Capitalism eRussia. Development of capitalism eRashiya. Yintoni capitalism: kwenkcazelo yembali

Iimeko ngokuba ukuvela kobungxowankulu Russia (inkqubo yezoqoqosho, saliphi na ipropati yabucala kunye nenkululeko lweshishini) abunjwe kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX. Njengoko kwamanye amazwe, wabonwa waphuma ndawo. Iimpawu yokuzalwa inkqubo entsha ngokupheleleyo ingalandwa emva Petrine era, xa, umzekelo, emigodini Urals Demidov, ukongeza ngamakhoboka wabulaleka kunye nabasebenzi ezithwala.

Nangona kunjalo, akukho capitalism ebengenako eRashiya okoko nje eli lizwe kwaye kakuhle ngophuhliso, amakhoboka abalimi apho. Ukukhululwa belali ukusuka kwindawo khoboka ngokunxulumene abanini waza waba umqondiso omkhulu ekuqaleni yonxulumano ezintsha kwezoqoqosho.

Isiphelo feudalism

serfdom Russian kwapheliswa woMlawuli Alexander II ngo-1861. Owayesakuba nabalimi i udidi umphakathi wobukhosi. Akulula xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba kobungxowankulu ezilalini ingenzeka kuphela emva kokwahlulwa kubahlali basemaphandleni oongxowankulu (kulaks) kunye sabasebenzi (abasebenzi). Le nkqubo zendalo, oko eyenzeka kuwo onke amazwe. Kodwa capitalism eRashiya zonke ezinxulumene iinkqubo zayo kokuhluma ezineefitsha ezininzi kwezabanye. Elalini ke wokulondoloza uluntu lwasemaphandleni.

Ngokutsho imanifesto Alexander II, abalimi kwathiwa free ngokusemthethweni kwaye ufumana unelungelo lokuba nezinto ezizezakhe, wobugcisa umsebenzi kunye norhwebo, iintengiselwano, njalo njalo. D. Noko ke, akulula xa uqeqeshelwa ukuba uluntu entsha yeenqubo ayikwazanga kuqhubeka kwisithuba sexesha. Ngoko ke, emva yotshintsho ka-1861 yaqala ukubonakala emizaneni zoluntu, nto leyo isiseko ekusebenzeni kobunini bomhlaba odityanelweyo. Siphose ngokuvumela ulwahlulo olulinganayo iziza ngamnye umhlaba olimekayo kunye nenkqubo intsimi-ezintathu enye inxalenye lwalo zitofwe kunye ebusika, owesibini - emthonjeni, kwaye elesithathu ekhohlo lefusi.

ngokwezinga le abalimi

Community equalized nabalimi kunye neziqhoboshi kobungxowankulu eRashiya, nangona wayengakwazi ayeke nto. Inxalenye yale lali baphela. Lo maleko yaba nabalimi belizwe elinye-ihashe (kuqoqosho ngokupheleleyo kwakufuneka ngamahashe amabini). Ezi bazakhe zasemaphandleni zikhona ngenxa ingeniso kwicala. Abahlali akabandulula abantu abalimi esixekweni yaye akazange avumele ukuba kuthengisa iziza, abathi nabo awase ngokusesikweni. isimo mahala de jure ayingqinelani imeko de facto.

Xa nenani-1860., Xa eRashiya ungenise umendo uphuhliso nkulu, uluntu iye ibambezele le zazivelela ngenxa yokuba ukuzibophelela kwayo wokufama zemveli. Nabalimi belizwe ngaphakathi iqela akazange ukuba bathathe inyathelo kwaye uthathe imingcipheko umoya wabo zoshishino nomnqweno ukuphucula ezolimo. izinga Ukuthotyelwa esamkelekileyo kwaye kubalulekile lali angqingqwa. Oku báthi ke Russian bahluke kakhulu ukusuka West, elide iye yaba umlimi-usomashishini osakhasayo elithengisa yayo kunye neentengiso. abantu basekhaya endle baba collectivists, ngenxa nguwuphi na kubo kulula kakhulu ukusasaza iingcamango ekuguqukeni socialism.

capitalism kwezolimo

Ukususela 1861 on inkqubo zemarike baqhutyelwa ukwakha uqoqosho wesakhiwo. Njengoko kunjalo kunye abalimi, waqalisa inkqubo ukwahlukana kancinane kule meko. Nkqu abanini ezininzi egalelwe kwaye ndawonye baba namava abo ukuze baqonde oko ongxowankulu. Ukumiselwa phezu kwimbali kwekota ngokuyimfuneko iquka ukukhankanywa yabasebenzi eqeshiweyo. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa, a uqwalaselo enjalo injongo ethile, kunokuba imeko yokuqala. Ekuqaleni, emva kokuba uhlaziyo kwabanikazi kuqoqosho baqhubeka emajele zabo abalimi abathatha inxaxheba ngenxa yomsebenzi ilizwe labo eziqeshiweyo.

