Inkqubo periodic: ukuhlelwa le imichiza

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19 kukho iinzame ezahlukeneyo ukuze aququzelele izakhi ukudibanisa isinyithi kwinkqubo ngamaxesha athile. Kubonakala le ndlela yophando kweli xesha zembali, njengoko uhlalutyo lwekhemikhali.

Ukusuka kwimbali kokufunyanwa kwenkqubo ngamaxesha lweziqalelo

Ukusebenzisa indlela efanayo yokuqingqa iipropati ezithile eekhemikhali ixesha izazinzulu baye bazama ukudibanisa iqela lweziqalelo, sikhokelwa uphawu zabo neenkcukacha zamanani, kunye weight atomic.

Ukusebenzisa weight atomic

Ngenxa yoko, IV Dubereyner ngowe-1817 wagqiba ukuba ubunzima atomic of kwiteksti kuyafana nezibonisi ahambelanayo of barium kunye calcium. wafumanisa ukuba phakathi iimpawu barium, kwiteksti, calcium, kwaye kukho kakhulu ezininzi esifana ngazo. Ngokusekelwe kwezi ngqwalasela semichiza idume wamisela ekuthiwa-elements triad. Kumaqela ezifanayo ziye zadityaniswa nezinye izinto:

• isalfure, selenium, tellurium;
• chloro, bromo, iodo;
• lithium, isodiyam, potassium.

Iipropati Classification chemical

L. Gmelin ngo-1843 wanikela kwitafile awabeke efanayo zokuhlola lwemichiza izinto ngendlela engqongqo. Nitrogen, hydrogen, ioksijini, kukholelwa iimpawu eziphambili semichiza esebenzayo ibekwe ngaphandle itafile yabo.

Phantsi oxygen baye babekwa tetrad (enamanani ama-4), kunye pentads (amanani ama-5) izinto ezifunekayo. Metals kule lwezakhi zanikelwa ngu Berzelius isigama. Njengoko wayezelwe Gmelin, zonke izinto kwamanye amalwimi ezifakiweyo ukunciphisa iipropati electronegativity ngaphakathi iqelana nganye kwenkqubo ngamaxesha athile.

Ukudibanisa izinto nkqo

Alexander Emile de Chancourtois ngo-1863 ukubeka zonke izinto ekwandiseni ubunzima atomic kwi lombhobho; umabela ibe imivumbo emininzi nkqo. Ngenxa yoko kwicandelo elinjalo verticals ezi zinto ukuba iimpawu ezifanayo emzimbeni imichiza.

Umthetho octaves

D. eNewlands elahliwe 1864 kakhulu indlela yenkqubo enomdla. Xa indawo i imichiza ekwandiseni iintsimbi zazo atomic ngalinye ilungu wesibhozo kunye ukufana wokuqala ibanjiwe. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba eNewlands umthetho octaves (amanqaku ezisibhozo).

inkqubo yakhe periodic ke phantsi kweemeko kakhulu, ngoko ke ingcamango sisazinzulu zokusuphavayiza yaziwa ngokuba "ilizwi" uguqulelo, ukudibanisa kunye nomculo. Loo ukhetho eNewlands yaba ikufutshane kubume mihla SS. Kodwa ke umthetho okhankanywe octaves, zinto 17 kuphela kugcina iipropati zabo ngamaxesha athile xa imiqondiso eziseleyo imithetho enjalo alufumanekanga.

itheyibhile Odling

W. Odling thaca iinketho eziliqela beengxenye iitafile. Ezininzi kwinguqulelo yokuqala, wadala 1857, kucetywa ukuba bazohlule babe ngamaqela 9 kuzo. Ngowe-1861, i-yemichiza wenza uhlengahlengiso ukuba inguqulelo yokuqala kwetafile, bemanyene imiqondiso iqela iipropati yemichiza efanayo.

Option iitafile Odling, ecetywayo 1868, wacebisa indawo ka-45 izinto ekwandiseni iintsimbi atomic. Phela, le theyibhile kamva yaba kwase kwenkqubo ngamaxesha D. I. Mendeleeva.

Icandelo of Valence

L. Meyer ngo-1864 wanikela itafile equka element 44. Baye babekwa iphowusta-6, ngokutsho Valence hydrogen. Le theyibhile yaba iinxalenye nje emibini. Isishwankathelo lidibanisa amaqela amathandathu wawuquka miqondiso 28 unyuka iintsimbi atomic. Xa pentad yayo isakhiwo ulijonga tetrads kunye nabalinganiswa iipropati yemichiza efanayo. Iziqalelo eziseleyo Meyer obekwe kule theyibhile yesibini.

Igalelo D. I. Mendeleeva ekudaleni etafileni lweziqalelo

Le mihla lwezakhi D. I. Mendeleeva wabonakala ngokusekelwe ezitafileni Mayer zahlanganiswa 1869. Xa version yesibini Mayer uye walithwalisa imiqondiso phezu kumaqela-16, wabeka izinto pentads kunye nencwadi, banikwe iipropati eyaziwa imichiza. Endaweni ayesebenzisa Valence elula ukubala ngamaqela. Kwakukho boron kwalo, thorium, hydrogen, ukrweco, uranium.

