WeZizwe eziManyeneyo: loo mnqophiso. Usuku United Nations

YeZizwe eziManyeneyo - enye arhente banempembelelo ngamazwe. Ewiliko kwemiba emininzi engundoqo, ebonisa iinkqubo lwezopolitiko noqoqosho lwehlabathi kuqhubeka ntoni kwinqanaba izakhiwo UN.

Ubume weZizwe eziManyeneyo kuquka phantse onke amazwe azimeleyo zehlabathi. Kwinqanaba ozakuzo, akukho nokuba iMini yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Njengoko esi sakhiwo yakheke? Zeziphi amazwe sasiyinxalenye ukudalwa weZizwe eziManyeneyo? Luhlobo olunjani yemisebenzi yenzelwe ukusombulula lo mbutho uye ngokwembali kwaye yintoni ndlela isebenza ngoku?

UN: ulwazi ngokubanzi

YeZizwe eziManyeneyo - enye imibutho ngamazwe ngobukhulu, Injongo ogama eziphambili - ekugcinweni koxolo nokhuseleko kwinqanaba lehlabathi kwakunye nokukhuthaza uphuhliso intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Uxwebhu ezingundoqo, nto leyo ebonakalisa ukuba imigaqo ye-UN - Charter. Ithi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba injongo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo - kukuthintela ezisongela uxolo, kwakunye izisombululo zabo, ukuphunyezwa yokusombulula ingxabano ngeendlela zoxolo, iinkqubo, ukukhuthaza kokwandiswa kobuhlobo nemvisiswano phakathi kwezizwe zonke zehlabathi, ngenxa yokuba amalungelo alinganayo kunye self-determination yeentlanga. Kwakhona, i-Charter ithi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo efuna ukuphuhlisa intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe amabini kwimiba yezoqoqosho, ezentlalo, ezenkcubeko kunye amacandelo wobuntu.

I-UN kuquka amazwe 193. Ukwakhiwa kwe-UN inokuquka kuphela ezo amazwe wayeyiqonda kunawo ngamazwe. Ukuba le njengenqobo kwenziwe xa ilizwe uchazwa imibutho ye-UN "uxolo", ukulungele ukuthwala uxanduva Charter kwaye akwazi ukuzalisekisa kubo, ngoko ke ucango kwi mbutho ezifunayo. Ukwamkelwa amazwe ezintsha UN General Assembly yenziwa phantsi ukubandakanyeka liBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Kulo mzekelo, ithi ezintlanu, usoloko ekhona kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko, uyakwazi azo isigqibo yoWiso ulwamkelo leZizwe eziManyeneyo ngurhulumente omtsha.

Qaphela ukuba urhulumente naye awanalo iwonga ilungu UN nje kuphela, kodwa mkhanyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko landulelwa yokungena elandelayo yelizwe ukuya Organisation. Isimo njengombukeli karhulumente lifumana enyanisweni ivoti kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Zokuvunywa isigqibo kufuna sisininzi seevoti. Le peculiarity ye-UN ngabakhi-mkhanyo kwi ukuba nabo babe umbuso non-esaziwayo. Nangona kunjalo, kuyaziwa ukuba abo ngamandla baba geqe ngokupheleleyo ixesha - Austria, Finland, Japan. Kamva, bafumana ubume ilungu epheleleyo UN.

INdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo lisebenza sicelwe phambili. Oku kubunjwa ngabameli kumazwe ilungu le-UN. State ngalinye linelungelo elilinganayo lokuvota. Enye umzimba ebalulekileyo UN - iBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Kwekhono lo isakhiwo - uxanduva lwehlabathi kwi-moya ehlabathini. UN Security ngokucalula nokwahlula izisongelo evela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ehlabathini ngeendibano uchuku kunokwenzeka. Eyona ndlela leBhunga lezoKhuseleko - amatyotyombe kongquzulwano ngokusebenzisa zoxolo, uphuhliso iingcebiso ezifanelekileyo emacaleni aso. Kwezinye iimeko, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko UN amandla ukugunyazisa ukusebenzisa umkhosi ukubuyisela umyalelo. IBhunga lezoKhuseleko ukusekwa kumazwe ali-15. Abahlanu kubo - esisigxina (Russia, France, China, iBritani neUnited States). Ke ezinye abatyunjwe yiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iminyaka emibini.

Lo mbutho inikwa yi komnye umzimba - yeZizwe eziManyeneyo Secretariat. Ikhokelwe ngumntu elifumileyo isithuba sikaNobhala Jikelele. Abaviwa kwesi sikhundla ubeka iBhunga lezoKhuseleko. USosiba Jikelele umisa kwiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo.

