Indlela isiqingatha-yokusabela: algorithm

Ezininzi iinkqubo imichiza ezivavanyiweyo izidanga ukutshintsha igcwala ezi athom uhlobo compound lovukelo. Ukubhala zibalo reactions uhlobo redox Idla yi ubunzima ngokumisela okuza phambi izinto ifomula nganye. Ukulungiselela le njongo, ziye zaphuhliswa iindlela ezinxulumene elektroniki okanye elektroniki-ionic distribution imali eseleyo. Eli nqaku lichaza indlela yesibini phezulu ngayo kwizibalo.

indlela isiqingatha-reaction, eli

Yena ebizwa kwakhona electron-ion multipliers unikezelo balance ingumlingani. Ngokusekelwe indlela yokutshintshiselana amasuntswana kakubi icala phakathi anions okanye ukuse- kwixesha eliphakathi zokuchithwa kunye nexabiso pH ezahlukeneyo.

Xa abasabela ngayo oxidative kunye reductive electrolytes uhlobo abachaphazelekayo ion ezimbi okanye intlawulo positive. Zibalo iintlobo Companion eziphilayo, indlela esekelwe indlela isiqingatha libandakanyeka, ibonisa ngokucacileyo undoqo nayiphi na inkqubo.

Ukwenza intsalela electrolytes kusetyenziswa ubhalo ikhonkco ekhethekileyo Ndisomelele amasuntswana ionic kunye nonxibelelwano evakalala, kunye needipozithi igesi ngohlobo iimolekyuli undissociated. Ukubunjwa kufuneka ubonise iisekethe amasuntswana ezakutshintsha amaqondo igcwala. Ukuze ubone esiphakathi kokuphela kwi balance ubhekisele asidi (H ^+), kwealkali (OH ^-) (H ₂ O) iimeko kunye cala.

Kuba yintoni ukusetyenziswa?

Le ndlela WRA sibhekiswe isiqingatha-abasabela zibalo ukubhala ionic ngokwahlukeneyo iinkqubo igcwala kunye nokuncitshiswa. Iziphumo zokugqibela ziya kuba bawadibanise.

izigaba ukuqaliswa

uye Ukubhala awohluke eyakho indlela bawo basabela. I algorithm iqulathe la manyathelo alandelayo:

- Inyathelo lokuqala ukubhala phantsi ifomula kuzo zonke reactants. Umzekelo:

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + HCl

- Emva koko kufuneka ufake ifitsha ukusuka kwindawo chemical lwembono, icandelo ngalinye lenkqubo. Kule reaction, KMnO izenzo ₄ oxidizer, H ₂ S a arhente ekunciphiseni HCl uchaza imeko asidi.

- Inyathelo lesithathu kufuneka ibhalwe kwi ifomula umgca omtsha iikhompawundi ionic zakudibana ibe nkqi electrolyte kwi atom apho kukho utshintsho ngobungakanani igcwala. Kule asabela MnO ₄ ^- izenzo njengearhente oxidizing, H ₂ S lo reagent ukunciphisa kunye H ⁺ oxonium zesiqinisekiso okanye H ₃ O ⁺ ichaza imeko asidi. Umchiza sukube, okuqinileyo okanye buthathaka electrolytic wavakalisa ifomula linakho eziphilayo.

Ukwazi amacandelo ukuqala, ukuzama ukufumanisa ukuba uhlobo oxidizing kunye arhente nokunciphisa ziza kuncitshiswa yaye ifom oxidized, ngokulandelelana. Ngamanye amaxesha izinto zokugqibela sele kuchaziwe kwimiqathango, leyo lula umsebenzi. Ezi zibalo zilandelayo zibonisa utshintsho H ₂ S (emanzini) ukuya S (isalfure), kunye anion MnO ₄ ^- kwi MN ²⁺ zesiqinisekiso.

Kuba eseleyo amasuntswana atomic kwinxenye asekhohlo nasekunene kwimeko asidi idityaniswa hydrogen zesiqinisekiso H ⁺ okanye amanzi eziphilayo. Isisombululo awana zafakwa ion hayidroksayidi KOWU ^- okanye H ₂ O.

MnO ₄ ^- → MN ²⁺

Xa isisombululo atom ioksijini kunye ion manganatnyh H ⁺ ifomu iimolekyuli zamanzi. Alinganayo inani lweziqalelo ibhalwe njengoko equation: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- → 4H ₂ O + MN ^2+.

