Imibhobho: lwemibhobho Russia

amafutha Russian - njengenye yeekhomponenti eziphambili amafutha kunye namandla candelo kuqoqosho. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-Russian Federation isebenza nothungelwano olubanzi imibhobho oyile, imibhobho igesi kunye lwemibhobho ngeoli ezahlukahlukeneyo ukubaluleka. izithuthi Mcetywa amakhonkco kubakhangeli abaninzi kwizifundo ze-Federation, kwaye kananjalo usebenza ezithumela hydrocarbon kunye nezakhi zawo.

ngezigaba imibhobho

Imibhobho bohlulwa ngokwengqibo wabo;

• izinto Local Connect ngaphakathi okuloba, oyile kunye nokugcinwa negesi izibonelelo, izihluzi.
• imijelo Regional abe ubude kwamashumi eziliqela yeekhilomitha. Oli ukuhlanganisa master kwisitishi, kunye nezinto ioli iyalayisha (kulayishwa) phezu kwamanzi okanye kaloliwe, mome engundoqo.
• Lomqolo - imibhobho, lakho eliphezu-50 km, umbhobho ukususela 200 mm ukuya 1400 mm nangaphezulu. Umgama ngalo imveliso ezinokubonelelwa kwi imibhobho ezinjalo, kwi amakhulu okanye amawaka eekhilomitha. Ukumpompa wenziwa akukho namnye kwisikhululo isiguquli kunye ezininzi, bebekwe ecaleni kwendlela yalo mbhobho. Kuxhomekeka ioli ezimpontshelwa, yombhobho eyintloko kuthiwa Mcetywa (oyile engahluzwanga zokumpompa) kunye nemveliso (oyile), ioli omnyama, a ipetroli, iparafini, kunye nabanye.

imigca eziphangaleleyo fambisiwaka rhoqo, zinokuba yokumisa eyeyomzuzwana lemo yonxunguphalo, ukulungiswa lwesiqhelo okanye ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezonakeleyo.

Uphuhliso amafutha eRashiya

Imbali kuphuhliso kwemibhobho eRashiya inikeze kunxulumene kuphuhliso lwamashisini oyile. Ngo-1901, urhulumente uvelisa phantse isiqingatha iyonke kwimveliso ye-oyile ehlabathini. Ngenxa yokwanda imiqulu zempahla ekrwada liya yaphakamisa umbuzo yokuhamba yayo. i kwezoqoqosho kokwakhiwa kwemibhobho iye yaba ukunciphisa umthwalo bakwaloliwe nokunciphisa iindleko zokuhamba.

Imboni isiqu Russian lokuqala ubude abangama-1147 km ziye wakha Ekuveleni XIX kunye XX kwiinkulungwane kunye enxulumene namasimi kummandla izicokisi yeoli Baku. Eli phulo ukwakha yombhobho yokuqala imveliso ephethwe yi di Mendeleev. Esi sicwangciso yaphunyezwa ngo-1906. Ubude Mcetywa ka-831 km, imibhobho 200 mm kunye izitishi isiguquli 13 yaba likhulu ehlabathini ngelo xesha kwaye kubonelelwa separafini ukusuka Baku ukuya Batumi kumazwe angaphandle.

Kwiminyaka eyandulela, ukungena nokuphuma kwezinto eziphambili yeoli neoli iimveliso kuLwandle lweCaspian, neCaucasus kunye iVolga isitya. Kuye esigunyaziswe oyile Mcetywa Grozny-Tuapse (649 km, 273 mm ubukhulu), Ishimbai-Ufa (169 km, 300 mm) kunye nemveliso Mangyshlak - Samara kunye Ust-Umva - Almetyevsk.

Umjikelo entsha yophuhliso amafutha Russian (ngoko USSR) ndizuze kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe. Oku lalonyukile kwisithuba uphuhliso olukhawulezayo imigodi kunye nokuqhutywa yamafutha iVolga-Urals Basin kunye nophuhliso iidipozithi eSiberia. imibhobho okukhulu ubude ukuya ku-1200 mm ububanzi ezakhiwayo. Ngenxa ezinye zazo (umz, Surgut - Polotsk), waqalisa ioli eSiberia ukuba kusiwa kwimimandla umbindi Russia, Belarus kunye aseBalti.