Ubume yenkqubo ngamaxesha ngohlobo nto imelwe iintlelo yangoku wabonakala ngoko nangoko. izigaba ezithathu eziphambili zingahlukaniswa, ngexesha apho inkqubo ngamaxesha lwenziwa:

1. Inguqulelo yokuqala ye-table lwaqhutyelwa iiyunithi kwesakhiwo. Umkhondo uhlobo ngamaxesha zo xhulumaniso phakathi iimpawu izakhi kunye amaxabiso zemilinganiselo zabo atomic. Olu khetho kuphawula ulwahlulohlulo Mendeleev wacebisa ngo-1868-1869 gg.
2. Scientist azishiye inkqubo yokuqala, kuba akukho nto ibonisa indlela apho imiba kuya kuwa bomhlathi ethile. Yena unika ukubeka Nemiqondiso ukufana lepropati yemichiza (February 1869)
3. Ngowe-1870, Dmitri Mendeleev ithiwe thaca kwi-lesayensi i lwezakhi mihla.

Version usomachiza Russian ezimiselwe kunye nendawo isinyithi kolu luhlu ngamaxesha athile, kwaye ingakumbi non-iintsimbi iipropati. Kwiminyaka badlula ukususela yokuqala yePhetshana leeNdaba ze fyabo yohlobo lo lwezakhi nto abanikwe naluphi na utshintsho olukhulu. Ngaloo iindawo baye kungashiywa kungenanto izihlandlo ka nguDmitry Ivanovich, izinto ezintsha bafumanisa emva kokufa kwakhe.

Iimpawu ze lwezakhi

Kutheni Kukholelwa ukuba le nkqubo ochazwe - ngamaxesha athile? Oku kuchazwe liSebe awohluke ze isakhiwo itafile.

Xa iyonke kukho amaqela 8, yaye nganye subgroups ezimbini: lokuqala (main) kunye sideline. Kubonakala ukuba zonke subgroups ka 16. kuyiphi nkqo, oko kukuthi, ukusuka phezulu ukuya ezantsi.

Ukongeza, itafile, kukho imiqolo nkqo ebizwa periods. Kwakhona eminye candelo lwabo ezincinane nezinkulu. Iimpawu kwenkqubo ngamaxesha kubandakanya ukugcina indawo element, iqela lakhe ithuba laseMelika.

Indlela ukutshintsha iipropati subgroups ezinkulu

Zonke subgroups ezinkulu periodic table nezinto ukuqala kwethuba lesibini. Kwimiqondiso ngoweqela enye engundoqo, inani elektroni zangaphandle efanayo, kodwa umgama phakathi electron kunye latest utshintsho kernel-HIV.

Ukongeza, phezu kwabo kwaye kukho ukwanda ubunzima atomic (isihlobo mass atom) of the element. Ukuba eli nani sisiqinisekiso ekuchongeni izizekelo inguqu iimpawu subgroups eziphambili.

Ekubeni radius (umgama phakathi engundoqo ezintle electron ezingalunganga lwangaphandle) nokonyuka sub-iqela ephambili, iimpawu nonmetallic (ukukwazi ngexesha utshintshwano imichiza uthathe electron) kunciphisa. Ngokuphathelele utshintsho Iipropati ebuntsimbi (atom ezinye elektroni bahlehla), iya kwanda.

Ukusebenzisa inkqubo ngamaxesha onokuthelekiswa omnye ezinye iimpawu abameli ezahlukeneyo eqela elifanayo engundoqo. Ngelo xesha xa wadala Mendeleev inkqubo ngamaxesha athile, kwakungekho ulwazi malunga isakhiwo mbandela. Okumangalisayo kukuba xa wasungula imfundiso isakhiwo atom, wafunda ezikolweni kunye kumgangatho wemfundo zeeyunivesithi imichiza kwaye ngoku, yena yaqinisekisa hypothesis ka Mendeleev kunye akwalikhanyela vekeleke yakhe lilungiselelo athom ngaphakathi kwetafile.

Electronegativity kunciphisa ukuya ezantsi nomnye ezinkulu, ngamanye element esezantsi ise kwiqela, ngoko ukukwazi layo ukuyifakela athom kuya kuba ngaphantsi.

Ukutshintsha iimpawu atom kwi subgroups ecaleni

Ekubeni Mendeleyev inkqubo ngamaxesha athile, utshintsho kwi iimpawu subgroups okunjalo kwenzeka ukuze reverse. Le subgroups ziquka izinto ukusuka kwixesha 4 (abameli d kunye f lweentsapho). Ngu emazantsi ezi subgroups kuyehla iipropati ebuntsimbi, kodwa ke inani elektroni zangaphandle okufanayo onke amalungu laseMelika efanayo.

amaxesha Avilable ku PS

ixesha entsha nganye, ngaphandle kuqala, e-Table usomachiza Russian iqala metal esebenzayo kwealkali. Ukongezelela kunikelwa izinyithi amphoteric, sibonise iimpawu exananazileyo zinguquko imichiza. Ngoko kukho ezininzi non-ebuntsimbi iziqalelo iipropati. Ixesha iphela nge yegesi egalelwe (non-metal, ekwenziweni komsebenzi, hayi zibonise reactivity).

