Indlela ukufumana ukusuka alkane alkane? Yintoni ezininzi zingafumaneka alkane?

Study ubume be-oganikhi khompawundi, iipropati imichiza oluboniswe reactions zabo, ukuvumela ukuba bavelise iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iimveliso kunye impahla izinto ezifanayo ekrwada. Uqwalaselo hydrocarbon eziveliswa usombulula iingxaki ezininzi. Ukuze lo mbuzo: "Indlela ukufumana ukusuka alkane alkane" inzululwazi iikhemikhali nokuziqhelanisa yeoli ngokuhlaziya ukunika iimpendulo ezanelisayo. Makhe sihlolisise le ngxaki kobudlelwane kweeklasi ezahlukeneyo hydrocarbon kwakunye avela zabo. Ijolise iindlela zoshishino zokulungisa izinto carbon.

relatedness Genetic izinto eziphilayo

Kumanqanaba okuqala ukufunda kunye nokuveliswa hydrocarbon nezakhi ekhemisi babecinga ukuba la maqela ingadibani omnye komnye. Ngokuthe ngcembe efunde ulwazi ezicacisa ngolwalamano genetic yeeklasi eziphambili izinto. Imizamo engundoqo ingqalelo ekufumaneni iindlela ukutshintsha isakhiwo, ukunyusa umyalelo bond. Iingxaki lubalulekileyo lophando ithiyori kunye nokulinga:

• indlela ukufumana ukusuka alkane alkane;
• ukuqhubekekisa njani amalahle, i-oyile ekrwada kunye negesi yendalo;
• indlela ukuqhuba dehydrogenation of hydrocarbon ifumile;
• ethathela alkane ukufumana alkyne (iasithilini).

Abaphandi kunye neengcali baye babona ukuba kukho ezininzi i shintsha macala ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye hydrocarbon.

Ukubaluleka practical kolwalamano genetic ezisisiseko iintlobo iikhompawundi

Umanyano iikhompawundi ezizizembiwa sele likwazi ukwenza organic chemistry njenge ishishini ezenzululwazi kunye nemveliso. Ekuphuhlisweni kwale ngxaki - njani ukufumana ukusuka alkane alkane - igalelo elibalulekileyo ezenziwe organic ekhemisi Russian kunye Soviet. Amaninzi asetyenziswa ezi iinjongo, basabela-inguqu iinkqubo zokuphosa ziqhutywa kwiteknoloji ezintsonkothileyo. amaqhina Vala kwaye utshintshwano sobabini oganikhi khompawundi zisetyenziswa ukusombulula ezahlukeneyo imisebenzi yeprekthikhali kuquka:

• ezifumana ukusuka kwenye uhlobo izinto ekrwada kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo izinto;
• ukwenziwa kweemveliso ezintsonkothileyo kumafa evela iikhompawundi elula, and vice versa;
• kukhululwe ezahlukeneyo iimpahla, apho kukho imfuno kakhulu;
• ukonga kakhulu kwamanani lwezixhobo hydrocarbon zendalo;
• eyiyo yokusetyenziswa oyile-amalahle tar, ioli shale, nja-.

Ukwakhiwa imithombo carbon yendalo

Zonke iindidi hydrocarbon sifumaneka nangokomthamo ebalulekileyo. Bakhonza ukuqala izixhobo ukulungiselela processing kunye nokulungiselela oganikhi khompawundi ezaqanjwa ezahlukeneyo. Eyona mithombo ibalulekileyo alkanes kunye alkenes:

1. igesi yendalo. Umxholo umda methane ezizizembiwa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ifikelela 80-98%. I zithako eziseleyo initrogen, icarbon dioxide, methane, propane, butane.
2. Oil. Umxube zendalo hydrocarbon isomeric ukusuka iidipozithi ezahlukeneyo zahluke kumafa. Kwezinye iintlobo "igolide black" alkanes alawule, abanye iqanjwa cycloparaffins kunye ezinkundleni. ioli abadlulayo igesi Dome ziqulathe paraffins.
3. Cox. Ukuveliswa amalahle eziyimfuneko yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye ukunika tar amalahle equlathe amacandelo kwama-400, ezona ziphambili - enkundleni.
4. Yemifuno nokutya izinto - iqela elikhulu nolwahlukileyo, ezibandakanya iinkuni, iimbewu kunye neziqhamo zezityalo mveliso, amafutha ezilwanyana.

