Inkqubo yesikolo. Iziphumlisi ...

Igama elithi "iziphumlisi" zafika kuthi zivela kwisiLatini. I-punctum ngokwelizwi "liphuzu". Iiphulophu yinkqubo efunda amanqaku okubhala kunye neemeko zokufaka izivakalisi. Ngaba kuyimfuneko ukuyisebenzisa? Ingaba kukho ulwazi olwaneleyo lwealfabhethi kunye nokukwazi ukubhala ukuqonda nokuhambisa ulwazi?

Ulwazi jikelele

Ukususela kwiileta ezithetha izandi, amagama akhiwa. Ngabo, abantu banxibelelana. Kodwa ukuze uqonde oko kuvezwe, ngamanye amaxesha akwanele ukubiza amagama ngokulandelana okuthile. Ukuthetha, umntu usebenzisa izilwanyana ezahlukeneyo, ngoko ukhulisa, uze uhlawule ithoni. Ngaloo ndlela, uyagxininisa ukuphulaphula umphulaphuli kwinto ekhankanywe. Phakathi kwamazwi okanye amaqela abo ngabanye, izikhalazo zobude ezahlukeneyo zingasetyenziswa. Ngaphandle kwazo zonke izihlandlo azikwazi ukwenza, kuba ngabo banikezela isiphakamiso semantic ethile. Ukuthetha ngoncedo lwelizwi, iiphampo ziyakwazi ukugqithisa ngokuchanekileyo ulwazi kumnxibelelwano. Nendlela yokwenza konke kumntu obhala, umzekelo, umyalezo? Ngendlela ebhaliweyo ukubonelela ngokufanelekileyo isimo sabo sengqondo kwinto esengozini? Indlela yokubonisa nokubonisa iimvakalelo zakho? Le yilapho iziphumlisi ziza kunceda. Le yile nqobo isixhobo esinceda ukugqamisa intetho kwileta.

Nentsingiselo

Ngokuhambisana nokubhala, iziphumlisi ziyinxalenye efunekayo yenkqubo yokubonakalisa nayiphi na ulwimi. Ukukwazi ukuchaneka kokuchanekileyo kwamanqaku okubhala okufanelekileyo kuyimfuneko njengopelo oluchanekileyo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, akuyi kubakho ukuchaneka nokugqiba kwimixholo yombhalo. Yintoni efunekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abafundi bavavanya ngokufanelekileyo kwaye baqonde ulwazi olunikeziweyo? Kule nto, imigaqo yeempawu zokubhala iziphulo zisekwe ngolwimi lwesizwe. Kwileta yohlanga oluhlukeneyo, banokuba neefayile ezifanayo, kodwa bahluke ngentsingiselo yabo, ngoko ke, imeko yokusetyenziswa. Kodwa into ephambili ayilona. Kubalulekile ukuba abameli beelwimi olunye baqonde intsingiselo kunye nokutyunjwa kwamanqaku okubhala ngokulinganayo.

Isici

Iimpawu zokubhaliweyo zesiRashiya zinokuthathwa njengengqondo elula kwaye ebanzi. Kwiimeko zokuqala sithetha ngamanqaku okubhala okuphambili. Wonke umntu uyazi ukuba ekupheleni kwesivakalisi inqaku lifakwa. Ukudluliselwa kwegama lombuzo, ukubonakalisa imibala engqondweni kuya kufuna umbuzo okanye uphawu lokumemeza, ellipsis. Ezi ziimpawu zokuphela kwesivakalisi. Ngamanye amaxesha izicwangciso zesakhiwo se-syntactic zihlukaniswe omnye nomnye nge-comma, i-semicolon, i-dash kunye ne-colon. Zibizwa ngokuba yimimiselo "yangaphakathi" yesigwebo. Khetha ezinye izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zokwakha usebenzisa izinto ezimbini (ii-commas okanye i-dashes), abazali kunye nabacaphuno. Le nto ibini yeempawu ezidlulileyo. Kuzo zonke zilishumi elinambini. Ukubhala nokubhala nokuqonda okufanelekileyo, abafundi kufuneka baqaphele imeko yokubeka nganye.