Capitalism Russia ngokuthe iingcambu. Asanda wakhulula abalimi, uhamba ukusebenza iinkosi zangaphambili, wasebenza kunye nemfuyo yawo kunye nezixhobo. Ngenxa yoko, abanini zange ongxowankulu ngengqiqo ngokupheleleyo ilizwi, ngenxa yokuba abazange imali ekuveliseni equity. Le imigodi na ke ingqalelo nokuqhubekeka zibhubha off yonxulumano wobukhosi.

uphuhliso lwezolimo kobungxowankulu eRashiya sikuko inguqu ukusuka akudala ukuya kwimveliso yendalo yorhwebo ngakumbi kakuhle. Noko ke, kule nkqubo kunokwenzeka ukuqaphela iimpawu endala wobukhosi. Abalimi bathengise ukuqaqadeka entsha kuphela imveliso yawo, amathambo odlayo wena. Longxowankulu yorhwebo azithathele ngenye indlela. Yonke imveliso kwafuneka ukuba ithengiswe, ngoxa losapho yayo umlimi ukutya kulo mzekelo, wayithenga ngeendleko ngengeniso yabo. Noko ke, kakade shumi yakhe yokuqala Ukukhula kobungxowankulu eRashiya kukhokelele ekwandeni kwemfuno iimveliso zobisi kunye nemifuno emitsha emizini. Around baqalisa ukwakha izakhiwo ezitsha horticulture zabucala kunye izilwanyana.

imbonakalo yoqhawulo-phepha

An yoko kubalulekile, nto leyo eye yakhokelela ukuvela capitalism eRashiya, ukuba ulisibekele ilizwe revolution yezoshishino. Oko kwaphemba ukwahlulwa chu kuluntu umlimi. Umsebenzi wobugcisa Kwaphuhliswa kunye nemveliso unokwakhela.

Kuba uhlobo uphawu loshishino feudalism kwaba wobugcisa. Ukuba iimeko ezintsha zoqoqosho nezentlalo zelizwe ubunzima, loo nto iye yaba ishishini cottage. Ngelo xesha linye kwabonakala zithengise, nto leyo enxulumene impahla kunye nabenzi yabathengi. Ezi Abathengi ezikunika amagcisa, wahlala ngeendleko yenzuzo zorhwebo. Bona ngcembe bakha umaleko oosomashishini mveliso.

. In the 1860s, xa iRussia ungenise umendo lophuhliso longxowankulu yaye baqalisa kwinqanaba lokuqala lobudlelwane zongxowankulu - nentsebenziswano. Ngelo xesha waqalisa inkqubo yenguqu kunzima ukuba benze umsebenzi kwimihlaba zamashishini enzima, ngaphambili ixesha elide esetyenziswa cheap kuphela kwaye disenfranchised yabasebenzi semali. Maxesha nzima abanini disinterest. Mveliso ezihlawulwa abasebenzi umvuzo ophantsi. iimeko zokusebenza Poor ngeyona atshintshwa sabasebenzi.

Iinkampani Joint-stock

capitalism Iyonke eRussia ngenkulungwane ye-19 iye abanamava amaza ezininzi kushishino ibuyambo ekhawulezileyo. Kolunye kuzo kwaphuma kwi-1890s. Xa leminyaka ukuphuculwa okuthe chu lombutho kwezoqoqosho imveliso kunye nokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho ukukhula okubonakalayo zemalike. capitalism Industrial singene kwisigaba entsha yophuhliso, ezaba isimntwiso iinkampani ezininzi joint-stock. ukukhula koqoqosho idijithi kwinkulungwane XIX kade, uthethe ngokwabo. Xa nenani-1890. output Industrial kabini.

Naluphi ubungxowankulu busezingxakini, xa bazale ibe bodwa capitalism kunye neenkampani avuza ukuba sphere ethile kwezoqoqosho. In yasebukhosini Russia athe kwenzeka ngokupheleleyo, kuquka ngenxa yotyalo-mali eyahlukeneyo kwamanye amazwe. Ingakumbi eninzi imali amazwe zaqhubeka zingena zothutho, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, ioli kunye noshishino namalahle. Kwaba kwinkulungwane XIX emva kwexesha, basemzini watshintshela ukwalathisa utyalo-mali, kanti mboleko bakhetha ngaphambili. minikelo ngenxa ingeniso enkulu nenkanuko noosomashishini ukwenza imali.

