Inkqubo yesifo. Iimpawu zenkqubo yesibhedlele

Inkqubo yokusuleleka neyongculaza yintsebenziswano yohlobo oluqhubekayo kumanqanaba nakwizilwanyana. Iquka iimpawu eziqhelanisiweyo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zobudlelwane phakathi komnye, i-agent ye-parasite causative kunye nomzimba womntu. Inkqubo yokusuleleka kunye neengqungquthela ibonakalisa njengefom ebonakalayo kwaye ibonakaliso. Zisasazwa phakathi kwabemi ngamacandelo obungozi besifo okanye isifo, ixesha kunye nommandla.

Umlando

Ingcamango enjengokuthi "ingozi yesifo" yaqala ukusetyenziswa ukususela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Enye yeengcamango zangaphambili malunga nale nto yenziwa nguOzanam ngo-1835. Emva koko uluhlu lweentlobo zenzululwazi lwaqala ukuhlakulela imbono. Leli gama elithi "inkqubo yokubhubhisa" yenziwa nguGromashevsky ngowe-1941. Ngaphezu koko, iBelyakov ichaze umxholo wencazelo. Kamva, uphinde ubonelele ukulungiswa komgaqo-nkqubo wongcipheko.

Amacandelo

Zintathu kuphela. Ukwahlula amacandelo alandelayo enkqubo yesibhedlele:

• Iimeko kunye nesizathu.
• Indlela yokwenza ubhubhane.
• Ukubonakaliswa.

Icandelo lokuqala libonisa intsingiselo yenkqubo. Ibonisa izizathu zangaphakathi zolwakhiwo kunye nemiqathango phantsi kwayo. Inkqubo yokwenziwa kolwazi kweli candelo yenza ukuba kwenzeke, ngokuqulunqa ngokubanzi, ukuphendula umbuzo woluphi uhlobo lwesiseko se-epidemiology. Kwiyeza lonyango - kwindawo apho iimeko zengqondo zifundwa kwizinga lemvelo - icandelo elifanayo libizwa ngokuthi "i-etiology". Ikhonkco yesibini ibonisa inkqubo yokubunjwa kwebakala. Eli candelo liphendula umbuzo wendlela eqala ngayo. Kwiyeza lonyango, inqanaba elifanayo libizwa ngokuba yi "pathogenesis." Icandelo lesithathu libonisa iimbonakalo ezihamba kunye nenkqubo yesifo; Ulwazi olubonakalisa iimpawu zolu hlobo luchanekileyo. Kwiyeza lonyango, icandelo elifanayo libizwa ngokuba yi-semiotics. Emva koko, qwalasela iindidi ngokubanzi.

Iimeko nezizathu

Ukusebenzisana kwe-pathogen kunye nomzimba womntu uqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo nangokuqhubekayo kwithuba nakwixesha. Kukho iinkalo ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yesifo. Ziquka, umzekelo, i-biological. Le miba yenkqubo yesibhedlele yakha izizathu zokusebenzisana neentsholongwane. Kukho inqanaba lesibini. Izinto zendalo kunye nezentlalo ziqinisekisa ukulawulwa kweemeko phantsi kwenkqubo eyenziwa ngayo. Ukusebenzisana kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba kukho imbangela neemeko.

Imikhosi yokuqhuba imvelo

Le nto yinkqubo ye-parasitic apho ukusebenzisana okuthile kwenzeka khona. Amacandelwana alo abonakaliswe ngenye impawu ehlukile. Ngoko, ama-parasites abonisa i-pathogenicity, ummkeli uyamkela.

Intlalo yoluntu

Ezi zinto zibandakanya isethi yeemeko zentlalo ezithintelayo okanye eziphazamisa inkqubo ye-epidemic process. Phakathi kwazo:

• Ukubonelelwa ngamanzi okuhlaliswa.
• Umsebenzi wabemi.
• Phuhliso loluntu.

Sebenzi yoluntu

Ichane ngqo kwaye ichaphazele ngokuthe ngqo ukunyaniseka kwenkqubo yesibhedlele. Ukomelela umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle, ukwedlula ngakumbi ukusebenzisana kwama-parasites kunye nomzimba. Ngokomlando, intlanzi ivela kwiintshintsho kunye nemikhosi yempi. Umsebenzi wabemi ungabonakaliswa kumgangatho woluntu wonke okanye intsapho ethile.