Izinto eziluncedo zothutho yombhobho

Uphuhliso kakhulu olumandla oyile negesi imibhobho Russia lafumana kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX. Namhlanje, umthamo nondiliseko ngqo imboni, ezizizembiwa abathuthwayo ngcembe lenkosikazi iindlela zamanzi kunye kaloliwe nokuthuthwa oyile kunye namafutha iimveliso. Izinto eziluncedo eziphambili oyile negesi imibhobho zezi:

• A Uluhlu ebalulekileyo zokumpompa, umsebenzi inkathazo-free, a bandwidth ebalulekileyo, iilahleko ubuncinane.
• A ezibanzi viscosity uluhlu oyile sokumpompa.
• intsebenziswano ezinzileyo kwimimandla zezulu ezahlukeneyo.
• Ngamathuba ngokwakha imibhobho phantse kuzo zonke iindawo.
• Inqanaba eliphezulu koomatshini ekwakheni.
• Iinkqubo ukufunyanwa okuzenzekelayo lokulawula iinkqubo zobugcisa.

Luncedo zothutho yombhobho ithathwa ngokuba utyalo ezinkulu ngokwaneleyo kwisigaba sokwakha.

Eyona inkulu amafutha Russian

1. Baku - Novorossiysk - umbhobho sokumpompa ioli lweCaspian kwizibuko Novorossiysk.
2. Balakhani - Black City - lokuqala Russian oyile Mcetywa ukusetyenziswa ngo-1878. Umboko Mcetywa idibanisa lokuloba Balakhani on the Absheron Peninsula kunye nesikhundla nokusulungekiswa kummandla Baku.
3. network mome lweBaltic. umthamo Design - million 74 njengeetoni ze-oyile ngonyaka ngamnye. Idibanisa kwizibuko Primorsk kwimimandla oyile e Western eSiberia kunye nommandla phambene-iVolga.
4. Eastern eSiberia - Pacific Ocean - umbhobho osuka amasimi zaseSiberia kunye nezibuko oyile Kozmino kufuphi Nakhodka. umqhubi Mcetywa - OJSC "AK" Transneft ". Ubude 4188 km kwenza kube lula ukuba kumazwe oyile IsiRashiya ukuya Asia-Pacific and US kwiimarike.
5. I oil Mcetywa "Druzhba" - kunawo ehlabathini kwemibhobho eziphambili, kwakhelwa iimveliso ioli petroleum kumazwe yali eseMpuma Yurophu. Ngoku esebenza kumazwe eYurophu.
6. Grozny - Tuapse - wokuqala Russian buti yombhobho medium ububanzi, elakhiwa ngenkulungwane yokuqala yamashumi zokuthuthwa ioli abaseAfrika ukuya kunxweme kuLwandle Black.
7. I lweCaspian lwemibhobho Consortium (CPC) umbhobho inxulumanisa intsimi kwintshona Kazakhstan ukuya terminal elunxwemeni Sea Black kufuphi Novorossiysk.
8. Murmansk imibhobho kunye umthamo 80 lezigidi zeetoni inxibelelanisa amasimi yeoli in Western eSiberia kwizibuko Murmansk.
9. Surgut - Polotsk - yombhobho oyile odibanisa Western eSiberia kunye Belarus kwaye ngoko ke kumazwe eBaltic kunye Poland.
10. A shushu main oyile lwemibhobho unique Uzen - Atyrau - Samara.

Rhweba ngaphandle nge amafutha

Okwangoku, i amafutha Russian akhawunti 84% ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kweli lizwe-oyile. I-13% le zokuthutha ne-3% - ezothutho zolwelo kunye nomlambo. OJSC "AK" Transneft "- umqhubi kuphela kwemibhobho yeoli eRashiya. Okubangela 97% yeoli abathuthwayo kuveliswa kweli lizwe. Ubude kwenkqubo imibhobho yenkampani -. Ngaphezu 217 ophosa, edityaniswe imimandla ephambili kwimveliso ye-oyile eRashiya kunye neemarike ukuthengiswa eYurophu. 46.7 thous. Km kwinkqubo yezothutho iyonke ezinxulumene amafutha kunye 19.3 thous. Km sele imboni.

amafutha Main eRashiya, bazibandakanye ukuthunyelwa:

• KwiBaltic umthamo Mcetywa - million 74 zeetoni ngonyaka ngamnye;
• Inkqubo Mcetywa "Druzhba". Enye amasebe yombhobho aye ePoland, le yesibini - aseSlovakia. Iyonke umthamo - 90 million tons;
• Black oyile Mcetywa Sea - million 43 tons.

Le ndawo kakhulu elithembisayo uphuhliso Russian ezithunyelwa neoli eMpuma aseSiberia, ngenxa yokukhula umsengi kusetyenziso oyile e China.