Ezi zinakho kunokwenzeka phakathi oganikhi khompawundi

Njengenxalenye yale iidipozithi of "igolide black" zidla cycloalkanes akhoyo okanye naphthenes. Ukunenzela izinto ekrwada inika hydrocarbon abekelwa elibujikele ukuba 5-7 C atom kwi lo msesane, ukuba anexabiso kakhulu eluncedo. Indlela ukufumana ukusuka cycloalkane alkane ukuba naphthenes oovimba mpilo? Ngokuba umda iikhompawundi ezizizembiwa elibujikele kwi ifumile indlela dehydrocyclization acyclic iyasetyenziswa. Chain of C athom-4 okanye ngaphezulu zivaliwe, kukho umjikelo izinzile. Ezinye utshintshwano engumzekelo kwezinto eziphilayo engabonakaliswa ku izikimu elula:

• hydrocarbon Petroleum → → → carboxylic acid alkane.
• Irhasi yendalo hydrocarbon ifumile → → carboxylic acid.
• Coal Iipholima hydrocarbon → → → alkanes → hydrocarbon unsaturated.
• hydrocarbon Petroleum → → → arena isopropyl-benzene → benzene → acetone, phenol.
• Natural gas → → ethanol hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo.
• Coal → methanol.
• Petroleum hydrocarbon → → → alkenes butadiene kunye isoprene.

Makhe sibone ukuba yintoni compound ngayo wenziwe afunyenwe nomini yemfuza organic izinto.

Indlela ukufumana ukusuka alkane alkane

Kushishino phantse zonke iintlobo hydrocarbon ifumile efunyenwe kwimithombo oyile negesi. Yokucokisa - indlela mihla ukuze bafumane alkanes ezivela alkanes:

A) hydrocarbon zeparafini Ulwelo unika ngqo ulwelo lwe-oli ekrwada (isivuno eliphantsi imveliso ekujoliswe kulo).

B) Thermal kunye nokuqhekeka ekujonganeni yeoli isetyenziselwa ukwandisa ipesenti ukukhanya kuphelela, ukuphucula umgangatho hydrocarbon (ipetroli, iparafini). Iqhezu neoli hexadecane langoku solyarovoe, enika dodecane ukubola kunye butylene. Dodecane sele iqhezu separafini ufakwa phambili sokonakalisa, oko lufumaneka nonane ezizizembiwa isinyibiliko propene (alkene). Ukuqhubeka nokuqhekeka kungakhokelela ukusekwa heptane kunye ethylene.

Isomerization and alkylation

isomerization ekujonganeni of alkanes ukuvumela isakhiwo eqhelekileyo branched kwamkela: N3S- (CH2) 3 -CH 3 → CH (CH3) 2-CH2-CH3. Le mveliso yale nkqubo - isopentane. butane Eqhelekileyo eziqulethwe iigesi ngokuhlaziya kuvala indlela isomerization iguqulelwa isobutane. Imveliso iziphumo kunokuba alkylated kunye isobutylene ekho kuvala kunye ukufumana isooctane - amafutha ezikumgangatho ophezulu. Ukuba uthathe njenge-arhente alkylating, lo ethylene thina, basabela kunye isobutane wafumana zokwenziwa amafutha neohexane.

Indlela ukufumana ukusuka alkene alkane kunye alkadienes

Kushishino hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo acyclic omnye bond kabini zifunyanwa petroleum ng. Kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, elo yokubola alkanes (pyrolysis). Alkenes nxeba ubunzima lilonke iimveliso indlela eliphakathi kunye lokugqibela. Ethylene ezifunyenwe yi dehydrogenation ye-methane phezu ngumnxibelelanisi nickel: C2H6 + C2H4 → H2 ↑. Butane phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo unika 2-butene, ngaxeshanye ukuyilwa-methane kunye ethylene. Dehydrogenation kusenza ukuba sifumane izisombululo ingxaki njani ukufumana ukusuka alkadienes alkane. Xa kususwa stepwise neemolekyuli ezimbini hydrogen ukusuka ezizizembiwa, uniko manani 4 athom carbon, le utshintshwano ezilandelayo: butane butene → → butadiene. Imveliso yokugqibela kubalulekile ukuba imveliso zerabha zokwenziwa. Ngokufanayo walungisa butadiene omnye Polymer leyo amile umfuziselo zendalo iimpawu ezixabisekileyo: isopentane → → isoprene isoprene irabha.

Njengoko le alkane ukufumana iasithilini

Hydrocarbon ukuba bond enye triple - iasithilini - kubaluleke kakhulu kwicandelo mveliso, ukwakhiwa kunye nezinye iindawo zemisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Le nkqubo indala ngenxa lokulungisa alkyne elula lu dityanisiwe isenzo kwamanzi ngeziqwenga esiluqilima calcium khabhayithi. Endaweni yale ndlela bafika nokuqhekeka yerhasi yendalo. Ngoku ke amashishini kushishino amachiza akwazi ukufumana njani ukusuka alkyne alkane ngeendleko iphantsi. Xa izixhobo ezizodwa zobugcisa kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu okanye phantsi kwempembelelo i yokumpompoza zombane kwenzeka dehydrogenation methane - ubuncwane kugqibelelo yerhasi yendalo: 2SN4 → HC≡CH + 3H2. Iasithilini isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kulungiselwe ukusuka acetaldehyde nesetyenziswa ngakumbi ekuveliseni acetic acid, nentlaka zokwenziwa, iiplastiki, imicu zokwenziwa, rubbers kunye rubbers.