Ukuphuculwa kobutyebi

Icandelo lalo lichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukunyaniseka kwenkqubo yesifo esiyingozi. Ingcamango yokuphucula ucoceko iquka ukudalala nokuqoqwa kokutya kunye nenkunkuma eyomeleleyo. Kwakhona, iimeko zombane kunye neenkqubo zokubonelela ngamanzi zifakiwe.

Inkqubela yeNtlalo

Inqanaba lophuhliso lwezentlalo kunye nentlalo linempembelelo engathanga ngqo kwiimeko apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzeka khona. Kule meko, ingaba nemiphumo emihle kwaye emibi. Imizekelo yexesha langaphambili ingaqwalaselwa ukuphucula ukondla kunye nomgangatho wobomi babantu kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ukukhuselwa komzimba kwabemi, kunye nokutshintsha kwimiqathango yokuziphatha, imfundo yezempilo, inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe. Impembelelo engebiyo ibonakaliswe ukwandiswa kwenani lezilwanyana eziluthayo kunye nezidakwa, ukutshintsha kwenkcubeko yesondo (ukusasazeka kwe-virus ye-viral hepatitis, ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane kaGawulayo), ukuwohloka kweemeko zendalo, ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungu omzimba.

Iimeko zendalo

Ezi zinto ziquka izixhobo ze-abiotic ne-biotic. Ezi zilandelayo zizinto zokuphila. Njengomzekelo wempembelelo yokulawula yamacandelo e-biotic, umntu unokutshintsha utshintsho kwinkqubo yenkqubo yesibhedlele ngokusuka kwimvelaphi yenani leentlobo zamarhweba kwiindawo ezikhuselekileyo zendalo. Kwi-zoonoses eziphathekayo, i-migration kunye nenani le-arthropods linomphumo olawulwayo ngokubaluleka kwalo mcimbi. Izixhobo ze-Abiotic ziquka indawo yokuma komhlaba kunye nesimo sezulu. Umzekelo, xa usondela kwi-equator, iintlobo zeendlela ze- neological ze pathologies zanda.

I-Epidemiology yezifo ezithathelwanayo

Umthetho wokuqala u-Gromashevsky uchaza indlela yokusebenzisana kwe-parasite kunye nomzimba womntu kunye ne-triad. Ngoko, kukho ezi zilandelayo ziqhagamshelwano lwenkqubo yesibhedlele:

• Umthombo we-pathogen.
• Indlela yokuthumela.
• Ubuthaka obuthathaka.

Iinkcukacha zokugqibela zenkqubo yesibhedlele zinezigaba zabo.

Umthombo we-pathogen

Ingumntu ogulayo, isilwanyana okanye isityalo. Ukusuka kuyo, ukusuleleka kwabantu abanokukhuphazeka. Ubunzima bemithombo yakha indawo. Ngenxa yezinto ezithintekayo, umntu obonisa ukuba ngumzimba okanye ubonakaliso obunokubonakalayo yintsebenziswano yezilwanyana, izilwanyana (zasendle, i-synanthropic, okanye zasekhaya) zi-zoonoses. Yaye i-sapronoses iya kuba yizinto ezizimeleyo zendalo.

Ukudluliselwa kwezilwanyana eziphilayo

I-epidemiology yesi sifo ibandakanya indlela ethile yokuhambisa ama-parasites emzimbeni ophilileyo ukusuka kubantu abachaphazelekayo. Ngokomthetho wesibini u-Gromashevsky, ukuhanjiswa kwe-pathogen kwenzeka ngokuxhomekeka kwendawo eyona ndawo. Ingaba yigazi, isikali sesikhumba, i-mucus, iifesi. Njengendlela yokunyakaza, kukho ulandelelwano kunye nesethi yemida yokudlulisa ngendlela esebenza ngayo.

Iindlela zokungena kwamagciwane

1. Indlela yeAerosol. Iquka iindlela ezilandelayo:

- emoyeni (oku kudluliselwa ku-ARVI, ukusuleleka kwe-meningococcal);

- uthuli lomoya (kunye nale ndlela yimizimba yesifo sofuba, isifo esibomvu).

2. Indlela ye-Fecal-oral. Ukuze kuthwale ezo ndlela, njenge:

- uqhagamshelwano-nomzi;

- amanzi;

- ukutya.