Ngomqondo obanzi, iziphumlisi yindlela yokwenza umxholo wendawo. Apha ungathetha ngezikhefu zomhlathi, izikhala, i-asterisks nezinye iimpawu. Ngexesha lezemfundo, kufuneka bazise abafundi. Oku kuyimfuneko yokuqonda ngokupheleleyo imigaqo yoyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwesicatshulwa. Imithetho epheleleyo kunye neenkcukacha eziphambili zeempawu zokubhala ziyaziswa kubantwana emva kwebanga lesi-7. Ngaphambi koko, babekwa kuphela imigaqo echithwayo ebandakanya iziphumlisi. IBanga lesi-8 libonelela ngokufunda ngokujulileyo kwinkqubo yeziphumlisi. Kukho ukuqonda ukuba ngokusebenzisa izinto ezicacileyo isicatshulwa sihluke kwiindawo, ubuninzi besakhiwo seyunithi yokwenziwa kunye nesigama sayo sisasazwa ngokubhaliweyo.

Vavanyo lwe phunyu

Ngokuncedwa kwemisebenzi ekhethekileyo yekhomputha ungayijonga izinga lolwazi lwakho kule ndawo. Uvavanyo luya kubonisa iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo, zibonise izizathu zazo. Iingcebiso eziza kunikwa emva kokuba umsebenzi ugqityiwe kwaye uqinisekiswe kuya kunceda ukuphepha ukusilela kwixesha elizayo. Le nkqubo ingasetyenziswa ngabafundi besikolo esiphakamileyo, abafakizicelo kunye nootitshala beRashiya, kunye nabantu abanomsebenzi wabo ohambelana nokukhula kwabo nokubhala nokuvavanya kwabanye.

Kwimbali

Ukwakhiwa kweziphumlisi zaseRashiya kwakuqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwakufana nemigaqo yeziphumlisi kwezinye iilwimi zaseYurophu. Kodwa iziphumlisi zangexesha elidlulileyo lihluke namhlanje. Amazwi aseRashiya yamandulo kunye nezivakalisi awahlulelwanga. Ababhali ngomsebenzi wabo basebenzisa iimpawu ezifana nephuzu, umnqamlezo, umgca we-wavy. Emva kwexeshana ekubhaliseni kuqale ukudibana nekholoni, abazali, uphawu lombuzo. Uphuhliso oluqhubekayo lwenkqubo lwaye lwachaphazela ukuqaliswa kweshishini lokushicilela. Kuphela ekuqaleni kweli-19 leminyaka, xa kwakhiwa ulwimi lwamaRashiya lwangoku, iingcamango ezisisiseko malunga nokuchaneka kunye nokufanelana kwazo zonke izixhobo zokubhala iimpawu zokubhala ziqiniswa . Ngexesha elifanayo, ummeli odumile wesayensi yegrama uMV Lomonosov uqala umsebenzi wakhe omkhulu: udala "iRussia Grammar" (1755). Nguye lo msebenzi wakhe owanikezela iziphumlisi zesiRashiya njengesayensi.

Iingxoxo zenzululwazi

ULomonosov waqhubeka nomfundi wakhe, uprofesa waseYunivesithi yaseMoscow, uAA Barsov. Ngokucacileyo, ngokucacileyo kwaye ngokucacileyo yabeka imithetho yeempendulo zesiRashiya emsebenzini wakhe wesayensi. Kodwa "igrama" yakhe yafika kuthi kuphela kwifom ngesandla. Ulwazi olulungeleleneyo nolungqinisisiweyo malunga neziphumlisi lunikezwa yi-Academician J. K. Grot encwadini yakhe ethi "Russian Spelling." Kwiminyaka emininzi, imbali kunye nokwakhiwa kolwimi kunye namacandelo ayo ahlukeneyo kuye kwahlolwa. Le ncwadi yileyokuqala kwelizwe lethu isethi yemigaqo yokupeliswa kunye neephulophu. Umsebenzi we-Grotto uyaziwa ngokucacileyo kangangokuba kwada kwafika ngo-1917 kwimiqulu engamashumi amabini.