Export kunye nokungenisa

Russia, akazange abe eliphambili kwilizwe nkulu, babengenalo ixesha phambi kokuba revolution ukuqalisa ukuthunyelwa abaninzi tye. Uqoqosho lwasekhaya, phezu koko, wavuma nokuhlanganiswa kumazwe aphuhlileyo kakhulu. Kanye ngeli xesha eYurophu waqokelela 'ngentsalela eyinkunzi "ababekhangela yokusetyenziswa zizo kwimarike ezithembisayo amazwe.

Iimeko ezithumela capital Russian nje khona. Yena aphazamise yokutyiwa ezininzi feudalism, namadlelo enkulu colonial, uphuhliso lwemveliso ezingabalulekanga. Ukuba capital kwaye senziwe, ubukhulu becala kumazwe asempuma. Oku kwenziwa imveliso okanye ngohlobo mboleko. imali ebonakalayo baye bahlala naseManchuria kunye China (malunga 750 ezigidi engange). Indawo ethandwayo kuba wabo izithuthi. Malunga 600 million engange bakholelwa ngesiTshayina Eastern Railway.

Kwinkulungwane XX ekuqaleni imveliso mveliso Russian wayesele kunayo yesihlanu ehlabathini lonke. Kulo mzekelo, uqoqosho lwasekhaya yaba yeyokuqala ngokwemigaqo yokusebenza nokukhula. Ukuqala kobungxowankulu eRashiya wayephethe, eli lizwe ngoku ngokukhawuleza ubambisa kunye okhuphisana eziphambili. Empire wayenesikhundla esiphambili ngokubhekiselele kwimveliso kunye ingqalelo. amashishini yayo enkulu yindawo yomsebenzi ngaphezu kwesiqingatha yonke sabasebenzi.

yeempawu ezibonakalayo

iimpawu eziphambili kobungxowankulu Russia linokuchazwa kwi iziqendu ezimbalwa. NeNgonyama lilizwe elinezinto kwimakethi yomsebenzi abaselula. Mveliso saqala apha emva ngaphezu kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Ngenxa yoko, inxalenye enkulu zoshishino kushishino yakhiwe kutshanje. Ezi izinto nezixhotyiswe ngeteknoloji entsha. Ngokusisiseko, ezi nkampani bangamalungu kwiinkampani ezinkulu yoluntu. Kwi-West, le meko ngendlela eyahlukileyo. Iinkampani baseYurophu ezincinane, kunye nezixhobo zabo - ngaphantsi kwe ogqibeleleyo.

Xa utyalo-mali bangaphandle ithuba lokuqala kobungxowankulu eRashiya waphawulwa ngokoyisa iimveliso zasekhaya kunokuba amazwe. izinto kwamanye amazwe amazwe abazange inzuzo, kodwa ngokufakelwa imali ingqalelo ohlawulayo. Ngoko, kwi 1890s. abavela kwamanye amazwe eRashiya yenkampani malunga kwisithathu capital share.

A umfutho emibi kuphuhliso loshishino lwabucala kwenza ukwakhiwa Enkulu Siberian Railway ukusuka eRashiya yaseYurophu ukuya Pacific Ocean. le projekthi iye zoluntu, kodwa izinto ekrwada wayithengayo ishishini kuye. Trans-Siberian sikaloliwe kule minyaka izayo uya kubonelela imiyalelo ezininzi abavelisi amalahle, isinyithi, kunye zikaloliwe. Kulo mzekelo emendweni unako ukulandela umkhondo ukuyilwa kobungxowankulu eRashiya udale amathuba ezahlukahlukeneyo mveliso.

market yangaphakathi

Kunye nokukhula kwimveliso kunye nokukhula emarikeni kwenzeka. Izinto eziphambili Russian ezithunyelwa yentsimbi iswekile kunye namafutha (Russia wavelisa malunga nesiqingatha imveliso oyile lehlabathi). Kakhulu kwamanye amazwe oomatshini. Ukuncipha isabelo komqhaphu phezu kwamanye amazwe (uqoqosho lwasekhaya sele uqalile ingqalelo kwizinto zayo Central Asia ekrwada).