Ungayifumana njani le kwibala of hydrocarbon Igcwele

Xa iparafini reactions chain kukhokelela benzene kunye nezakhi zayo. inkqubo flavoring wafunda ekhemisi Russian kwaye yiSoviet ngenkulungwane XX. Undoqo yomsebenzi wabo egcinwe "Indlela ukufumana ukusuka alkane, benzene kunye homologues yayo" unciphisa ukuya dehydrocyclization hexane, heptane kunye nezinye hydrocarbon ifumile: S6N14 → C6H6 + 4H2; S7N16 → C6H5-CH3 + 4H2. Enye indlela ukuba Yindibanisela acyclic hydrocarbon cycloparaffins ilandelwa ngu emzimbeni: hexane → → cyclohexane benzene.

Indlela yokufumana ethyl kunye nezinye alkoholi ezivela alkanes

Kumaxesha amandulo, lo mbuzo: "Indlela yokuphuma utywala alkane" akukho okuchazwe, ookhokho bethu kanye ngendlela igwele ezinxilisayo yeemveliso sugar aqulethe phantsi isenzo enqanda engenagwele. Height ukubaluleka technical -ethanol kwaphumela uphendlo iindidi ezintsha zemathiriyeli non-ukutya ukuvelisa ethanol. Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane yokugqibela ibeyinto ebalulekileyo ekrwada ezibonakalayo ukuze imveliso iirubber Lebedev indlela. Enye indlela iye kwangaphambili A. M. Butlerovym, ngubani waphupha ukuba indlela ntaka yokuvelisa ethylene siyakuvula indlela "zokufumana utywala." Imithombo hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo ayimveliso yomgaqo nokuqhekeka petroleum kunye dehydrogenation ekujonganeni of alkanes. Olulungiswe-methane, ethylene, nto leyo oxidized phambi kwe-sulphuric acid: C2H6 C2H4 → → C2H5OH. Ukuxovwa ezinye alkenes, apho wafumana yi yokucokisa unika homologs ethanol zokwenziwa. Bobubi zibonakaliswa yeendleko nokuhlaziya ngokutsa acid kunye nokukhusela izixhobo kwiimpembelelo zalo ezonakalisayo. Industry safudukela indlela ukuxovwa ngqo alkenes apho ehlanganisa eziqinileyo zisetyenziswa. Methanol ezivelisiweyo ngexesha igcwala methane. Ethylene kunye homologs yayo bakhonza izinto njenge ekrwada ekuveliseni alkoholi.

Njengoko evela alkanes ukufumana aldehydes acids carboxylic

Emva ukusombulula ingxaki izinto cheap ekrwada ukuba utywala ekhemisi kushishino akwazi ukufumana njani ukusuka aldehyde alkane ngeendleko iphantsi. Enye indlela ukufumana acetaldehyde - ukuxovwa of iasithilini. yonke le nkqubo ithabatha indawo ngokwale nkqubo: igesi yendalo → CH4 → → C2H2 CH3-coh. Ukwanda ukusetyenziswa hydrocarbon zendalo ekuveliseni ethyl utywala. Le nto ke ekrwada izinto ekuveliseni carbonyl kunye carboxyl kusitsha. Acetaldehyde zingafunyanwa dehydrogenation ye-methane kunye nokusekwa yoko le ethanol kwi indlela igcwala okanye dehydrogenation. Enye iinketho - igcwala ethylene: C2H6 → C2H4 → C2H4O. Indlela ukufumana ukusuka carboxylic acid alkane? Umbuzo ukuba ixesha elide kudidi lwe ngxaki. Acetic acid wenziwe ngexesha igwele izinto ekrwada ukutya xa ulwelo eyomileyo beenkuni. Ukuba ayifumaneki imithombo alkane ivumela butane igcwala kwaye ufumane cheap acetic acid: C4H10 2 + ½ O2 + H2O → 2SN3SOON. imveliso amalungiselelo eminye asidi carboxylic, isinyibiliko hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo.

Uqoqosho lwehlabathi mihla Kunzima ukucinga ngaphandle igesi yendalo, i-oyile kunye nezinto namalahle. Kwezi imixube zendalo ayikhuphi alkanes ezahlukahlukeneyo zisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa inani elikhulu organic yokuqaphela.