Ilungelo le-veto, imbali yayo kunye nesicelo kwiintsuku zethu

Leli gama elithi "veto" lithetha ukuguqulelwa kwisiLatini "andiyikuthi". Eli binzana elingenakunqwenelekayo, nangona kunjalo, wangena ngokungqinileyo ngecawa lexicon yamagqwetha kunye nezopolitiko. Kukholelwa ukuba ngokokuqala ngqa ilungelo le-veto lisetyenziselwa kwiRoma yaseRoma, ngexesha leRiphablikhi; Kwakhona kwabizwa ngokuba yi "tribune right". Iimbambano - abemi baseRoma, abakhethiweyo kwi-plebs ukumela iimfuno zabemi - banokuvota, oko kukuthi, ukunyanzelisa, ukurhoxisa izigqibo ezithathwe yi-senate okanye umantyi. Oku kungavunyelwa ukukhulelwa. Umntu oyedwa owamagunya akhe angayithobeli loo mingcipheko wayengumlawuli weRiphabliki.

Ngaloo ndlela, ilungelo le-veto yenqatshulwa yokwamkela nawuphi na umthetho oqulunqwayo okanye isigqibo kwimigangatho yezopolitiko ezamkelwe ngumzimba ogunyazisiweyo, elinye iqumrhu elisemthethweni (umntu okanye umzimba), kwaye ukwenqaba kuyasebenza. Kwimeko yezopolitiko, oku kuthetha amandla okuphelisa, ukumisa okanye avalise imimiselo kunye nezigqibo ezithathwe ngumzimba ofanelekileyo. Amandla anjalo angaba yinxalenye okanye ayikho.

Emva kweRoma yaseRoma, ukusetyenziswa kwe-veto kwakungasetyenziswanga kude kube yikhulu le-XVII, kude kusekwe i-Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, umanyano welizwe laseLithuania nasePoland. Umthetho kwi-"Liberal Veto" (kwi-veto yamahhala, eguqulelwe ukusuka kwisiLatini) yadluliselwa kwivoti yombutho ophezulu we-Seimas (iPalamente). I-Commonwealth ilawulwa ngumthetho kaNihil novi (oko kukuthi uMgaqo-siseko weRadom), ngoko ukumkani angenako ukukhipha imithetho ngaphandle kwemvume yaloo nto. Ukutya okudliwayo kwanyulwa yi-Seim yendawo ukuba ibonise imfuno yesithili sayo kuyo. Ekubeni i-state yayibambisene nemvelo, apho yonke imimandla yayinamalungelo alinganayo, kwavela isithethe sokunika ithuba lokuthintela kwiphalamende ngalinye. Isigqibo sasiqwalaselwa njengamkelwa, xa onke amalungu eSaima ayevotela ngaphandle ngaphandle. Kukholelwa ukuba ngokokuqala ngqa ePoland ilungelo le-veto lisetyenziswe ngo-1669 ngummeli waseKiev, uAdam Olizar.

Iintshaba zePoland - iPrussia kunye neRashiya - basebenzisa le mzuzu wenkqubo ebekho kumthetho we-Commonwealth. Batshutshisa i-gentry abasebenzisa amandla abo e-veto ukuvimbela izigqibo ezithile, kwaye ngoko ke banciphisa isimo somlo. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-18 leminyaka, lo mkhuba wawuqhelekile kwiiseshoni ze-Sejm, kwaye iintlanganiso zaphazamiseka nje ngaphambi kokuba ziqale. Oku kwaqhubeka kwada ngo-Meyi 3, 1791, xa i-Confederate ye-Four-year Seim yamkela uMgaqo-siseko omtsha, owamisela umgaqo wokwenza izigqibo ngokuvota amaninzi.

Nangona kunjalo, lo mgaqo wokukhumbula izigqibo okanye izigqibo ezithintelayo uyaqhubeka nokuhlala kwimigaqo-nkqubo yamazwe amaninzi nakwiinkqubo zokwenza izigqibo phakathi kwemibutho ephakathi. Kwamanye amazwe aseburhulumenteni-aseparliamentary, ilungelo lomongameli we-veto lwenzeka.

Ingaba yinto engapheliyo (ekugqibeleni): kulo mzekelo, umongameli unelungelo lokugqithisa umyalelo ogqitywe yipalamente. Ngomhlobo (osolisayo okanye osolisayo) veto, umongameli kuphela oyeka ukungena kwilwayo-mthetho, kwaye ipalamente inelungelo lokuyifumana ngevoti yesibini ngolo hlobo oluninzi olufanelekileyo (inxalenye yesibini yepalamente kwikamelo ngalinye eMelika naseRashiya). Ikhethelo elikhethekileyo okanye elikhethiweyo, intloko karhulumente inelungelo lokugatya amanqaku okanye inxalenye yemithetho nezenzo.

Nangona i-Charter yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ayithethi igama malunga nokukhangela, leli lungelo lisetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo. Amalungu amahlanu asisigxina eBhunga lezoKhuseleko - iRashiya, iBritani, iUnited States, iFransi kunye neChina - unelungelo lokuvota i-UN. Ukususela ekuqaleni, ukusetyenziswa kwesenzo sokuqanda isigqibo se-UN elizwe eli lungelo likhokelela ekuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Ngokomzekelo, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko lwe-UN alikwazi ukufumana isigqibo sokugweba umgaqo-nkqubo we-Israel wokubamba imimandla, kunye nezinye izigqibo ezibalulekileyo, kuba ummeleli wamazwe esebenzisa ilungelo lokusebenzisa i-veto usebenzisa oko ukungaphumeleli kwalo mbandela. Oku kunjalo, kubangelwa ukugxeka okukhulu kwiinkalo ezininzi ze-UN.