Ukwehlisa imarike yesizwe lwangaphakathi senzeka kwindawo apho nto ibalulekileyo abasebenzi. Ukusasazwa entsha yengeniso wajika wakhetha kushishino kunye nezixeko, Noko ke, kungenela phezu umdla lali. Ngoko ke, kulandele kwimimandla yezolimo lag kuphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho kuthelekiswa kwindawo yoshishino. Ipateni efanayo ngokuqhelekileyo kumazwe amaninzi abaselula longxowankulu.

Development emarike lwasekhaya negalelo zonke bakwaloliwe efanayo. Ngowe-1861-1885 gg. 24 amawaka eekhilomitha kaloliwe zakhiwa, olubalelwa malunga kwisithathu sobude umendo kwi olwandulela leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Central hub zothutho waba eMoscow. Ukuba idibanisa zonke imimandla lizwe. Kakade ke, iwonga kungona ukunceda ukukhawulezisa uphuhliso loqoqosho isixeko sesibini yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Railway Improvement kube lula iziko lonxibelelwano kunye emaphethelweni. Kukho inter-regional zorhwebo amaqhina ezintsha.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ebudeni kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX, imveliso isonka zahlala zimalunga kwinqanaba elifanayo, lo gama icandelo ngokubanzi yaye nokwanda imithamo yemveliso. Enye into ekhathazayo yaba isiphithiphithi xa okukhwela kwezothutho rail. guqula yabo kwenzeka ngo-1889. Zilawule lweerhafu avela kurhulumente. Inkqubo entsha kakhulu yanceda uphuhliso loqoqosho nkulu kwimarike lwangaphakathi.

eziphikisanayo

Xa nenani-1880. Ndaqalisa ukwenza capitalism bodwa eRashiya. Namagatya akhe yokuqala ukuvela kwishishini kaloliwe. Ngowe-1882 wabonwa "Union kaloliwe mveliso," yaye ngo-1884 -. "Union of nabavelisi zokubopha zoololiwe" yaye "-mveliso zokwakha bridge Union"

Wabumba oohlohlesakhe mveliso. Nezikhundla zayo abarhwebi ezinkulu, amafama irhafu yangaphambili, Estates abaqashi. Abaninzi kubo wafumana inkuthazo eziphathekayo evela kurhulumente. Kwishishini nkulu ebexakekile inxaxheba abarhwebi. Kwakukho oongxowankulu yamaYuda. Ngenxa Pale, ezinye kwiphondo ezisemaphandleni lommandla southern nasentshonalanga baseYurophu Russia yayithontelene eyinkunzi yomthengisi.

Ngo-1860, urhulumente wamisela Bank State. Waba isiseko entsha ngokwenkqubo yesikweliti, ngaphandle apho akukho imbali capitalism eRashiya. Oku kwavuselela beqokelela imali ngoosomashishini. Noko ke, kwakukho iimeko eziye kwadala uuba nokwanda eyinkunzi. Xa nenani-1860. Russia zafumana ubunzima kwezoqoqosho i "cotton indlala", kwenzeka ngo-1873 no 1882. Kodwa lo mahluko ayikwazanga ukumisa beqokelela.

Ukukhuthaza uphuhliso ubungxowankulu kunye noshishino kweli lizwe, urhulumente ubotshiwe ukuthatha indlela mercantilism kunye ezizenzekelayo. Engels wafanisa ekupheleni Russian kwenkulungwane XIX, kunye France uLouis XIV, apho ekukhuseleni iimfuno zabavelisi zasekhaya wadala zonke iimeko ekukhuleni silwenza.

ukubunjwa kwesigaba

Naziphi na Iimpawu kobungxowankulu eRashiya wayeza kuba nentsingiselo ukuba ilizwe ukudala abasebenzi ngokupheleleyo-enobugcisa. Umfutho nokubunjwa yayo yaba revolution woshishino sharing-1850-1880. Sabasebenzi - iklasi kuluntu oqolileyo longxowankulu. imvelaphi balo msitho ubalulekileyo kubomi bentlalo yoBukhosi baseRashiya. Ukuzalwa kwinginginya zokusebenza awuyitshintshanga le ajenda yonke kwezentlalo nezopolitiko lizwe.

utshintsho Russian ukusuka feudalism ukuya capitalism, yaye ngenxa yoko ke imbonakalo sabasebenzi kwakukho iinkqubo olukhawulezileyo olukhulu. Ezi nkcukacha zikhona, kunye nezinye iimpawu ezizodwa ezithe zavela ngenxa yokutyiwa awayesakuba uluntu lolondolozo, inkqubo nangokodidi ekuhlaleni, indawo yokuhlala kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo olucacileyo urhulumente tsarist.

