Ubunzima ethile ngentsimbi. ubushushu engqalileyo ngensimbi

Babegqalwa ingxubevange yesinyithi kunye nezinye iikhemikali. Phakathi iinxalenye ekwakhiweni, ikhabhoni akhoyo mali ka-2.14%. Ngenxa aluminiyamu yayo phambi yentsimbi bafumana amandla abo. Ubunzima ethile ngentsimbi yi 75500-77500 N / m. maxa wambi izinto alloying inokuba khona ekwakhiweni ingxubevange. ubushushu ethile ngentsimbi kwi-20 ° C ibalwa 460 J / (kg * ° C), okanye 110 cal / (kg * ° C).

ngezigaba

Kukho ezahlukeneyo parameters izinto ekuthethwa luphawulwa phantsi kwayo. Umzekelo, intsimbi sesona sixhobo kunye kwesakhiwo. -High speed ingxubevange luthathwa uhlobo lwesixhobo. Kukho umahluko ngokungqinelana ekwakhiweni imichiza. Kuxhomekeke izinto ezisegumbini ingxubevange, necarbon doped bahlukana. Bayamkela inqanaba Ukuhlelwa carbon ingqalelo. Ngoko ke, kukho iintlobo ezintathu aluminium:

1. carbon Low. It umxholo carbon ye 0.25%.

2. Steel Medium. Le ingxubevange carbon malunga 0.25-0.6%.

3. carbon steel High. Kule ingxubevange ekhoyo zomyalelo 0.6-2% carbon.

Ngokufanayo zahlelwa kunye ingxubevange yesinyithi ipesenti eziqalelo alloying:

1. A ingxubevange eliphantsi steel iqulethe ukuya kwi-4%.

2. srednelegirovannoj ingxubevange kukhona ukuya kwi-11%.

3. steel High exutyiweyo. Iqulethe ngaphezu kwama-11%.

Steel eveliswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ezizodwa. Kuxhomekeka indlela ethile ekwakhiweni ingxubevange iqulethe inclusions ezahlukeneyo zalo. Eli candelo kuchaphazela kokona ethile ngentsimbi. aluminiyamu zokuhlela kwinani ubumdaka ahluka:

1. Ukuhlanganiswa quality zesiqhelo.

2. Umgangatho.

3. ezikumgangatho ophezulu.

4. mfanelo.

Kukho kwakhona kudidi ngokungqinelana ekwakhiweni noshowo mbandela. Umzekelo, i avelisa ferrite, bainite, austenite, ngeperlite kunye aluminium Martensitic. Alithandabuzeki elokuba, ukwakhiwa noshowo ngentsimbi kuchaphazela bekukubi ethile. Aluminiyamu nabo bohlulwa kwisigaba-ezibini multiphase. Oku kuxhomekeka kubukho isakhiwo isigaba. Kwakhona aluminiyamu zihlelwa ngokungqinelana ubunjani kunye nobungakanani Ukuqinisa of deoxidation. Ngoko ke, kukho, intsimbi ezolileyo semi-babulawa nokubilisa.

iindlela zemveliso zibe

Okubonakalayo esetyenziselwa kwimveliso steel. Ubukho oluninzi carbon, iphosphate kunye sulphur kumafa yaso yenza kube krobo-ethe. Kuba processing izinto omnye komnye kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa okuqulethwe zezi zinto ku xi oyifunayo. Ngelo utshintsho efanayo ixesha ubunzima ethile ngentsimbi, kunye neempawu zayo. Enye okanye ezinye aluminiyamu indlela zemveliso ibandakanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo igcwala kwekhabhoni intsimbi. Eyona ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa:

1. indlela steelmaking Vula-ezonka. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba olu khetho usanda kakubi kukhuphiswano kunye nezinye iindlela.

2. I indlela yokuguqula. Namhlanje, iintlobo ezininzi iimveliso zentsimbi wavelisa usebenzisa iteknoloji.

3. An electrothermal - enye yeendlela eziphambili uzobe olwenziwe ngocoselelo ukuvelisa ngentsimbi. Ngenxa yoko, okuthe kwaveliswa has a high kakhulu.

indlela yokuguqula

Ukusebenzisa le nkqubo zeteknoloji, intsimbi agqithisileyo, iphosphate kunye nesalfure ke oxidized mpilo. Zimiliselwe ukuvuthela xinzelelo izinto etyhidiweyo ngokusebenzisa kwiziko okhethekileyo. wabiza lokuguqulela. Iziko enemilo eliphakathi. In ingxenye engaphakathi - akhande ngezitena eliyinjubaqa. Eli ziko has a ukuhamba aphezulu: kungenziwa zijikeleziswe degrees 360. Umthamo we converter malunga 60 neetoni. Isetyenziswa kuba lining, ngokuqhelekileyo iindidi ezimbini zempahla ekrwada:

1. Dinas - liquka SiO2, nto leyo eye iipropati emuncu.

2. ubunzima Dolomite - MgO kunye cao. Yayifunyenwe ivela izinto dolomitic MgCO3 * CaCO3, ukuba iipropati esisiseko.

Ngenxa izinto ezahlukeneyo le nqanawa zahlulwe kwelo ziko lokuguqula kunye Thomas Bessemer. Zihlanjululwe umoya phantsi koxinzelelo ngentsimbi lugubungela yonke indawo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iinkqubo ezenzeka kweli ziko, kufuneka ukuba ixesha ngaphezu kwemizuzu eyi-20. Ubude inkcazelo converter echaphazela umthamo ubushushu ngentsimbi. Ingxubevange evela yamaziko lokuguqulela, ngokufuthi iqulethe oluninzi monoxide yentsimbi. Kungenxa yoko le nto idla mgangathweni ifunyenwe.

Vula-Iziko eziko

Le ndlela phambili lwentsimbi eziphelelwe lixesha. Akuthandabuzeki ukuba, xa usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe yosetyenziso ezininzi umva ekuncipheni ngokubonakalayo umgangatho umbandela, etshintsha iimpawu zayo (umthamo ubushushu ngentsimbi kunye nabanye). somlilo Iziko ibhafu enkulu otyhidiweyo. Igqumeke arch eyenziwe ngezitena eliyinjubaqa kunye recuperators nasemagumbini-. Ezi lamagumbi zenzelwe ngokushushubeza irhasi amafutha kunye nomoya. Bazele ukupakisha izitena (eliyinjubaqa). Le sokuqukuqela serhasi oshushu umoya isigodlo ezikweni ngokusebenzisa recuperators yesithathu neyesine. A yokuqala neyesibini elibaselwe ngumoji kaloku yi yeegesi eziko. Emva ukunyuselwa ubushushu obaneleyo yonke inkqubo zitshintshile.

indlela electrothermal

Le ndlela zinezibonelelo eziliqela phezu open-eziko lokuguqulela. indlela Electromechanical kwenza kube lula ukutshintsha ubume eekhemikhali ngentsimbi onesiphumo. Kule nkqubo umxube ifunyenwe emva processing of ezikumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu. Ngenxa ukufikelela eliqingqiweyo emoyeni ezikweni yombane kunciphisa isixa monoxide yentsimbi. Waziwa ukungcola kwalo zingcolise ngentsimbi. Kwaye oku, nayo, inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwi ubulunga bayo. Iqondo lobushushu ziko akuthethi ukuwisa ngezantsi 2000 ° C. Ngenxa yoko, ubuthi ezifana isalfure phosphorus, kususwe ngokupheleleyo ihagu yentsimbi.

