Iintlobo isimo kumthetho mthetho: imizekelo. Concept kunye neentlobo ngazo kunye nezohlwayo

Ukusebenzisa imithetho ephathelene nobugebenga mihla kuquka ukuqonda isakhiwo iqulethe amalungiselelo omthetho, ezo ibinzana ngqo ukuthanda yowiso karhulumente-ukuseta imigaqo esisinyanzelo lokuziphatha aze agqibe izohlwayo ezifanelekileyo kukwaphula yokugqibela.

Isakhiwo Classical namazinga zomthetho

Naluphi na ulawulo lwangoku na isakhiwo classical ukuba enezinto ezalanayo ezifana, njengokuba hypothesis, notyekelo isohlwayo.

Hypothesis ibonisa iimeko ezithile phambi (okanye ukungabikho) apho lo mthetho kufuneka isicelo. Hypothesis liyayiqonda imodeli abstract yokuziphatha kunye nemeko ethile, indawo kunye nexesha, okanye isifundo esithile.

Sengqondo sinamalungelo kufuneka ukuqhuba ukuba kulandelwa ngabo bonke abathatha inxaxheba kwizifundo yobudlelwane zomthetho.

Isohlwayo ichaza abo okanye ezinye iziphumo ezibi ukuba kufuneka kwenzeke ngenxa impatho embi yemigaqo ezisekiweyo sengqondo. Isohlwayo kubonisa ngokucacileyo isimo sengqondo karhulumente ukuya nokungahoywa kwemimiselo yezomthetho.

Esi sakhiwo element emithathu ikuvumela ukuba uqonde into sengqondo nokuba njani lungena, kwakunye it ivumela ngezinga eliphezulu lomsebenzi omhle ukunika ukuzimisela zicacileyo indlela yokuziphatha efanelekileyo. Ukungabikho enye okanye ezinye izinto ngasentla amandla ukuseka bha nokuba yile nokuba yileya isakhiwo ubhalo ulawulo lwasemthethweni okanye hayi.

Ubume yomthetho mthetho

Ukuze asebenzise umthetho yolwaphulo ngokuchanekileyo nangempumelelo, kuyimfuneko ukuba baqonde into ke ingqiqo kunye nolwakhiwo umthetho mthetho.

umthetho Criminal, ukuba kuze umntu classical imimiselo yomthetho, Noko ke, zahluke kwiinkalo ezithile ethile nesakhiwo sayo, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ubukho izinto ezimbini kuphela. Ngokwemimiselo echazwe kwi Jikelele Inxalenye ye-Code Criminal, zenziwe izinto ezifana hypothesis kunye nesohlwayo, zize zirekhodwe kwi-Special Inxalenye ye-Code Criminal, zenziwe isimo kunye nezohlwayo.

Kuba amalungiselelo omthetho equlathwe Special Inxalenye ye-Code Criminal, hypothesis ngokubanzi kwaye sibonakaliswa kwisakhiwo ezifana: "Ukuba isifundo wenza isenzo okungalunganga ...". Ngoko ke, izibonelelo yolwaphulo umthetho iKhowudi zoLwaphulo, ekusekeni iimpawu kunye neempawu torts ezithile, kwakunye ukwayo, ezisetyenziswa ukuba ikhomishini yokugqibela, hypothesis alukhankanywanga kwaye lokukwekwa kuphela, kunye neentlobo ngazo kunye nezohlwayo ubeke iinkcukacha ubuninzi.

Ngoko ke, xa isayensi kukho uluvo lokuba nangona ukuba ubume umthetho lolwaphulo okho izinto ezimbini kuphela, kukho hypothesis ecacileyo lokukwekwa ikuvumela nangoku lisithathe njengendawo isakhiwo classical (hypothesis, isimo, isohlwayo).

Sengqondo - umqondo

Niwumiselwa umthetho lolwaphulo kukuba kuqondakale ukuba element yayo zesakhiwo, nto leyo definition fixed ekuthethwa ngalo tort lungiselelo, ngokunjalo nokubunjwa kwayo.

isimo yokuhlela

Ngabaqambi kwaye sithumele okuqulethwe zezi ntlobo zilandelayo isimo kumthetho yolwaphulo:

• Simple - ebizwa tort, kodwa abayityhilela iimpawu zakhe.
• Achazayo - iqulethe inkcazo ebanzi iimpawu eziphambili tort.
• Reference - akuthethi ukuchaza iimpawu tort, kwaye ubonelela ngomiselo lweBhunga wamva jonga nayiphi na enye impahla ye-Code Criminal.
• Yokulala - ukuseka ubungqina tort ibhekisela nezinye izenzo zolawulo yomthetho wendalo non-mthetho.
• Edityanisiweyo (okanye exutyiweyo) - oku kuquka nayiphi na imiqondiso reference okanye ingubo isimo kubanjiswene iimpawu enxulumene nayiphi na isimo.

Iintlobo isimo: a elula, esichazayo

Ngenxa yoko, siye sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha zeziphi na iintlobo isimo kumthetho mthetho.