3. Umnxeba woqhagamshelwano. Iquka iindlela ezichanekileyo zokungatluliswanga.

4. Indlela ehamba phambili. Eli candelo liquka ezo ndlela:

- okufakelwayo (ezinxulumene nokunyanzeliswa kwezonyango: ezihlobene nokuhlinzwa, injectable, ukufakelwa, ukudluliselwa, ngenxa yeenkqubo zokuxilonga);

- ngokwemvelo (kunye nehlobo lokungcola i-pathogen ikhutshwe nge-excreta ye-transporter, kunye nenhlobo ye-inoculation injected nge-saliva).

Ulwahlulo olongezelelweyo

Kukho izinto ezininzi zokuhambisa. Ngokukodwa, bahlula okugqibela, okuphakathi kunye nokuqala. Imiba yokudluliselwa nayo ikwahlukana ngokuqhelekileyo ibe yongezelelweyo kwaye isisiseko. Izigaba zeentshukumo zokuhamba ziquka:

• Ukuqhawulwa kwezinto ezivela kwizinto eziphathekayo.
• Hlala kwindawo yangaphandle.
• Ukungena kwi-organism ebangelwe kukugula.

Ukungahambi

Kuyakwazi ukuba umthendeleko ahlaselwe ngamathambo agqugquzelwa ngama-parasites. Oku kubonakaliswa ngoluhlobo lwe-pathological and response protective specific (system immune system) kunye nokuphendula okungabonakaliyo (ukuzinza). Kukho oku kulandelayo:

• Umntu ngamnye (i-phenotypic kunye ne-genotypic).
• Iintlobo.

Ukukhulelwa komzimba kusebenza njengempendulo ethile ekungeneni kwegosa elingaphandle. Ukuzinza (ukumelana) kuyinkimbinkimbi yeempendulo zokukhusela zolu hlobo olungenanto.

Iimpawu zenkqubo yesibhedlele

Ukusebenzisana kwee-parasite kunye nomntu kubonakaliswe ngendlela yokusuleleka kokugqibela. Emva koko, umninimzi okhuselekileyo unokugula okanye abe ngabaphathi be-pathogen. Kwinqanaba elithile labantu, iimbonakalo zenziwa ngesimo sokuphazamiseka kwintlupheko, ubukho bhubhane (epiphytotic, epizootic) okanye ugxininiso lwendalo, ukuqubuka, ubhubhane okanye ubhubhane.

Ubungakanani

Ukusabalalisa ngokukhawuleza kubalulekile kwiqela elithile, ixesha, kwintsimi. Ukunyuka kwesibande kukunyuka kwexeshana kwinqanaba lokusuleleka. Ukwahlula okulandelayo kule meko kwenziwa ngokuhambelana nemimiselo yexesha leemimandla. Ukuqhambuka kwesibhedlele kukunyuka kwexesha elifutshane kwiziganeko zezifo ngaphakathi kweqela elithile. Kuhlala ixesha elilodwa okanye ezimbini zokunyusa. Ingqungquthela yenyuka kwizinga leziganeko kummandla okanye kwingingqi. Njengomgaqo, ihlanganisa enye ixesha ngonyaka. Ubhubhane lubonakalisa izinga lokusuleleka oluhlala iminyaka emininzi okanye eminyaka. Ukukhubazeka kweli phepha kusasazeka kumazwekazi.

Ukungalingani kokubonakaliswa

Iyakwazi ukuhambelana nemimandla, ixesha, amaqela abantu. Kwimeko yokuqala, ukuhlengahlengiswa kusekelwe kwingingqi yokuhanjiswa kwendawo. Ngokukodwa, bahlula:

• Indawo yehlabathi. Kule meko, intsebenziswano iphakathi komntu kunye nenkunkuma ye-anthroponoses.
• Indawo yommandla yindawo yokugcina izityalo zendalo.

Ixesha elingenalutho:

• Uhambo.
• Ixesha lexesha.
• Ukungafihlisiyo kwintsholongwane kuphuma.

Ukungalingani ngamaqela oluntu kubalwa ngeziganeko ezibalulekileyo nezizimeleyo. Ezi zilandelayo ziquka amaqela alandelayo:

• Ubudala.
• ZoLwazi.
• Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yokuhlala (idolophu okanye esemaphandleni).
• Ayilungiswa kwaye ihlelwe.

Ukusabalalisa ngokwemiqondiso ephawulekayo yesifo eyenziwa ngokusekelwe kwizigqibo ezicacileyo zeengcali. Ingabandakanya iinkalo ezahlukeneyo, njengokuthi, umzekelo wokugonya.