UN iilwimi ezisemthethweni ezintandathu -. Ezi gqolo ubekwe Russian. Phakathi kwezinye - eqhelekileyo kakhulu kwihlabathi IsiNgesi, IsiTshayina, Arabic, kwaye iSpanish kunye nesiFrentshi. Ngokuphathelele ngokoqobo kweelwimi ezisemthethweni - ingamaxwebhu ezingundoqo ekhutshwe yi-Umbutho sigqibo. Kwakhona kwi iziyelelane ezifanelekileyo zapapashwa iingxelo, iitranskripthi zodliwano. Iintetho eziza kwenziwa kule ntlanganiso iguqulelwe kwiilwimi zaseburhulumenteni.

Inkqubo yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kuquka izakhiwo ezikhoyo ezininzi ngokuzimeleyo. Phakathi ezinkulu - UNESCO, IAEA.

ikomkhulu lalo use eNew York.

Cinga indlela umsebenzi arhente engundoqo UN zolwimi ngokunzulu.

General Assembly

Njengokuba besesitshilo ngasentla, eli qumrhu - nomba ophambili kwi nevoti yengxoxo, policymaking kunye ummeli yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. INdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyinxalenye imigaqo esisiseko zokuzisa kwimiba yoxolo, eququzelela intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Amagunya igunya emiselweyo kwi UN Charter. INdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo isebenza kwi iiseshoni - rhoqo, ekhethekileyo okanye likaxakeka.

Njengenxalenye yale liqumrhu engundoqo yengxoxo weZizwe eziManyeneyo - kwiikomiti ezingaphezulu. Kwisakhono ngasinye - uluhlu elimxinwa lwemiba. Umzekelo, kukho iKomiti ukuphucwa noKhuseleko International. Kukho umzimba efanelekileyo, ukujongana neengxaki imiba yezentlalo yoluntu. Kukho yikomiti yimanyano - nemiba yomthetho. Kukho izakhiwo ukuba banoxanduva itshekhi ugunyaziso, ngesisombululo imibandela yezopolitiko, yolawulo kunye yebhajethi. Kwakhona nemisebenzi yeKomiti Jikelele. Kuyinto elijongene nemiba eNdibano, njengoko ajenda kunye imiba jikelele enxulumene entlanganweni yeengxoxo. It iqulathe amagosa eziliqela. Phakathi kwabo - intloko eNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, amasekela bakhe, iintloko nezinye iikomiti.

I-UN General Assembly, njengoko natshoyo, kukuba ukusebenza ngaphakathi sikhokelo iiseshoni ezizodwa. Basenokuba ingabizwa ngokusekelwe odolo liBhunga lezoKhuseleko. Iiseshoni Theme inokuba nomahluko - umzekelo, ezinxulumene namalungelo oluntu. Njengokuba besesitshilo ngasentla, ukuyilwa i-United Nations Organization kwakubangelwa ubukhulu becala imfuneko ulawulo ngamazwe iingxaki kule ndawo.

iBhunga lezoKhuseleko

Security Council UN - isakhiwo, kwi isakhono ezikhethekileyo imiba enxulumene nokugcinwa koxolo nokhuseleko. Sele sibonile ukuba uMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo wayemiselwe becala ngenjongo yokusombulula iingxaki nje profile enjalo. IBhunga lezoKhuseleko, njengoko sesitshilo ngasentla, iqulathe 5 ithi rhoqo, baye sanikwa ilungelo azo. Luhlobo luni inkqubo? Umgaqo olungundoqo apha iyafana naleyo ivitho yasepalamente.

Ukuba isigqibo kweBhunga loKhuseleko leUN into olungafaniyo States angamalungu asisigxina umzimba, ukuba zinokuyithintela ukwamkelwa yayo yokugqibela. Interesting Eneneni: ngummi ilizwe phakathi kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko rhoqo, asikwazi unyulelwe kuNobhala Jikelele UN.

I UN Secretariat

Esi sakhiwo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iyilelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ikakhulu yolawulo nomba wokuphunyezwa kweenkqubo eyamkelweyo. Ngokomthetho ke umsebenzi enxulumene kokupapashwa imibhalo izisombululo nezinye izigqibo, bangene ulwazi iifayile, ubhaliso zezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, njalo njalo. D. I Secretariat uye iingcali nowama-44 amawaka esebenza kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Iziseko ezinkulu umzimba basebenza eNew York, Nairobi, kwakunye kwizixeko yaseYurophu - Geneva kunye eVienna.