Simple sengqondo uveza kuphela enye okanye enye tort, kodwa abayityhilela iimpawu zakhe, ngokuba umongo wale mithandazo ezicacileyo kwaye kungekho kukhankanywa ngqo naziphi na iinkcukacha. Intshayelelo umthetho yolwaphulo yale hlobo isimo ibinyanzeliswa ingqalelo ukuba enforcers umthetho akayi kubona naziphi na iingxaki ekuqondeni iinkcazelo ezisetyenzisiweyo kwaye kufuneka nokutyhilwa lwabo olongezelelweyo kuzo. Ngokomzekelo, cinga bubumenemene yeSiqendu 126 lomGaqo-Code Criminal - ukubiwa.

sengqondo esichazayo ibandakanya kungekuphela nje ukumiselwa tort kanye, kodwa inkcazelo ebanzi iimpawu zayo eziphambili. Ngokomzekelo, phantsi inqaku 158 CC tort - ubusela - uchazwa ubusela ngendlela efihlakeleyo egqibeleleyo enye impahla. Ezi ntlobo isimo kumthetho mthetho zezona common kakhulu.

Iintlobo isimo: reference, ingubo edityanisiweyo

isimo Reference, njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, oko ukuchaza tort, kwaye iqulathe isibheno nayiphi na enye impahla ye-Code Criminal, esicacisa iimpawu yokugqibela. Oku kususa ayiyomfuneko kwaye nzima kophindo nomthetho mthetho. Imihlathana ezisetyenziswa kuzo zombini ngqo ngqo kule fomu. Kwimeko yokuqala eziboniswe nangemiqondiso, kufuneka abekho okanye ndingekho tort. Kwimeko yesibini, nayiphi na ingcamango kutyhilwa kube kanye emva koko isicelo ukuya isimo ezinye imigangatho.

isimo yokulala umthetho lolwaphulo iqulathe kubhekiswa imimiselo equlethwe nayiphi na eminye imimandla yomthetho - yezendalo, yoluntu, ezemisebenzi, njl Ezi iindidi isimo kumthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho .. esetyenziswa kuloo manqaku leyo yakha uxanduva iphula imithetho ethile (yendlela, isixhobo yokuphatha, umsebenzi wokwakha, njalo njalo. d.). Ukongeza kule mithetho ezifanayo kakhulu umthetho lolwaphulo yayiya kwenza ingxaki elibalulekileyo yokugqibela, kwakunye izilungiso ezifunekayo kuye, rhoqo ngenxa yeenguqu ezenziwa yimigaqo ekhankanywe.

Ludityanisiwe (mixed) sengqondo inokuba liqulathe okanye iimpawu reference yokulala isimo, kunye nayo nayiphi na enye, ngokuqhelekileyo ezilula okanye esichazayo.

Kokuba kusetyenzwe umbuzo wokuba yintoni sengqondo, Kwakhona kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukuba olu ezinxulumene ngqo inxalenye yokugqibela yomthetho yolwaphulo isohlwayo.

Isohlwayo - concept

Isohlwayo kuthiwa isakhiwo ezalathisa element umthetho mthetho (eziqulethwe kwi-Special Part CC), nto leyo umisela ubukhulu kunye ukutshintshwa zokohlwaya Kucingwa ukuba akore tort sengqondo ochazwe rule. Ukutyhubela izohlwayo mthetho, ukuvavanya umgangatho ingozi eluntwini, nto leyo luphawulwa tort.

imihlobo kwezohlwayo

Isetyenziswa kwi izohlwayo umthetho mthetho zihlelwe ngokungqinelana iqondo ngokuqiniseka, ezizezi:

• Eyona ethile - ukuseta njengoko uhlobo kuphela isohlwayo kwaye ngokungqongqo ixabiso ethile. Phantsi komthetho lwangoku, ezo izohlwayo azisetyenziswa, ngenxa yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwazo akavumi ukwenza le individualization isohlwayo ngokususela kwiimeko a tort ethile, kwakunye iimpawu nobuntu ngumdlwenguli kwesi sifundo.
• Kakhulu ezithile - ukuseta uhlobo oluthile lommiselo, kwakunye nemida yayo kuchaziwe ngokusemthethweni, ngokucacisa ubuncinane kunye nexabiso ubuninzi isohlwayo okanye nje esiphezulu.
• Ezizezinye - ukuseka iintlobo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu isohlwayo (imisebenzi isohlwayo okanye yoluntu, okanye avalelwe, njl ...) Oko zingasetyenziswa akore ezichaphazelekayo tort ukuqala zombini iimpawu yokugqibela, kwaye efanelekileyo.

Ngoko ke, emva kokuqwalasela lo ngasentla imizekelo isimo kunye yezohlwayo nomthetho lolwaphulo-mthetho, oko kuchazwe ukuba inkqubo ka yokugqibela, kwakunye isakhiwo bemiqathango yawo abonelele isicelo ezifanelekileyo nezinempumelelo ngayo umthetho-mthetho, nto leyo evumela ukugcina umthetho nocwangco kwi kuluntu kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo.