Inkqubo iitshekhi kunye neentsalela - sisiseko kwithiyori yokuzahlula kwamagunya. Amasebe amathathu karhulumente

Inkqubo iitshekhi kunye neentsalela - isicelo ngayo ingqiqo yokuzahlula kwamagunya. Ithiyori lonikezelo kwamagunya phakathi kwamaqumrhu eziliqela kunye namaziko ezizimeleyo enye kwenye, owaphuma kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezadlulayo. Yaba kwesiphumo uphuhliso elide karhulumente ukufumana indlela esebenzayo yokuthintela ukuvela despotism. Inkqubo iitshekhi kunye neentsalela - yemvelaphi-siseko yokwahlukana kwamagunya, yoncedo usisebenzise ngendlela kwezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo-siseko. Ubukho kwindlela yeyona nkalo ibalulekileyo zorhulumente wentando yesininzi.

Ihlabathi lamandulo

Ingcamango yokwahlukana kwamagunya enemvelaphi yayo ngamakhoboka. Imizekelo ukufunda theoretical component kwaye isebenza zifumaneka kwimbali yamandulo eGrisi. Wezopolitiko kunye mthetho Solon esekwe kwinkqubo yolawulo eAthene apho kwakukho izinto kokwahlulwa kwamagunya. Wabanika igunya ngokulinganayo kumaziko ezimbini: iBhunga eAreyopago, enamadoda angamakhulu omane. La maziko mabini urhulumente ukuzinzisa imeko yezopolitiko kule kuluntu ngokusebenzisa ulawulo efanayo.

Ingcamango yokwahlukana kwamagunya laliqulunqwe yi sobulumko yamandulo yamaGrike Aristotle Polybius. Akhomba ukuze kuzuze isixhobo karhulumente apho izinto abasemthethweni ezizimeleyo ze uziqhelanise wazibamba nokuxabisana. Polybius kuthelekiswa le nkqubo kunye nqanawa elungeleleneyo, nako ukumelana nayiphi na uqhwithela.

theory uphuhliso

Aphakathi sobulumko Italian Marsilius wasePadua e eyayinikelwe ekudaleni imeko yehlabathi imisebenzi yakhe, wavakalisa ingcamango umahluko na amagunya okuwisa imithetho yolawulo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, umlawuli luxanduva ithobela umyalelo lusekiwe. Marsilius wasePadua ucinga ukuba ilungelo lokudala ukuvuma imithetho kuphela abantu.

Dzhon Lokk

Umgaqo-siseko yokwahlukana kwamagunya yaba uphuhliso theoretical ngakumbi le Renaissance. I IsiNgesi Ifilosofi Dzhon Lokk iphuhlise imodeli oluntu ezisekelwe uxanduva kakumkani kunye iindwalutho zeenduli siseko. sazi Outstanding swi ukwahlulwa-amagunya okuwisa imithetho yolawulo. Dzhon Lokk iye eyabelwe enye - federal. Wacebisa ukuba kwisakhono amasebe karhulumente kufuneka sibandakanye imiba nkqubo ozakuzo kunye angaphandle. Dzhon Lokk ixoxe ukuba ukwahlulwa uxanduva namagunya phakathi amacandelo amathathu data inkqubo yolawulo loluntu uya kuphelisa ingozi ngamandla kakhulu wezandla. iingcamango sobulumko IsiNgesi ziyamkeleka ngokubanzi izizukulwana ezizayo.

UCharles-Lui De uMontesquieu

Kubekelwe Dzhona Lokka wenza kwazika ootitshala nabezopolitiko. imfundiso yakhe kokwahlulwa kwamagunya zibe amasebe amathathu mbalwa yaye yaqulunqa umbhali French kunye sezomthetho uMontesquieu. Kwathi kwisiqingatha sokuqala ngenkulungwane ye-18. Indlela esakhiwe ngayo eluntwini awayephila, indoda engumFrentshi, ubukhulu becala igcinwe iimpawu uphawu feudalism. Laliqulunqwe ingcamango yombhali babebonakala bexesha lakhe olukhulu kakhulu. Imfundiso uCharles-Lui De uMontesquieu phezu kwemida kwamagunya ezichasene cebo monarchical eFransi. amazwe aseYurophu ngelo xesha waqhubeka ukuba sisekelwe phezu kwemimiselo ngamafa aphakathi ezisahlula umphakathi ngabafo ilifa, abefundisi kunye abaqhelekileyo. Namhlanje imfundiso uMontesquieu uthathwa Classic. Kuye laba yintloko yembombo naliphi zorhulumente wentando yesininzi.

