Iron: isakhiwo-atom, isicwangciso kunye nezibonelo. Isakhiwo yekhompyutha i-atom intsimbi

Cinga isakhiwo ngekhompyutha ye atom yentsimbi, ngokunjalo indawo yawo lwezakhi. Chonga iimpawu eziphambili emzimbeni eekhemikhali element, intsimi lokusetyenziswa.

Imeko kwi SS

Iron kunethuba d-8 iqela (group sethutyana). 26 inenani yesiriyeli, ubunzima isalamane atom - 56, kwi-atom yayo iqulethe protons 26, 26 elektroni, kunye neutron-30. Le metal has a reactivity eliphezulu, imiboniso ukunciphisa izakhiwo. karhulumente lohlobo igcwala-phinde ngo 2, +3.

Iimpawu ze isakhiwo atom

Yintoni i elektroniki umzobo ulwakhiwo atom yentsimbi? Xa siqwalasela ukwabiwa elektroni kwi amanqanaba amandla, sinokuyifumana lwalo kulandelayo:

2e; 8e; 14 e; 2e. Loo isakhiwo electron iqokobhe atom yentsimbi sibonisa ukuba kwindawo yayo kwi sub-amaqela, uqinisekisa ubandakanyeka lweziqalelo Dr..

Ukuba indalo

Iron yenye yendalo imichiza kakhulu. In eqweqweni nokuqulethileyo pesenti malunga 5.1%. In ngaphezulu enzulwini iplanethi yethu kukho izinto ezintathu kuphela: lesilicon, aluminiyam, ioksijini.

Iron ores zifumaneka kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo Umhlaba. Abenzi bamachiza afunyanwa ambaxa olu emhlabeni. Xa imveliso intsimbi ekrwada lukhethiwe apho umxholo kune-30 ekhulwini.

I zentsimbi Imagnethi iqulathe malunga asixhenxe anesibini ekhulwini sentsimbi. iidipozithi magnetite Basic ibekwe Kursk mgaqweni owahluke ngokwemvelo, ngokunjalo e Southern phambene kwiiNtaba. Xa bloodstone ipesenti yentsimbi ifikelela-65 ekhulwini. Hematite kwafumaneka kummandla Krivoy Rog.

Ixabiso for izityalo kunye nezilwanyana

Yiyiphi indima eziphilayo, wenza intsimbi? Indlela esakhiwe ngayo esi-atom achaze iimpawu zayo okubuyisela. Le Ingxenye chemical yinxalenye mpilo, amnike umbala obomvu. Malunga ezintathu grams zesinyithi ecocekileyo, uninzi lwazo ezifakwe ngehemoglobin, eyafunyanwa umzimba womntu omdala. Eyona njongo ephambili ukugqithisela ukuba nezihlunu emiphungeni ioksijini esebenzayo kunye nokurhoxiswa carbon dioxide kwakhiwa.

Needs olu kunye nezityalo. Njengenxalenye kukho icytoplasm, kuthatha indima ebonakalayo kwinkqubo yefotosinthsis. Ukuba isityalo ayikho intsimbi ngokwaneleyo, amagqabi alo umbala omhlophe. Idibene neetyuwa lokunxibela amancinane zezityalo intsimbi Amagqabi atshintsha umbala oluhlaza.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Siye ngokutsha isakhiwo atom yentsimbi. Umphathi wesekethe iqinisekisa ukuba lo ayenechaphothi sakhi sisinyithi (electron Valence ekhoyo). Xa metal indawo yokunyibilika eliphezulu isilivere-ezimhlophe (degrees 1539 Celsius). Ngenxa ductility ezilungileyo intsimbi zingalula lothuli, bexhentsa, nasekuqiniseni.

Ukwazi ukuba magnetization kunye demagnetization uphawu intsimbi, wayenza izinto kakhulu kwimveliso umphakathi abasebenza ezinamandla kwizithuthi ezahlukeneyo kunye neemoto zombane.

iron Indlela esebenzayo? Isakhiwo ibonisa ubukho atom kumphakamo olungaphandle elektroni zombini ziya kunikwa ebudeni yokusabela wemichiza. Ukwandisa ubulukhuni wayo namandla, kwaye enze ezongezelelweyo metal ehlelayo lukhuni. iinkqubo ezinjalo ezingahambi kukho utshintsho kwisakhiwo i-atom.

uhlobo iron

Isakhiwo yekhompyutha i-atom intsimbi, i-scheme leyo kwaxoxwa ngasentla, uchaza iimpawu zayo chemical. Xa metal ngokorhwebo nyulu, nto leyo iphantsi-carbon steel licandelo ogama main yentsimbi. Njengoko ukungcola akuvezayo 0.04 carbon ekhulwini, nayo iqulethe phosphorus, initrogen, nesalfure.