Emva koko, balancing abathwele umbane. Ukuze wenze oku, cinga isixa kwentlawulo aseleyo kule ndawo, oko eneminyaka esixhenxe, uze emva koko uye kwicala lasekunene, zokuphuma ezimbini. Ukulinganisa nkqubo yongezwe izinto uqale amasuntswana kakubi ezintlanu: 8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + MN ^2+. Kubonakala isiqingatha-basabela lulama.

Ngoku alinganayo inani athom ukuba inkqubo igcwala. Ukuze oku idityaniswe ukuse- hydrogen kwicala lasekunene: H ₂ S → 2H ^{+ +} S.

Emva ngokulinganisa ophetheyo olwenziwa: H ₂ S -2e ^- → 2H ^{+ +} S. Lubonakala ukuba iikhompawundi yokuqala odlayo amasuntswana amabini athabathayo. Kubonakala isiqingatha abasabela ngayo inkqubo igcwala.

Bhala ezi zibalo emibini kumhlathi kunye nomgca maka kunye neentlawulo wavuma. Ngokutsho ulawulo ukumiselwa ezininzi ubuncinane sikhethelwe ukuba ngamnye isiqingatha-osabela wokuphindaphinda yakho. Oku liphindaphindwe oxidative kunye equation reductive.

Ngoku unako ukwenza i summation lwe amaphepha amabini, wayisonga kunye amacala asekhohlo nasekunene kunye nokunciphisa inani iintlobo-elektroniki.

8H ^{+ +} MnO ₄ ^- + 5e ^- → 4H ₂ O + MN ²⁺ | 2

H ₂ ^{S -2e - → 2H + + S} | 5

16H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ ^{O + 2Mn 2+ + 10H + +} 5

Inxaki iziphumo nga ukunciphisa inani H ⁺ 10: 6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5.

Thina khangela ukuchaneka eseleyo ion ngokubala inani athom oxygen iintolo kwaye emva, nto leyo ilingana 8 Kwakhona kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa iintlawulo zokugqibela, yaye inxalenye yokuqala esikalini: (+6) + (-2) = +4. Ukuba yonke into imatshisi, kubhaliwe kwathiwa ngokuchanekileyo.

indlela isiqingatha-abasabela iphela utshintsho ukusuka ion yokurekhoda zofuzo ukuze inxaki. Kuba yamasuntswana nganye anion kwee- inxalenye eseleyo ekhohlo kwi intlawulo icala ekhethiweyo ion. Emva koko zigqithiselwe kwicala lasekunene,-mali efanayo. Ngoku, le ion nga kuqhagamshelwa yonke molecule.

6H ^{+ +} 2MnO ₄ ^- + 5H ₂ S → 8H ₂ O + 2Mn ²⁺ + 5

^{6Cl - + 2K + → 6Cl -} + 2K +

H ₂ S + KMnO ₄ + 6HCl → 8H ₂ O + 2MnCl ₂ + 5 + 2KCl.

Sebenzisa indlela wesiqingatha-ukusabela, algorithm leyo ukubhala quadratic eziphilayo, ungakwazi kunye uhlobo lokubhala iibhalansi elektroniki.

Ukumiselwa agents oxidizing

Loo indima edlalwa ngamaziko ionic,-atom okanye ezinto ezifumana electron kakubi ityala. izinto Oxidising bangenele wokubuyisela abasabela. Baye ethile elektroniki, nto leyo sivalwa lula. nkqubo zibandakanya redox isiqingatha reaction.

Ayizizo zonke izinto bayakwazi aqhoboshele electron. Ngu wezenzi enamandla oxidizing ziquka:

• Abameli halogen;
• acid ezifana nitric, sulphuric kunye selenium;
• potassium permanganate, dichromate, manganatny, chromate;
• manganese tetravalent kunye oxides phambili;
• isilivere ion negolide;
• oksijini sukube nezixandileyo;
• divalent oxides yobhedu monovalent yesilivere;
• chlorine aqulethe components ityuwa;
• vodka yasebukhosini;
• hydrogen peroxide.

Ukuzimisela lokunciphisa

Loo ndima zezenu ionic, amasuntswana-atom okanye eziphilayo, apho ukunika intlawulo elibi. In abasabela nokunciphisa izinto baye ukusebenza oxidative phezu cleavage of electron.

Yiba izakhiwo ekunciphiseni :

• Abameli izinyithi ezininzi;
• iikhompawundi sulphur tetravalent kunye emanzini;
• asidi halogen;
• intsimbi, chromium, kunye sulfate manganese;
• chloride stannous;
• nitrogen-aqulethe arhente ezifana igaya acid, oxide stannous, hydrazine kunye ammonia;
• carbon zendalo kunye oxide divalent;
• hydrogen molecule;
• phosphorous acid.