indlela weziko

somlilo Electrothermal ngenxa yodidi yayo ingxubevange ubushushu eliphezulu ukuvumela nge iintsimbi eliyinjubaqa. Ezi ziquka, ngokukodwa, Tungsten kunye molybdenum. indlela EAF ivumela ukufumana umxube ophezulu ezikumgangatho: ubushushu ethile ngentsimbi, kwakunye neempawu zawo umgangatho - kwelona nqanaba liphezulu. Kodwa ke ngelishwa, ezi yamaziko umthamo omkhulu wamandla ombane (ukuya kwi-800 kWh ngetoni yomxhesho nganye). umthamo zombane zingaqala 500 kg ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-360. Iiyunithi basebenzisa lunenwebu oluqhelekileyo. Ubume intlawulo unakho ukufikelela 90% of ezilahliweyo zentsimbi kunye-10% yentsimbi. Ngamanye amaxesha ibonwe feedstock zinokuba nomahluko. Ikalika, nto leyo idityaniswe isigxina, lidlala indima obhobhozayo. Iinkqubo imichiza iphambili amaziko arc sombane zezona azahlukanga ngokukodwa eziko evulekileyo.

ubunzima obuthile

imisinga Power frequency yenziwa yoqheliso ubushushu le sentsimbi. Ngenxa ubunzima enkulu ingundoqo ibe nempembelelo loo kakhulu ngokwaneleyo. Kuba ukunyibilika steel ukukhathaza ukuya kwiitoni ezingama-100 ngokwaneleyo rhoqo we-50 Hz kuyo. Ndimele ndithi ukuba ezinye elinkeza iintlobo ezahlukileyo zempahla ekrwada nga utshatise. Umzekelo, umhlwa, ubushushu ukumelana kunye inani steel stainless baye 7.9 g / cm ^3. Esi salathisi inxulumene ngqo ubunzima imveliso imveliso ogqityiweyo. Yiloo nto ke, imveliso ke nzima. Ingxenye steel kwalenza kwakhona malunga 7.9 g / cm ^3. Kusenokuba kukho umahluko okungephi kuxhomekeke kudidi. Kodwa ubunzima ezithile oxwebhu ensimbi - 7,85 g / cm ^3. Njengoko sibonile, izinga ungaphantsana, kungeso izinto lula. Kufuneka kuthathwe ukuba ubunzima ethile ngentsimbi intsimbi yahlukile. Xa ingxubevange ngesantya yemveliso ingaphezulu njengoko umthetho. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba phakathi kwenqubo, nangona into yokuba amanye amacandelo ziyasuswa aphila kulo mxube kongezwa izinto ezongezelelweyo. Baya kuba negalelo Ipharamitha imveliso kwimveliso. Ezahlukeneyo iindidi yentsimbi babe amandla awo ezithile (g / ^cm3):

- ezimhlophe - 7.5 ± 0.2;

- grey - 7.1 ± 0.2;

- Ductile - 7.5 ± 0.2.

yokubala

Umlinganiselo phakathi umthamo ingxubevange kunye ubunzima baso iimpawu kuphela ukuba into ethile. Ukongezelela, oko rhoqo i parameter. Ukusebenzisa indlela ekhethekileyo sazi lexinene ku lomba. Le ezinxulumene ngqo ekubaleni ubunzima ezithile ingxubevange. Nantsi ibukeka njani.

Ubunzima ethile ngentsimbi yonyulwa γ ifomula. Yeyona ratio P - ubunzima bomzimba yohlobo olunye - ku ivolyum ezimbaxa. Kwaye ibalwa ngokusebenzisa le ndlela ilandelayo: γ = P / V.

Oku kusebenza kuphela xa but is ngokupheleleyo imeko ashinyeneyo, non-nakwamanye amazwe.

isiphelo

iiteknoloji ezintsha ezisetyenziswa kushishino enzima, zahluke kakhulu kwezo zisetyenziswa xa lokuqala nophuhliso kolu shishino. Ngenxa mihla inkqubela yenzululwazi matallopromyshlennost uvelisa inani enkulu ukwahlukahlukana aluminium. iikhompawundi ubunzima ethile kuchaphazela ilungelo lokukhetha uhlobo oluthile lwezinto ekrwada ukuba asetyenziswe mveliso. Xa sithatha isinyithi ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: isinyithi, nobhedu kunye aluminiyamu, aba mlinganiso mnye, - ukuba bonke abantu baya kuba ubunzima ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, ukukhetha kwensimbi oluthile kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo, phakathi kwezinye parameters, womxhuzulane yayo ngqo.