iron afana oluhlambulukileyo parameters zayo lwangaphandle efanayo platinum. It enokumelana eliphezulu kwiinkqubo umhlwa, saka asidi. Xa elimsulwa encinane ebiqaliswe a metal esulungekileyo linezalo iimpawu ezizodwa shwaka.

ongakhetha kuzo

Ubume aluminiyam nentsimbi athom akwi amphoteric zibonisa iqelana engundoqo-aluminiyam, amathuba ukuyisebenzisa kwinkqubo yokuzahlula yentsimbi evela oxides yayo. Aluminothermy wenziwe kwiqondo lobushushu ophakamileyo, oko kusenza ukuba ukwaba metal Ndihlambulukile ores zendalo. Ukongeza aluminum njenge arhente onamandla ekunciphiseni kukhethiwe hydrogen, i oxide le carbon (2) kunye namalahle.

iipropati ikakhulu chemical

Ziintoni iimpawu imichiza yentsimbi na? Ubume ye atom achaze umsebenzi wayo ekunciphiseni. Kuba intsimbi, luphawulwa ukuyilwa uthotho ezimbini iikhompawundi yokuba igcwala zikarhulumente-phinde ngo 2, +3.

Xa umoya ulophu, kukho inkqubo mhlwa (umhlwa) loMthetho intsimbi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kusekwe hayidroksayidi yentsimbi (3). Mpilo elibaselwe ngumoji ucingo intsimbi idityaniswe kokufika intsimbi black oxide umgubo (2.3), ebizwa scale oxide yentsimbi.

Kwiqondo lobushushu metal eliphezulu ezikwaziyo zakudibana umphunga wamanzi, ngaloo ndlela bakha oxide exutyiweyo. Le nkqubo kunye hydrogen ngendaleko.

Reaction ne non-iintsimbi kwenzeka kuphela xa zokufudumeza lokuqala amacandelo ukuqala.

Iron songanyibilikisswa sulphuric yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano okanye asidi zehydrochloric ngaphandle preheating lo mxube. sulphuric esinyusiweyo zehydrochloric acid passivate intsimbi.

Yini enye iipropati imichiza intsimbi? Ulwakhiwo atom le element ibonisa umsebenzi wayo avareji. Le lokishi kuqinisekiswa isinyithi hydrogen (H2) kolu thotho electrochemical. Ngenxa yoko, oko asuse ukusuka iityuwa zonke ngesinyithi, usebenziso, okanye ekunene kumqolo Beketova. Ngenxa yoko, indlela ngobhedu (2) ikhutshwa phandle phantsi ubushushu, i ulwabiwo ngobhedu ecocekileyo kunye nokufumana isisombululo chloride ferric (2).

izicelo

Inxalenye enkulu intsimbi iyonke isetyenziswa kwimveliso zentsimbi kunye ngentsimbi. Ipesenti yentsimbi carbon ngokuqulathwe 3-4 ekhulwini intsimbi - hayi ngaphezulu kwe 1.4 ekhulwini. Le nkalo nonmetal yenza umsebenzi nokukhulisa amandla nimanyane. Ngaphezu koko, naso kahle kuchaphazela iimpawu umhlwa aluminiyamu kwandisa kweelana umbandela ukuba iqondo lobushushu ephakamileyo.

vanadium kwezithako kuyimfuneko ukuphucula amandla ngomatshini yenziwe ngentsimbi. Chromium kwandisa kwinkcaso imichiza ndlongondlongo.

Iipropati Ferromagnetic lwesi sakhi wemichiza wenza ithandwa kwizicelo mveliso, kuquka abasebenza. Ukongeza, intsimbi wafumana ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwishishini kundikhumbuza le. A isisekelo ukuvelisa njengezikhumbuzo ezahlukeneyo iimagnethi ezimibalabala efrijini.

Amandla ductility kuvumela ukusetyenziswa metal kulwenziwo yeduli, izixhobo ezahlukeneyo.

chloride Ferric (3) asetyenziselwa ucoco amanzi avela ukungcola. Xa amayeza 26 isiqalelo lwezakhi esetyenziswa ukunyanga izifo ezifana kwegazi. Kwimeko apho kukho ukunqongophala iiseli ezibomvu kukho ukudinwa, isikhumba khangela ukuntsonkotha ngokuchasene nemvelo luthuthu. amalungiselelo zentsimbi kunceda ekupheliseni le hlobo ngxaki, abuyele umzimba imisebenzi yesiqhelo. Iron ibaluleke ngokukodwa ukuba umsebenzi esinobubovu lengqula, isibindi. Ngoko ke, ukuba umzimba womntu naziphi na iingxaki ezinkulu, liyigqibele ngokwaneleyo imihla malunga-20 mg le sentsimbi.