India, "Kudankulam" (NPP): inkcazelo, imbali kunye neempawu

NPP "Kudankulam" (India), ukusebenza yorhwebo kweyunithi yokuqala eyaqala December 31, 2013, eneminyaka engama-26 kuyilo nolwakhiwo eqongeni, waza wema kwafa iinyanga ezisixhenxe yi abaqhankqalazi, ukuba babe inkulu amandla enyukliya eli lizwe.

irekhodi engagqitywanga

Kukho iiprojekthi zezityalo zamandla enyukliya, ukuzolula ngonaphakade, "Kudankulam" - izityalo amandla enyukliya, nto leyo ingumzekelo omhle womnye kubo. Ngoko kutheni na ukuba entendeni elinikiweyo? Noko ke, simele ukwenza ubuncinane ngenxa inani iingxaki ukuba isikhululo wakwazi ukoyisa. Development kweyunithi yokuqala yaqala ngo-1988, kodwa projekthi iye yasinda ngokuwa eSoviet Union, izohlwayo jikelele, imiqobo engaphele zomthetho, kwakunye uqhankqalazo zasekuhlaleni, ixesha utshintsho ibe kwakukho isidubedube. "Kudankulam" - izityalo amandla enyukliya, eyaziwa ngokuba izityalo yayo yokuqala mihla kwakhiwa e-India besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe amazwe.

Ukususela ngo-1974, xa ibhombu atom lwavavanywa kweli lizwe, ukuya ku-2008, India akazange avunyelwe ukuba iteknoloji yenyukliya yorhwebo yamazwe ngamazwe ngokungqinelana iSivumelwano kwi-Non-Proliferation of Izixhobo Nuclear, ukuba oko ahambe. Iimvavanyo yakhokelela ekwakhiweni kwezi Suppliers Nuclear Group (NSG) - iqumrhu beentlanga, kuquka inkoliso amandla enyukliya zehlabathi, leyo wadalwa ukuze esweni urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe ubugcisa zenyukliya, zombini yomkhosi emkhosini.

ukusweleka energy

Kwimeko yokuvalwa zoncedo amazwe India Kwanyanzeleka ukuba usebenzise wempumelelo kushishino samandla enyukliya Russian. Ezi nketho kuphela iiyunithi ezimbini Tarapur, eyakhiwa Jikelele Electric ngowe-1969, yaye iCandu babini e Rajasthan, ukwakhiwa apho sabekwa ebutsheni boo-1970. Zombini NPP ilwela uranium elizweni phantsi kolawulo International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

16 nezinye zamandla e-Indiya, kuphuhliswa-endlwini nokusebenza amanzi enzima. Limited oovimba uranium kweli lizwe baba umthombo iingxaki rhoqo unikezelo amafutha kwisityalo amandla enyukliya yasekuhlaleni. Kwaba yimfuneko ke kwanokuba kuqulunqwe iteknoloji processing kwamafutha, ngokunjalo ukuphumeza isicwangciso ixesha elide yokusetyenziswa ezinkulu oovimba thorium - malunga ne-13% ye-iidiphozithi ezaziwayo lwesi sakhi wemichiza e India.

Ubunzima kuphuhliso amandla enyukliya (zonke zamandla kweli lizwe abe MW umthamo 202 okanye ngaphantsi) kwanyanzeleka ngobunkokeli balo ukuba bakhangele iindlela ukuze kuthintelwe ukwayo ngamazwe. Isiphumo enye yezi manyathelo yaba "Kudankulam".

project nelishwa

NgoNovemba 1988, iNkulumbuso Radzhiv Gandi kunye uMikhail Gorbachev asayina isivumelwano ukwakha iiyunithi ezimbini turnkey amandla enyukliya e Tamil Nadu kunye VVER reactor eSoviet. USSR kwafuneka ukuba kwakhiwe isikhululo nokuqinisekisa isibaso eyayiza zibuyiselwe emva kuphuhliso.

Kodwa projekthi abajongene imiqobo politiko, ngokuba yiSoviet Union ngowe-1988 wayeqalisa ukuwa. Kunyaka olandelayo, amazwe aseMpuma eYurophu balawulwa yiSoviet, ukuze ukwazi ukumela ukuzimela kwawo, waziqhekeza yiSoviet Union ngokwayo ngo-1991. Nangona Russian Federation wamkele izibophelelo USSR phantsi kwesivumelwano kwi "Kudankulam" NPP, sobunzima bezoqoqosho itshayelwe neRashiya-1990, kwixesha phakathi kuka-1990 no-1995 kuncitshiswa uqoqosho yayo yi-50%, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ukungaphumeleli kwalo kuqhubeka nokufezekisa le projekthi. Ingxabano phakathi Russia ne Indiya kule nkalo kukhokelele kolibaziseko ngakumbi ukuqaliswa kweprojekthi. Hlola kunye nesivumelwano NSG ngo-1992 yazisa iingxaki ngakumbi njengoko United States bathi projekthi ingazange ukuthobela imithetho emitsha. amagosa Indian ezahlukeneyo ngexesha wayibiza eswelekile.

umoya yesibini

Kodwa project mveliso samandla senyukliya India "Kudankulam" wavuka luthuthu phantsi kweemeko kakhulu engalindelekanga. Luke ne Pakistan ngo-1998 kwakhokelela uthotho lweemvavanyo zenyukliya ezilandelelanayo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ekugwetyweni lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezohlwayo.

