Yintoni athom kunye iimolekyuli?

Yonk 'imihla senza ntoni ezinye izinto: ndibathabathe esandleni, enze naluphi usetyenziso phezu kwabo - Tyhila iphepha, cinga, emva bonke ligqobha indlu, ezo. Wakhe wacinga ukuba le nkqubo ibandakanya ezi zinto? "Yintoni na ngokwenene ukuba ucinga ntoni? Ngenxa metal / iinkuni / iplastiki / ilaphu!" - Impendulo axakwe babaninzi ababuleweyo kuthi. Okunye ke impendulo echanekileyo. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba yintoni ezi zinto - metal, iinkuni, iplastiki, ilaphu kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi? Namhlanje siza kuxoxa lo mba.

Molecule kunye ingaphezulu: nokumisela

Impendulo Umntu onolwazi ilula kwaye banal:-athom kunye iimolekyuli. Kodwa abanye abantu babhidekile yaye uqale nezakudala off mibuzo: "? Yintoni athom kunye iimolekyuli zibukeka ngathi" njl, njl Iimpendulo zale mibuzo ukuze. Kaloku, okokuqala, ukuba atom ezinjalo kunye iimolekyuli? Uya kukuxelela kwangoko ukuba inkcazelo - hayi into efanayo. Kwaye nkqu nangaphezulu - ukuba amagama ahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, i-atom - uyinxalenye incinane element imichiza, nto leyo ke yenethiwekhi lweepropati zayo, kwisuntswana kweziyobisi ubunzima omncinane kunye nobukhulu. Molecule - i zombane yamasuntswana cala oluthi luqokelelane yi eziliqela amaqhina oqhagamshelwano ngeentambo covalent ye atom.

Yintoni i-atom; isakhiwo

Atom iquka iqokobhe electron kunye eziba atomic (ifoto emileyo). Ngenxa yoko, ngumongo iqulathe protons kunye neutron, kunye iqokobhe - le electron. Le protons ngokuqinisekileyo kuhlawuliswa atom, electron - HIV, kwaye neutron azikho kuhlawuliswa konke konke. Ukuba inani protons ehambelana ngokwenani elektroni, i-atom na zombane cala, ngamanye amazwi, ukuba uthinte ukuze into kwakheka neemolekyuli kunye athom ezinjalo musa va ubume yombane encinane. Kwaye computer yakhe enzima-umsebenzi ayizange ukubamba ngenxa yokungabikho wamva. Kodwa ke ukuba protons ngaphezu elektroni, kunye vice versa. Ke ezo atom bekuya kuba echanekileyo ukubiza ion. Ukuba ngayo protons ngakumbi, ngombane HIV, ukuba esilawulwa electron - kagesi negative. atom nganye inani engqongqo eqinisekileyo of protons, neutron kunye electron. Kwaye kungaba ibalwe. Template ukuhlangabezana nemingeni yokufumana inani le amasuntswana na ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Shem. element - R (faka igama isuntswana)
Le protons (p) -?
Electron (e) -?
Neutron (n) -?
isicombululo:
p = Ref № shem. R isiqalelo kwinkqubo ngamaxesha ka di Mendeleev
f = p
n = A _{r (R)} - № _R

Yintoni na le molecule: isakhiwo

Mpilo - kwisuntswana incinane into acid, ithetha ukuba sele ifakiwe ngqo kumafa yayo. into ethile molecule iqulathe athom ezininzi ezifanayo okanye ezahlukeneyo. Iimpawu ze ubume molekyuli zixhomekeke kwiimpawu ebonakalayo ukwimo apho zikhona. Iimolekyuli luqulathe elektroni kunye atom. indawo yokugcina ingafunyanwa ngoncedo olungumgubo noshowo. Ubume kwemolekyuli ukugqiba ikhondo yokusabela wemichiza. Ngokuqhelekileyo ke cala (akukho kagesi), kwaye ke akukho electron unpaired (zonke valences sele befumile). Noko ke, angamangalelwa, ngoko igama lazo - ion. Kwakhona, iimolekyuli zinokuba electron unpaired kunye valences ezihluthiyo - kulo mzekelo kuthiwa radicals.

isiphelo

Ngoku uyazi ukuba yintoni i-atom nokuba yintoni molecule. Yonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, into eyakhiwe ngayo iimolekyuli, nevuthisayo, ke, lisakheka-athom. iimpawu Physical osisiqu nokugqiba indawo uqhagamshelwano-athom kunye iimolekyuli kulo.