Izinto eziluncedo indlela electron-ion

Ukuze ubhale yokusabela redox, indlela isiqingatha-abasabela isetyenziswa rhoqo ngaphezu electronic uhlobo eseleyo.

Oku kungenxa iingenelo indlela electron-ion :

1. Ngexesha lokubhala lenxaki kucingwa ion kanye kunye nemixube ezikhoyo njengenxenye yesisombululo.
2. Awunako ekuqaleni ulwazi malunga kokufumana ezimbaxa, ukuba azimisele ngayo kwizigaba zokugqibela.
3. Akusoloko data kuyimfuneko kwi iqondo igcwala.
4. Ngenxa indlela kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwazi inani elektroni inxaxheba kwisiqingatha-basabela njengoko ukutshintsha ixabiso pH isicombululo.
5. Ngu zibalo kwanciphisa iintlobo ionic inkalo iinkqubo kunye nesakhiwo imichiza ngenxa kufundwa.

Half-ukusabela isisombululo asidi

Ekwenzeni izibalo kunye ion ze-hydrogen kwemfuneko ophulaphula algorithm esisiseko. Indlela isiqingatha-ukusabela medium acid kunye Kurekhodwa ukuqala inxalenye yayo nayiphi na inkqubo. Emva koko ke zazikho ekwimo quadratic lweentlobo ion le ngokuhambisana intsalela yoyalo atomic elektroniki. kwabhalwa ngokwahlukileyo iinkqubo oxidative nabalinganiswa reductive.

Ukulungelelanisa ioksijini atom ethethelela reactions kunye agqithisile kuzisa ukuse- yayo hydrogen. Ezi zixa-mali ka H ⁺ kufuneka kwanele ukufumana amanzi eziphilayo. Ngaphandle oxygen okubangelwa bathi H ₂ O.

Koko kwenziwe intsalela athom hydrogen electron.

Yenza summation kwizibalo phambi nasemva kokuba utolo kunye lilungiselelo okuza.

Yenza ukuncitshiswa elifanayo ion kunye iimolekyuli. Ngu wezenzi sele arekhodwe ukongeza lilonke olungekho alenxaki asebenza anionic kunye neentlobo cationic. Inani labo ngaphambi nasemva kokuba utolo kufuneka angqinelane.

Isibalo OVR (indlela isiqingatha-reaction) kucingwa ukuba kuzaliseka xa ebhala ibinzana ogqityiweyo iintlobo eziphilayo. Okulandelayo kwilungu ngalinye kufuneka ibe ngumba ethile.

Imizekelo yeemeko emuncu

Indlela abasabela ngayo sodium nayitrayithi kunye chloric acid kukhokelela imveliso sodium Nitrate kunye zehydrochloric acid. Kuba lilungiselelo okuza usebenzise indlela wesiqingatha-reactions, imizekelo kwizibalo yokubhala ezinxulumene ebonisa yokusingqongileyo asidi.

Nano ₂ + HClO ₃ → nano ₃ + HCl

ClO ₃ ^{- + 6H + + 6e - →} 3h ₂ O + Cl ^- | 1

NO ₂ ^- + H ₂ O ^- 2e - → _NO-3 ^{- +} 2H + | 3

ClO ₃ ^{- +} 6H + + 3h ₂ Owu + 3NO ₂ ^- → 3h ₂ O + Cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^{- +} 6H +

ClO ₃ ^- + 3NO ₂ ^- → Cl ^- + 3NO ₃ ^-

^{3Na + + H + → 3Na +} + H +

3NaNO ₂ + HClO ₃ → 3NaNO ₃ + HCl.

Kule nkqubo, i nayitrayithi sodium nitrate ifunyenwe, kwaye ukusuka chloric acid baseka ityuwa. utshintsho degree igcwala ne-nitrogen-3 ukuya kwezi-5, kunye nesigxina iklorin 5 iba -1. Zombini ezi mveliso ezizo kwenze.

Half-asabela ukuya kwindawo obrak

Ukwenza izibalo xa ion hayidroksayidi kwemfuneko elivumelana ebalelwe izisombululo emuncu. Indlela isiqingatha ukusabela obrak medium kwakhona baqale ukuvakalisa amacandelo inkqubo ngohlobo quadratic ionic. Umahluko saphawula ngexesha ulungelelwaniso ioksijini atomic. Ngaloo ndlela, ngaphandle awasabela yayo ezinto excess ukuzisa amanzi, kunye icala appends anions hayidroksayidi.