Kweli thuba ukususela 1865 ukuya 1980, ekukhuleni sabasebenzi kwicandelo mveliso kuqoqosho yaba 65%, xa imigodi - 107%, kule kaloliwe - amazing 686%. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX, kwakukho malunga 10 million abasebenzi. Ngaphandle nohlahlelo ukuyilwa kwiklasi omtsha akunakwenzeka ukuba baqonde into ongxowankulu. Ukumiselwa amabali isinika ethile owomileyo, kodwa amazwi ngqo kunye namanani ezo ziyahlelwa izigidi ngezigidi zabantu, yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo indlela yobomi bakhe. Labour yokufuduka izihlwele ezinkulu kwakhokelela ekwandeni kakhulu labantu ezidolophini.

Abasebenzi babekho eRashiya ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwamashishini. Babengama-serfs asebenza kwii-manufactories, ezona zidumileyo ezo zizoshishino zama-Urals. Nangona kunjalo, abalimi abakhululekileyo baba ngumthombo oyintloko wokukhula kwenkqubo yamatsha amatsha. Inkqubo yenguqu yeklasi yayisoloko ibuhlungu. Amafama ayengamahlwempu kwaye anqatshelwe amahashe abo. Ukuhamba ngokubanzi kuninzi kwidolophana kwaphawulwa kumaphondo aphakathi: iYaroslavl, eMoscow, iVladimir, iTver. Umncinci ochaphazelekayo kule nkqubo yayiyimihlaba yasemaphandleni asezantsi. Kwakhona, inkunkuma yayincinci eBelarus naseLithuania, nangona kwakukho apho kwakukho ukugqithiswa kwegranti. Enye into eyayiyingozi kukuba abantu basemaphandleni, kunokuba bevela kumaphondo asondeleyo, abafisa kumaziko oshishino. Iinkalo ezininzi zokubunjwa kweprotariat kwilizwe zaphawulwa ngemisebenzi yakhe nguVladimir Lenin. "Ukuphuhliswa kwengxowa-mali yaseRashiya", eyanikezelwa kwesi sihloko, yathunyelwa kumaphephandaba ngo-1899.

Umvuzo ophantsi lwabafundi bezinto ezizimeleyo zibonakala zimbonakalo zorhwebo elincinci. Kwakukho apho ukuxhaphazwa kobutshabalala kwabasebenzi kwakulandelwa. Abaproletari bazama ukutshintsha iimeko ezilukhuni ngokuncedisa uqeqesho olunzima. Abalimi ababandakanyekayo kwiindawo zokuloba ezincinci baba ngamadlelo asekude. Phakathi kwabo, iintlobo zezoqoqosho zenguqu zengqesho zaziqhelekileyo.

UbuNtu boBugcisa

Izigaba zasekhaya zobuninzi-mali ezinxulumene nexesha le-tsarist ngoku zijongwa nje kuphela njengento edeleyo kunye neqhawulole ngokupheleleyo kwilizwe langoku. Isizathu salo kwakuyi-Revolution ye-Oktobha ka-1917. AmaBolsheviks afika kumagunya aqala ukwakha i-socialism ne-communism. Ubuninzi-mali, kunye nepropati yayo yabucala kunye nenkululeko yoshishini, sele lihleli kwixesha elidlulileyo.

Ukuvuselelwa koqoqosho lweemarike kwangoko kwenzeka kuphela emva kokuwa kweSoviet Union. Utshintsho olusuka kwilungiselelo lwemveliso yongxowa-mali lwalubukhali, kwaye indlela ebonakalayo eyona nto yayiyi-reforms ye-liberal yama-1990. Nguye abakha iziseko zezoqoqosho zeRussian Federation yanamhlanje.

Ukutshintshwa kwerhwebo kwatyhilwa ekupheleni kuka-1991. NgoDisemba, ukukhululeka kwamaxabiso kwenzelwa , okubandakanya i-hyperinflation. Ngaloo xesha, i-voucher yangasese yaqala ukuba yimfihlo, eyayiyimfuneko ukudlulisela ipropati yommandla kwizandla zangasese. NgoJanuwari 1992, uMyalelo weNkululeko woRhwebo wavula amathuba amatsha okurhweba. Ngokukhawuleza, i-ruble yaseSoviet yachithwa, kwaye imali yaseRussia yesizwe yasinda ekungagqibekanga, ukuwa kwezinga lokutshintshiselwa kunye nenkonzo. Ukugqithisa iziphepho zama-1990, ilizwe lakha i-capitalism entsha. Kuyo imeko yakhe yokuba abantu baseRashiya banamhlanje baphila.