Noko ke, ngexesha lenyanga ka-Russia igqibe ukuvuselela projekthi isivumelwano esitsha, esatyikitywa ngoJuni 1998. "Kudankulam" iMimiselo Development NPP ukubonelela uyilo kunye nolwakhiwo inkampani karhulumente Russian "Atomstroyexport" MW VVER-1000 zamandla amanzi ukukhanya ezimbini 1000, kunye India i-Nuclear Power Corp. (NPCI) ukudlala indima imilingo inkqubela yomsebenzi. Le deal Kuqikelelwa kwi $ 2.8 billion, lo gama eRashiya inika ixesha elide amboleke rupees 64,16 billion. Isivumelwano esitsha wanika India ilungelo ukwenza lwezibaso ukuba "Atomstroyexport" kuya kunika ithuba enjalo.

isiqalo Quick

Construction, ubambe Indian nenkampani inkulu uLarsen & Toubro, yaqala ngoMatshi 2002. Ngokungafaniyo iiprojekthi efanayo, "Atomstroyexport", isiza yayizinyaswe iinjineli kuphela ezimbalwa Russian. Phantse yonke imisebenzi lwenziwa yi mveliso yasekuhlaleni kunye neengcali. Ekuqaleni, it has zonke iimpawu zibonisa ukuba ukuba eli ziko liza kugqitywa ngaphambi ishedyuli ngoDisemba 2007. Ngalo myinge, ukwakhiwa waya kude kube ngo-2004. Ngenkxaso yakhe nokuququzelela ukunikezelwa amacandelo enzima ekuqaleni 2004, ukuba yakhiwe kufutshane nezibuko, nto leyo uvumelekile ukuba ukuwutsala izixhobo enkulu ngqo kwi barge ngeenqanawa wawisa ankile ekufutshane.

Kodwa akaba nako ukuyenza ekhawulezile.

imiqobo emininzi

Ingxaki yokuqala yaqala kunye ukulibaziseka ekuzisweni kwezinto zokusebenza kunye abaza kuzisebenzisa Russia, kunye nemiba enxulumene kwizicwangciso lungiselelo. Oku kwabangela ukwehla ekwakheni, yaye ekugqibeleni, yokubambezeleka ishedyuli yonyaka. Isakhiwo inkulu kwi iyunithi amandla yokuqala yagqitywa ngo-2010, yaye ngoJulayi waqalisa uvavanyo yako umthwalo dummy zamafutha. Kungekudala emva koko, le projekthi wabalekela neminye imiqobo, ngakumbi kakhulu - ngokoqobo.

Nangona ukwanda yokunqongophala kombane kwiphondo Tamil Nadu, isakhiwo inkcaso zaqala ukukhula njengoko sisondela ekupheleni kwayo. YaBantu Movement Against Nuclear Energy (PMANE), ingqokelela bendawo kunye nabalobi ngo-2011, emva kwentlekele ngoMatshi kwi isityalo amandla enyukliya "Fukushima-1" eJapan waqalisa aziphazamise nxamnye kwisikhululo. Unxweme Tamil Nadu ahlaselwa tsunami kwi Indian Ocean ngo-2004, isusa ukwesaba ye lungaphindwa yentlekele Japanese.

uvimba NPP

NgoSeptemba, ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise ngenxa ekwindla komgca amafutha kuqala eqala ngoDisemba, oko yaqala yokuqinisekisa kwindawo yokwakha. NgoSeptemba 22, iKhabhinethi yabaPhathiswa kaRhulumente wadlula isigqibo befuna ekurhoxisweni wonke umsebenzi ukucacisa iinkxalabo malunga nokhuseleko isityalo.

De Matshi kunyaka olandelayo, abaqhankqalazi wadlula akukho abasebenzi abangaphezulu kwama-50 shift nganye, iyenza nzima nokusebenza yesiqhelo. Inani demonstrators maxa wambi zafikelela amawaka aliqela.

Launch kweqonga yokuqala

Yoqhankqalazo ziye phantsi yi amandla lobunzima zikarhulumente entwasahlobo konyaka ozayo, ukunqongophala kombane okubangelwa-4 GW. Intsongelo eKhabhinethi wawuphela zijikwe isigqibo wayo wangaphambili kwaye wabiza zokugunyaziswa ngokukhawuleza zesityalo samandla enyukliya "Kudankulam". amandla enyukliya, Noko ke, waba inxaxheba kulingo, nangona isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ngoSeptemba 2012, sithe sakhatywa ngokubhloka ukukhweliswa amafutha yenyukliya.