'Ngumlingani ka molecule ye H ₂ Owu ibonisa umahluko mali ioksijini phambi nasemva kokuba utolo, nangenxa ion KOWU ^- kube kabini. Ngexesha arhente igcwala esebenza nasekunciphiseni arhente kuthatha O atom yi anions hydroxyl.

Indlela isiqingatha reaction egqibile ukwenza amanyathelo eziseleyo algorithm, leyo ungqamane iinkqubo ezibe agqithisile acid. Isiphelo Isiphumo inxaki lweentlobo eziphilayo.

Imizekelo for awana medium

Xa ukuxuba iodine kunye sodium hayidroksayidi kwakhiwa sodium iodide kunye Iodate, ngayo iimolekyuli zamanzi. Ukuze inkqubo balance usebenzisa isiqingatha indlela reaction. Imizekelo kwezisombululo kwealkali babe ezichaphazela zabo ezinxulumene ngokulinganiswa ioksijini atomic.

NaOH + I ₂ → Nai + NaIO ₃ + H ₂ O

Mina + e ^- → I ^- | 5

^{6OH - + I - 5e - →} I - + 3h ₂ Owu + IO ₃ ^- | 1

Mina + 5I + 6OH ^- → 3h ₂ O + 5I ^- + IO ₃ ^-

6Na ⁺ → Na ^{+ +} 5Na ⁺

6NaOH + 3Ngalo ₂ → 5NaI + NaIO ₃ + 3h ₂ O.

Isiphumo indlela ukunyamalala le ozuba kombala iodine eziphilayo. Kukho utshintsho igcwala imo element ukusuka kwi-0 ukuya ku-1 no-5 ukwenza Iodate iodide kesodiyam.

Reaction kwindawo cala

ngayo Ngokuqhelekileyo libhekisela kwiinkqubo ezenzeka kwi haydrolisis ukwenza iityuwa asidi (kunye ixabiso pH phakathi kwe-6 ne-7) okanye esisiseko kancinane (ukuba pH-7 ukuya ku-8) isisombululo.

kwisiqingatha indlela asabela ngendlela cala medium irekhodwa kwiinguqulelo ezininzi.

Xa indlela yokuqala akuthethi ngqalelo haydrolisis ityiwa. Le medium ithathwa njengokuba cala kwaye ukuya ekhohlo utolo athi amanzi eziphilayo. Kule ngobuwena, nesiqingatha-reactions ungayithabatheli acid, kwaye enye - obrak.

Indlela yesibini ilungele ukuba iinkqubo apho kunokwenzeka ukuseka ixabiso le-pH uqikelelo. Emva koko ke kuvamile indlela ion-electron kuthathwa xa isisombululo obrak okanye emuncu.

UMZEKELO yokungayi medium

Xa emanzini compound kunye sodium dichromate emanzini ifunyenwe kwenze isalfure, sodium kunye trivalent chromium hayidroksayidi. Oku impendulo okufana isisombululo cala.

Na ₂ Cr ₂ O ₇ + H ₂ S + H2O → NaOH + S + Kr (OH) ₃

H ₂ ^{S - 2e - → S + H} + | 3

7H ₂ O + Kr ₂ Owu ₇ ^{2 + 6e - → 8OH - +} 2Cr (OH) ₃ | 1

7H ₂ O + 3h ₂ S + Kr ₂ Owu ₇ ^{2 → 3h + + 3 + 2Cr} (OH) ₃ + 8OH ^-. kubeke hydrogen anions hayidroksayidi xa zidibene, ibe molekyuli 6 zamanzi. Bangakwazi isuswe ngasekunene nangasekhohlo, eshiya abangaphezu kwemfuneko utolo.

H ₂ O + 3h ₂ S + Kr ₂ Owu ₇ ² → 3 + 2Cr (OH) ₃ + 2OH ^-

2Na ⁺ → 2Na ⁺

Na ₂ Cr ₂ O ₇ + 3h ₂ S + H ₂ Owu → 2NaOH + 3 + 2Cr ( OH) ₃

Ekupheleni abasabela a kwenze imibala chromium hayidroksayidi sulphur eluhlaza mthubi kwi isisombululo obrak kunye sodium hayidroksayidi. Le oxidative amandla element S uba -2 ku-0, kwaye wabekwa chromium +6 iguqulelwe ku-3.