Court International of Justice

Kukho isakhiwo UN nazo enkundleni. Kuthathwa ukuba abagwebi abo benza oko, ukusebenza ngokuzimeleyo ngokuphathelele izinto ithi, nenika. Ukongeza, umsebenzi UN kufuneka ibe umsebenzi nje umsebenzi wabo. Xa iyonke, i-arhente ezifanelekileyo UN wosondeza abagwebi-15. Ngamnye kubo abe uhlobo olulodwa sifo, kwaye kananjalo babe eziliqela amalungelo ozakuzo. Amaqela imbambano ekufuneka isonjululwe kwiNkundla UN, kuba urhulumente kuphela. Abemi kunye amaqumrhu asemthethweni ngeke ibe ngummangali okanye ummangalelwa.

UN Council

Isakhiwo UN ukho iincam ezimbalwa - ezoqoqosho nezentlalo, ngokunjalo nentloko imiba nokulindwa (nangona iya kusebenza kuphela de November 1, 1994, emva kokuba wamiswa). Council Kuqala esombulula iingxaki ezinxulumene intsebenziswano lwezentlalo noqoqosho phakathi kwamazwe. Yenza neekhomishini 6 wamisa qho omhlaba. Oko kukuthi, umzekelo, kukho Economic Commission for eYurophu, nguwo lowo esebenzela eAfrika okanye West Asia.

amaziko

I-UN Charter ifuna ukuba imizimba ezikhokelela Unako ukwenza isakhiwo inkxaso. Umzekelo, wabonakala nezinye ii-arhente ezininzi UN. Phakathi edume - IAEA, i-World Health Organization, UNICEF, iUNESCO, i-UN Food Organisation.

History of the UN

Into umdla yophononongo UN - imbali. IZizwe States owasungulwa ngo-Oktobha 24, 1945. Ngosuku uninzi ithi bayisayinile le UN Charter, izivumelwano uxwebhu. Nangona kunjalo, ingqiqo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ngokutsho kwezinye mbali, baqala iza kuphuhliswa kule minyaka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ngokukodwa, ukuze kuqwalaselwe ukuba ngoJanuwari 1942, ilungu amazwe angamalungu awodwa, ulwa imfazwe nxamnye amaNazi, basayine uxwebhu, leyo kuthiwa Declaration of leZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ekwindla ka-1944 kwi "Oaks Dumbarton" - ibekwe e Washington nandawo - kwabanjwa inxaxheba waseUSSR, USA, Great Britain ne China kwinkomfa. Ithi ukuchaza iza kuphuhlisa njani ubudlelwane ngezizwe emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, yaye emva koko, njengokuba isakhiwo esisiseko zokulawula le nkqubo ingakhangeleka njani.

NgoFebruwari 1945, wadlula yayingeyiyo Conference Yalta. Yena iintloko ekhokela amazwe Amanyeneyo wabhengeza injongo yabo ukudala isakhiwo emhlabeni wonke, eyona njongo iphambili leyo ukugcinwa koxolo. Ngo-Epreli ka nyaka e San Francisco, kwabanjwa inkomfa kunye nxaxheba kumazwe angama-50 ukuze kuphuhliswe iZizwe eziManyeneyo Charter. Inani lilonke labathathi-nxaxheba malunga 3.5 amawaka. Abantu, kwaye ngaphezu kwama-2500 iintatheli, documentarians kunye abantu ababukeleyo. NgoJuni 1945, i-Charter weZizwe eziManyeneyo yamkelwa yaye kungekudala sisayinwe ngabameli 50 States. Ngenxa yolu xwebhu weza, njengoko sesitshilo ngasentla,-24 Oktobha 1945. Kuyinto Day United Nations lubhiyozelwa kwinqanaba elisemthethweni.

Kukho kwinguqulo weZizwe eziManyeneyo - umbutho eliye laba ezihlangwini yomthetho esinye isakhiwo ngamazwe - uManyano Lwezizwe, leyo yasebenza de Second World War. Noko ke, njengoko kuqatshelwe ziingcali ezininzi, umsebenzi wombutho entsha iye kakhulu ngakumbi jikelele, kokubini iingqiqo theoretical component ebekwe phantsi kule Tshatha, uMbumbi ngethuba practice.