Njengoko sisazi ukuba le nkqubo ngamaxesha athile, ukuba ngamaxesha kukho utshintsho yomsebenzi. Ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ekunene uya ukunciphisa umsebenzi ukunciphisa (iipropati ebuntsimbi) umsebenzi igcwala ukwanda (iipropati non-zalo). Ngenxa yoko, insimbi ziqaqamba kwixesha kwi non-iintsimbi ekhohlo nasekunene.

Xa ixesha elide, ezibandakanya imikrozo emibini (4-7), kwakhona kubonakala isimilo Periodical, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ubukho abameli d okanye f wosapho, izinto ebuntsimbi kolu thotho kakhulu ngakumbi.

Amagama subgroups eziphambili

Inxalenye iqela izinto ezikhoyo lwezakhi waba ngamagama abo. Abameli iqelana lokuqala iqela A ekuthiwa iintsimbi kwealkali. amagama afanayo iintsimbi kweleta umsebenzi wabo emanzini, nto leyo uluhlu lwe kwealkali abuhlungu.

Kwama iqela lesibini uthathwa iintsimbi obrak emhlabeni. Xa kunxityelelwana ngamanzi, lwezi methali zakha oxides, abiza amazwe. Ivela xesha, yaye ndathunyelwa ukuba amalungu ale iqelana igama efanayo.

Non-iintsimbi oksijini iqelana ekuthiwa chalcogens, kunye nabameli 7 Iqela ekuthiwa halogens. 8 kwama ngokuba zii-greenhouse amanene ngenxa yomsebenzi wayo kwemichiza encinci.

PS ekuhambeni isikolo

Kuba abafundi asinazo lobeko lwe etafileni ngamaxesha, apho ukongeza amaqela, nomnye ixesha nalo lwabonisa ifomula kunye nemixube ephezulu eguqukayo kwaye oxides eziphezulu. A qhinga efanayo uvumela ukuyilwa izakhono zabafundi ekulungiseleleni oxides ngaphezulu. Ngokwaneleyo endaweni ielementi isimboli obambeleyo iqelana ummeli ukuze ilungele le oxide liphezulu.

Ukuba ujonga ngokusondeleyo kwi ifomu jikelele iikhompawundi hydrogen imaxongo, kuyabonakala ukuba ngqo kwi non-iintsimbi. Kumaqela 1-3 kukho oodwi, njengabameli imifuziselo kula maqela ezi isinyithi.

Ngaphezu koko, kwezinye iincwadi of chemistry ukuba uphawu ngalunye kwezi umzobo lonikezelo electron zibonisa amazinga amandla. Olu lwazi ayikho nexesha elongezelelweyo kwisithuba Mendeleev, ngathi izibakala zenzululwazi ziye kwabonakala kamva.

Omnye ungabona kunye nefomula kwinqanaba lwangaphandle elektroniki apho kulula ukuqashela ukuba yintoni usapho ziquka into esebenzayo. Ezi ngcebiso abavumelekanga kule seshoni yoviwo, ukuze baphumelele iiklasi 9 no-11, bagqiba ekubeni babonise ulwazi lwabo imichiza kwi OGE, okanye yoviwo, anike version zakudala emnyama namhlophe ye etafileni ngamaxesha athile, apho akukho iinkcukacha ezithe vetshe malunga isakhiwo-atom, iifomyula ze oxides eziphezulu, eyakhiwa iikhompawundi hydrogen aziphethe .

Eso sigqibo kakhulu ubhalo noluqondakalayo, ngenxa yokuba abo bafundi ukuba baye bagqiba ukulandela ekhondweni Mendeleyev kunye Lomonosov, akayi kuba nzima ukusebenzisa uguqulelo ezaziwa nkqubo, azigqibi awudingi amacebiso.

Oko kungumthetho inkqubo ngamaxesha D. I. Mendeleeva wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso ngakumbi theory atom-eziphilayo. Emva kokuba ukudala inkqubo, oososayensi baqalisa ukunikela ingqalelo engakumbi ekufundweni nokwakheka i element. Table wanceda ukucacisa ulwazi malunga izinto ezilula, kwakunye nohlobo kunye neempawu ngamasuntswana ukuba lakheke.

Mendeleyev ngokwakhe wayecinga ukuba izinto ezintsha ziya kuvulwa ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ubonelela kwisikhundla zesinyithi kwi lwezakhi. Emva kokuba imbonakalo yokugqibela, ixesha elitsha waqala chemistry. Ngaphezu koko, isiqalo kakhulu wanikwa ukwenza ezininzi Sciences ezinxulumene, zinxulunyaniswa ubume athom kunye nokuthengwa lweziqalelo.