiso ngegalelo unefuthe zeziphi iintlobo iimpazamo kwenzeka kwimeko ethile. Ngelo xesha sithetha ngalo:

• additive, obubonakala ngokuba yincwadi evuliweyo ukungaqiniseki, zibalwe sum of amaxabiso ezahlukeneyo esithathwe umnqongo. Ngaloo ndlela Isalathisi aluchaphazeli zinkulu ixabiso walinganisa;
• phinda, nto leyo eya ukutshintsha xa ixabiso elilinganiselweyo abachaphazelekayo.

Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba additive elililo - na ukungaqiniseki ukuba akukho ngokunxulumene nexabiso ukuba umlinganiselo - injongo nokuhlola. Kuyo nayiphi na inxalenye uluhlu lwamaxabiso yesalkathisi kugcinwa rhoqo, oko ayichaphazeleki parameters kunye izixhobo zokulinganisela, kuquka uvakalelo.

Le Imposiso additive ibonisa indlela apho ubungakanani obuncinane kuveliswa isicelo yezi ndlela yokulinganisa ekhethiweyo.

Kodwa phinda apha ayikazi kutshintsha kuya ngokwazo, kodwa kuyinciphise, njengoko edibene parameters ze amaxabiso kulinganiswa. Ukuba umsebenzi mkhulu impazamo ibalwa ngokuhlolisisa uvakalelo yesixhobo, njengoko kuya kuba ngokomlinganiselo kwixabiso. Kukho zenyathi le isiphoso ngenxa yokuba ixabiso igalelo phezu kwencochoyi yesixhobo yokulinganisa kwaye utshintshe izicwangciso zayo.

Indlela ukususa impazamo?

Kwezinye iimeko, ungenza ukuphelisa isiphoso, nangona oku kuyinyaniso ukuba zonke iintlobo. Umzekelo, kwimeko kungasentla, i udidi impazamo kulo mzekelo kuxhomekeke parameters isixhobo kwaye zingatshintshwa le ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi, indlela zale mihla. Ngelo xesha linye akunakwenzeka ukuba ukubeka ecaleni ngokupheleleyo ezingalunganga yokulinganisa enxulumene iimpawu zobugcisa iimoto ezisetyenzisiweyo, kuba kuya kusoloko kukho izinto ezinciphisa lokuchaneka kwedatha.

Classic ukwahlula iindlela ezine ukuphelisa okanye ukunciphisa imposiso:

• Ukususa unobangela, umthombo phambi nokuhlola.
• Ukuphelisa iimpazamo kwimiqathango lokuzifumanela data. Ukuze wenze oku, sebenzisa iindlela replacement, ukuzama ukuvala esweni ngumqondiso counter ke omnye komnye, kwakunye abhenele bakubonileyo macala.
• Ukulungiswa lweziphumo ezifunyenwe ngethuba lokwenza uhlaziyo, oko kukuthi, indlela azo ukususa iimpazamo.
• Xa kukhangelwa ukuba yintoni na imida impazamo yenkqubo, bendibalondolozele kwimeko apho nokuphelisa enjalo ezingezo-yokuxoxisana.

Eyona ndlela ilungileyo - kukuba ukuphelisa unobangela, imithombo impazamo ekufumaneni data elilingwayo. Nangona kukho inyaniso yokuba inkqubo ibhekiswe kakhulu efanelekileyo, ayithethi nzima inkqubo yomsebenzi, phezu koko, kwenza kube lula. Oku kungenxa yokuba akukho mfuneko umqhubi ngaphandle iimpazamo ekuhambeni data ngokukhawuleza. Yaye ukuba ukuhlela umphumo igqityiwe, kufaneleka phantsi mimiselo.

Kodwa xa kwagqitywa ukuze kupheliswe iimpazamo ngexesha womlinganiselo, baye babhenela omnye iiteknoloji athandwa kakhulu.

Ngaphandle eziphawulekayo ongakhetha

Ulawulo yeyona ndlela isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo uhlele. Ukusebenzisa kwabo kufuneka bazi ukuba yintoni na icala ezendeleyo nokuhlola ethile.

Ukongeza, sifuna endaweni lobeko. Asebenzisa kulo, iingcali abanomdla endaweni amaxabiso zabo zisetyenziswa endaweni kusiwa kwindawo efanayo. Oku eqhelekileyo xa zokulinganisa ubuninzi zombane ezifunekayo.

Owahlukileyo - indlela, efuna kabini yemifuniselo, umthombo sesibini isigaba enza isiphumo esahlukileyo xa kuthelekiswa ne kuqala. Kufuphi anengqondo ngobuwena ndlela, obizwa ngokuba "umqondiso yembuyekezo" kulingo xa ubuninzi kufuneka ilunge kwi enye - negative, kunye nexabiso ezithile ibalwa ngokuthelekisa iziphumo imilinganiselo emibini.