Ingcamango yoluntu

Isekelwe kwizikhundla zeendlela zokusebenza. Ngalesi sixhobo, inkcazo ibonisa isakhiwo esinqununu somsebenzi. Ikwabonakalisa ukusebenzisana okusebenzayo phakathi kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwinqanaba ngalinye. Ngokuhambelana nombono, inkqubo yesibhedlele inikezwa ngendlela yobunzima beenkqubo ezininzi. Iqinisekisa ukuba khona, ukuveliswa kunye nokusabalalisa iifom zezilwanyana ezincinci phakathi kwezizwe. Esi sakhiwo sabelwe amazinga a-2: i-eco-kunye ne-sotsecosystem.

Inkqubo yePasasitic

Ku chaziwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba kubandakanya abantu ngabemi kwindawo yabemi. Emzimbeni, inkqubo yokusuleleka iyaqhubeka, ibonakaliswe ngendlela yokuthutha okanye ivakalise i-pathologies eklinikhi. Xa kuphunyezwa enye indlela okanye enye indlela yokuhambisa, ukusebenzisana kwe-pathogen kunye nomzimba onokukhutshwa kukuguqulwa kube yinto eyodwa. Kule nkalo, inkqubo ye-parasitic iqulethe ulawulo lweenkqubo ezininzi ezithintekayo. Ingcamango yenkqubo yesibhedlele iya kuba engaqondakaliyo ngaphandle kokuqonda intsingiselo yendlela yokuhambisa.

Isakhiwo seemveli

Inomgangatho wezinga eliphezulu kwaye iquka amacandelwana angaphantsi:

• Umzimba . Intetho kule meko iya ngqo ngqo kwinkqubo yokusuleleka. Kuyo, iinkqubo zokusebenzisana zimelelwe ngendlela yohlobo oluthile lwe-pathogen kunye nentlangano ye-biological balance of the macroorganism.
• Izixhobo . Kule nqanaba, kukho inkqubo equkethe umntu ohlukeneyo wee-parasite kunye neeseli zendalo.
• I-tissue-organ. Kule nqanaba, i-subset yangingqi ye-parasite idibanisa kunye nenhlangano ethile yamathambo athile kunye namalungu angeniso.
• I-Subcellular (i-molecular). Apha, iifayili zezixhobo zisebenzisana nama-molecule e-biological of parasites and hosts.

Isona siphezulu kwisakhiwo senkqubo yesibhedlele yinkalo ye-sotsecosystemic, apho i-ecosystem ifakiwe njengenye yamacandelwana angaphakathi. Iyesibini imelwe njengentlangano yentlalo yoluntu. Njengesizathu sokuvela kunye nokuphuhliswa kokuqhubeka kwenkqubo yesibhedlele ngokuchanekileyo ukusebenzisana kwezi nkqutyana zombini. Ngexesha elifanayo, iziganeko kwizakhiwo zendalo zilawulwa ngunithi yentlalo.

Umzekelo:

NgoFebruwari 2014 eGuinea (eNtshona Afrika) u- Ebola ubhubhane lwaqala. Iyaqhubeka nanamhla. Ngexesha elifanayo u-Ebola ubhubhane waya ngaphaya kwelizwe kwaye kwasasazeka kwamanye amazwe. Ummandla wentsholongwane wawubandakanya, ngakumbi iSierra Leone, eLiberia, eUnited States, eSenegal, eMali, eSpain, eNigeria. Le meko iyingqayizivele, njengoko isifo saqala okokuqala eNtshona Afrika. Oogqirha kumazwe apho ukukhubazeka kusasazeke khona, akunawo amava okulwa nawo. Le meko igxininiswa ngethuba lokusongela phakathi kwabantu ngenxa yokungafani nento. Ukunceda urhulumente waseGuinea, imali kunye nabasebenzi bathunyelwe kwimibutho eyahlukeneyo yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokukodwa, uncedo lwenziwa ngu: Isiko se-Epidemiology yaseUnited States, iRashiya, iRospotrebnadzor, iKhomishini yaseYurophu. Uncedo luthunyelwe kwi-Economic Community yaseNtshona Yurophu. Kwintsimi yaseGuinea, kwakukho ibhoratri ye-epidemiology. Iingcali ziqokelele kwaye zihlalutye ulwazi malunga nesifo. Iziko le-epidemiology linike inkxaso ngenkxaso yabantu, abaxhomekeke kwintsholongwane kubemi bezempilo. Njengoko kuboniswe nguMphathi Jikelele we-WHO u-Keiji Fukuda, ukuqhambuka kuye kwaba yomelele kunazo zonke ekusebenzeni.