Ngelo xesha nye waqinisa yokulwisana kwisikhululo, maxa wambi ajike abe ugonyamelo, nto leyo efunekayo ubukho amawaka amapolisa ukuze akhusele kwisikhululo. Le wafakela isityalo amandla enyukliya asigqitywanga de Meyi 2013, xa iNkundla Ephakamileyo ekugqibeleni wayindulula ityala. Noko ke, ukubambezeleka ngenxa zoqhankqalazo kunye neengxaki zokwakha, landisa iindleko zeprojekthi kwi $ 1 billion.

I ibloko kuqalwa inani-1 ngoJulayi 2013 uvavanyo elisezantsi igunya-yaqhubeka phezu kweenyanga alandelayo, kunye ne-100% unit amandla lamiselwa Juni 9. yokusebenzisa amandla enyukliya waqala ngoDisemba 21, 2014 ukuya ukuqeqesha abasebenzi NPP "Kudankulam" (India) "Atomtekhenergo".

gigawatts yesibini

I "Kudankulam" NPP yesibini umthamo 1000 MW laphehlelelwa ngoJulayi 10, 2016. Waba 22 th reactor yenyukliya e-Indiya kunye namanzi yesibini enoxinzelelo.

Emva koko, zingaphelanga iintsuku ezingama-45 ka-unit lwamandla-yokwenza baqalisa ukuvelisa 400 MW wombane, yaye ngoAgasti kwakunxibelelene kwinethiwekhi. Isizukulwana umbane kuya kunyuka ukuya 500, 750, 900, yaye 1000 MW. Emva ngokongeza 1,000 MW kwisigaba sesibini womnatha akumazantsi umthamo efakiweyo ye samandla enyukliya e-India iya kwanda ukusuka lwangoku 5780 ukuya 6780 MW.

Ngokutsho NPCIL, ukuvulwa lokuqala lwenzeka emva features zonke iinqobo kunye nokuthotyelwa kunye neemfuno ezingummiselo ezicaciswe yimithetho nemimiselo ye-Nuclear Regulatory Council (AERB) inkqubo zohlolo lokuthobela.

NPCIL uthi "Kudankulam" - izityalo amandla enyukliya, apho iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zokhuseleko eliphezulu, imigangatho efanelekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe. Reactor Generation III + sidibanisa iinkqubo ezisebenzayo kunye passive zokhuseleko ezifana nenkqubo isixando zokususa ubushushu, recombiners hydrogen, core izabatha nezihlanganisi kunye nenkqubo ziphene boron ngokukhawuleza.

amathuba yinkungu

"Kudankulam" NPP kokugunyaziswa sesibini isigaba ziyacwangciswa kwasekuqaleni 2017, ngokuxhomekeke ekuqhubekekeni intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Indiya ne-Russia, ungadluliselwa ukuya neeyunithi 6-8. Kulo lonke eli lizwe yaceba ukwakha 20 ezinjalo zamandla.

Agreement phezu iiyunithi kwesesithathu nakwesesine esatyikitywa ngo-Apreli 2014 ukuba isixa-330 ezigidi rupees ($ 5.5 billion). ukuphunyezwa kwayo iye yalibaziseka ngenxa lokungathobeli umthetho ngo-2010 kwi yeTyala kuLuntu loMonakalo ngenxa Nuclear, elivumela NPCI ukufuna imbuyekezo kumthengisi zezityalo xa kuthe kwingozi okubangelwa zizinto zokusebenza.

Le ukubakho kwemfanelo ukuphoxa kwiinkampani zangaphandle ukuzama ukwenza ushishino eIndiya, nangona isivumelwano ukususela ngo-2008, ze NSG, leyo kwavula ilizwe kurhwebo ngezizwe izixhobo zenyukliya.

isisombululo ukuvumelana

Iintetho phakathi Indiya kunye Russian "Rosatom", eyathatha iminyaka emine, walungiselela isakhelo ukuqhubeka lungamkeleki. De kube ngoku, iRussia lizwe kuphela ukuba sele ufikelele kwisivumelwano, njengako apho inkampani Indian inshorensi karhulumente-General Insurance Co. iya kuvavanya Icandelo ngalinye kubenzi, waza wafuna insurance premium kunyaka-20 yokugubungela umonakalo ezinokwenzeka. Iindleko units amatsha amandla yenzelwe ukubonisa le ndlela intsha.

Abakhi mkhanya abakholelwa ukuba ezi zicwangciso yebhongo ukuza ophawulekayo, njengoko kuvela imibuzo ezikhethekileyo kurhulumente Indian kunye iijaji zelizwe, kunye nezopolitiko isenokuyilibazisa kokutyalwa ubuchwepheshe yenyukliya. Noko ke, impumelelo "Kudankulam" NPP isizathu sokuba nethemba kwicandelo lwamandla kwilizwe lethu efunwa ngabantu amandla enyukliya.