An into umdla kukuba, ekuqaleni, ukuba UN kwi amalungelo kumazwe ngokwenene ifakwe kwezizwana ezimbini zokuqala ze-USSR kwi namaLungelo Union - Belarusian kwaye Ukrainian Soviet Union. Kwakhona ifakiwe lo mbutho ngokusesikweni ixhomekeke eBritani, India, kwiiPhilippines, phantsi Protectorate eUnited States.

mali UN

Ngezimali imisebenzi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo eqhutywa yi-mali lo mbutho. Xa inkqubo yayo ukubunjwa iquka zonke ithi ziphantsi UN. I-lwabiwo-mali olucetywayo unobhala jikelele phezu Ngokuququzelela imizimba abanobuchule zoMbutho. Emva koko, uxwebhu ahambelanayo zivavanywayo yiKomiti eCebisayo kunye nezinye ii-arhente kwi UN. Emva kokuba iziphakamiso abahlalutyi esilithundezela, yena, kwikomiti mali. Emva - kwiNdibano Jikelele izilungiso zokugqibela kunye nokuvunywa.

Ibhajethi ye-UN amiliswe lilungu iintlawulo zobulungu ithi lo mbutho. Isibaluli apha - imeko yezoqoqosho yelizwe uzimisele kakhulu ngokwesiseko kubungakanani GDP, kwakunye nenani uhlengahlengiso ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo lemivuzo ephantsi labemi belizwe, kunye namatyala yangaphandle. States okwangoku negalelo mali UN isixa esikhulu semali - i-US, eJapan, eJamani. Amazwe 10 phezulu neRashiya nayo ibandakanya imirhumo enkulu ubulungu.

izibhengezo UN kunye neendibano

Phakathi amaxwebhu neyakusasazwa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ipapashe rhoqo imisebenzi yayo - izibhengezo kunye neendibano. Yintoni Okukodwa wabo? Okokuqala, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba, ngokungafaniyo Charter, la maxwebhu musa awanyanzele urhulumente ukuba aphumeze izibonelelo kulo. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Convention, kwakunye isibhengezo - kodwa ikakhulu iingcebiso, njengoko iingcali zikholelwa, umthombo. Nakuba kunjalo, amazwe nga kuqinise isivumelwano, isibhengezo okanye kwindibano kwinqanaba likazwelonke. La maxwebhu idumileyo ingcali UN ingqalelo ezifana, ngokomzekelo, le nkcazo-jikelele engeemfanelo zoluntu (eyamkelwe ngowe-1948), i-Kyoto Protocol (1997), i-Convention on namaLungelo oMntwana (1989).

Imisebenzi weZizwe eziManyeneyo

Yintoni indima eluncedo weZizwe eziManyeneyo kwiinkqubo ezenzeka planethi? Phakathi kwiindawo ezingundoqo - uxolo. It ingavezwa lo msebenzi ulandelayo:

- ukufunda iziganeko zongquzulwano, ukuqala thethwano kunye namaqela achaphazelekayo;

- ukuqinisekiswa kwezivumelwano zentsebenzo, echaza sokuyeka umlilo;

- imisebenzi enxulumene ukugcina ucwangco, ukuthotyelwa komthetho;

- uncedo ezijongene noluntu;

- Ukubeka iliso kwiimeko zongquzulwano.

Phakathi izixhobo kunokwenzeka UN kule ndawo - ukuziphatha yokugcina uxolo. An into umdla kukuba akukho lwazi enjalo kuMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo Charter. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo enokw ukusebenza ehambelana ngokusekelwe iinjongo kunye nemigaqo yayo. Kunjalo, le iinketho aluncedo lokusombulula ungquzulwano - kwiBhunga lezoKhuseleko UN. Esi sakhiwo ugqiba ukuhlela indlela inkqubo uxolo, ngokwenza nendlela esweni ukuphunyezwa izigqibo ezenziwa.

Enye indawo ebalulekileyo yomsebenzi leZizwe eziManyeneyo - ukuba esweni imeko kunye namalungelo oluntu. Njengoko sele sibonile ngentla apha, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe-1948, ekhutshwe isibhengezo kungqinelwano. Emva kokuba uphuhliso kolu xwebhu, i-UN General Assembly kucetyiswa ukuba angamalungu yombutho, ukukhuthaza ukusasazwa kwezibonelelo ephambili Declaration, ingqalelo eyodwa inikwa kokupapashwa ulwazi olufanelekileyo ezikolweni.

IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo uxakeke ekunikeni uncedo wobuntu. Isizathu sokuba iziganeko yale hlobo inokuba iintlekele zemvelo, ungquzulwano emkhosini, zibeyintlekele. Uncedo inganikezelwa zombini ngokwemiqathango kubonelelo eziyimfuneko ezisisiseko, ngokunjalo ekukhuthazeni sokubuyisela uqoqosho, impilo, imfundo.