Eyona engundoqo Amalungiselelo e-worldwork theory

UMontesquieu wabonisa imfuneko kokwahlulwa amagunya zibe umthetho, yolawulo kunye eyenkundla. Ngokucaciswa kunye ekulondolozeni macala izinto ezintathu lobume karhulumente yenzelwe ukunqanda ukusekwa ngeqhudu kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kwamagunya olawulo. UMontesquieu bakholwa despotism le ndlela ibuhlungu karhulumente esekelwe uloyiko. Wagxininisa ukuba oozwilakhe benza kuphela ngokuvumelana nokuthanda kwakhe, yaye musa ukuthobela nayiphi na imithetho. Ngokutsho uMontesquieu, edibanisa amasebe amathathu amandla kuye kubangele ukuba nguzwilakhe.

sazi French kufuneka ukuba umgaqo olusisiseko ukusebenza ngempumelelo lwesakhiwo yolawulo sahlukana: kungabikho ithuba ngaphantsi enye inxalenye yenkqubo ye abanye ababini.

I US Constitution

Ingcamango umahluko we amasebe amathathu karhulumente ufumene ifomu lezomthetho kwikhosi ye-American Revolution kunye War of Independence. UMgaqo-siseko US nebisoloko kubonakala umzekelo wezinto ukwahlukana kwamagunya kurhulumente, yi uMontesquieu. Iinkokeli zezopolitiko Merika aye wongeze kuyo ubungcono, enye yazo yinkqubo zeetshekhi kunye ngesikali. Le indlela ulawulo efanayo amasebe amathathu karhulumente. A igalelo elibalulekileyo indalo yayo wenza yesine US Mongameli Dzheyms Medison. Inkqubo iitshekhi kunye neentsalela - na ukungqubana phakathi kwamagunya koogunyaziwe bahlukane. Ngokomzekelo, inkundla ikuxele null and void isigqibo yowiso-mthetho, ukuba ngaba ukuthobela-siseko. UMongameli, njengommeli ngamandla elawulayo, iphinde ibe azo. Kwisakhono uMongameli ukuba amisele abagwebi, kodwa candidacy yabo kufuneka ivunywe yi-mthetho. inkqubo iitshekhi kunye neentsalela - sisiseko thiyori yokwahlukana kwamagunya kunye nendlela ukusetyenziswa kakuhle xa befundisa. Imiqathango ye-US siseko, ziqulunqwe Madison, nangoku isiphumo.

Russian Federation

Le migaqo ziqulunqwe uMontesquieu kunye neenkokeli elichubekileyo American Revolution, zifakiwe kuwiso-mthetho onke amazwe lwentando yesininzi. Kule mihla Russian Federation siSeko ezifakwe yokwahlukana kwamagunya. Ezi nkcukacha ze ukuphunyezwa kwalo mgaqo kukuba ukusebenza eququzelelweyo onke amasebe umongameli lizwe ukhulula, nto leyo ngokusesikweni ngamalungu nayiphi na kuzo. Uxanduva uphuhliso kunye nokwamkelwa kwemithetho sixhomekeke kaRhulumente Koti kunye neBhunga Federation, emele ipalamente bicameral. Ukusetyenziswa kwamagunya olawulo na kwisakhono kaRhulumente. Le ibandakanya zezinkonzo, iinkonzo kunye nee-arhente. Yeejaji i-Russian Federation ivelela imisebenzi yePalamente yaye avavanye ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho kwamkelwa umgaqo-siseko. Ukongeza, iqwalasela wihi izenzo olumisiweyo ezikhutshwe nguRhulumente. UMgaqo-siseko iqulethe isahluko ngokukhethekileyo leenkundla kwi Russian Federation.

United Kingdom

Iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba inkqubo yezopolitiko we-United Kingdom umgaqo yokuzahlula kwamagunya okunene nokudala. Kwi-UK, kukho umkhwa yembali ukuhlanganisa zezomthetho kunye namabhunga olawulo. Prime Minister fanele ku iqela lezopolitiko zinamandla. Yena sinikezwe amagunya ebanzi, kwaye idla inkxaso laMalungu ezininzi. Ukuzimela kweejaji ayikho umbuzo, kodwa ayithethi kakhulu kuchaphazela umsebenzi neminye imibutho karhulumente. Igunya aphezulu i-UK bebefudula ziqwalaselwe sikhokelo yowiso-mthetho. Judges abakwazi agxeke izigqibo ovunyiweyo yiPalamente.

France

UMgaqo-nkqubo Fifth Republic indawo ekhethekileyo intloko karhulumente elikhethwe okuthandwayo. UMongameli French utyumba Prime uMphathiswa kunye namalungu urhulumente, umisela ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo angaphandle kwaye uqhuba izivumelwano kunye namanye amazwe. Noko ke, ukuma okuvelelayo intloko karhulumente angacuthwa kakhulu imikhosi yakhe inkcaso epalamente.

UMgaqo-siseko French ubonelela ngokuba ukwahlula kwamagunya. Isebe yesigqeba ibandakanya uMongameli neKhabhinethi. imisebenzi zomthetho ilungu kwiNdibano yesiZwe kunye Yeengwevu. Indima iitshekhi kunye neentsalela badlala-arhente ezimeleyo ezininzi eziyinxalenye sabaphathi. Badla ukucebisa ePalamente malunga iindleko ezahlukeneyo. Le arhente asebenze nabalawuli nkqu sanikwa amagunya athile omthetho.