Into noshowo isakhiwo - oku ... Imiba ephambili noshowo izakhiwo (iziseko, iindonga, imigangatho, amadonga, uphahla, izinyuko, iifestile, iingcango)

Le isakhi isakhiwo - imithamo layo licandelo esetyenziswa nabayili bezakhiwo, nabayili, abakhi ukuba ukwakha izakhiwo eziyimfuneko.

Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ibandakanya indibano izinto ezichaphazela umsebenzi kunye nokumisela nesakhiwo sayo. Yonke into eyakhayo lwesakhiwo - it iinxalenye zayo olungaphezu komhlaba.

Zinelungelo ukusetyenziswa yokuhlala, uluntu kunye mveliso kwaye zakhiwe ukusuka ilitye zendalo okanye ezenziwe ngumntu okanye umthi. bangafumana-ezinemigangatho enye okanye isakhiwo multi-ezinemigangatho kuyilo yayo.

isakhiwo ngasinye lilonke kwanangamacandelo alo kufuneka ibe namandla eliphezulu, uzinzo, uqinile, iyawulwa umlilo.

Amacandelo ezisisiseko izakhiwo

izakhiwo zokuhlala bamele iqumrhu owenza inani elithile kwemisebenzi, intuthuzelo emntwini kuso. Eyona engundoqo imiba akha isakhiwo:

• Foundation.
• Cellar.
• Cap.
• indawo Imfama.
• Iindonga (abangaphakathi nabangaphandle).
• Zokwahlula.
• Kwizinyuko.
• Ukudlulela.
• Roof.

Inxalenye komhlaba lwesakhiwo

Kwisakhiwo ngalinye, ikakhulu zakhiwe le nto iphambili noshowo isakhiwo - isiseko, apho ii-kwindawo somhlaba, isishiya kuyo. It isasaze umthwalo umzimba. Of amandla yayo ixhomekeke ngqongqo, uzinzo ukuqina sakhiwo.

isakhiwo Ayikho ukuba sakhiwe ngqo emhlabeni. Inani zeenqwelwana, ezahlukeneyo iimpawu zabo, izakhiwo, ukusetyenziswa kwindawo enkulu ngokwaneleyo.

Le Ingxenye kwisakhiwo amiliswe ngaphakathi ngentsontelo, slab okanye ngobuwena columnar isiseko yokugqibela, ekuxhasa eyahlukileyo.

Komgodi kuba lilungiselelo isiseko umcu kwenziwa nge iindonga ethile imibono. I angle utyekelo sibalwa ngamnye kwimeko nganye.

Kwendlu phantsi kwendlu ukulungisa, kwisithuba echazwe isiseko.

Cap Isiqwenga imele isiseko ibekwe ngaphezulu komgangatho ophantsi. Le yinxalenye isakhiwo sakhiwo kwindawo kwemiqathango ndlongondlongo ngaphezu sezulu nkqo - iindonga. Le element isebenza ubunzima ngaphezu kwabo bonke ibekwe xi superstructures emhlabeni ngamaxesha ukuqanda thawing imijikelo.

iindawo phezulu esitholeni lwesakhiwo

Zonke izinto ezibandakanyekilyo isakhiwo, elahliweyo ngaphezu moya indawo eemfama, kuqulethe othwala ziluvingcile macandelo zakhiwe umzimba overground ezifunekayo.

Otmostka ichaza umda phakathi zokwakha eliphezulu nezakhiwo komhlaba. Olu daka okhethekileyo kujikelezo ngesakhiwo. wesimeli kwayo yenziwa i uyithobele kude ukusuka eludongeni umthwalo yawo.

Icebo kunye ukuqeshwa izakhiwo abakufutshane na, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, le amanzi, okt ukhuselo bakha imvula lwangaphandle kunye nokutsalwa komhlaba. scheme Lifudumele indawo imfama uya kwenza omnye umsebenzi - ubushushu, esithintelayo umhlaba iqabaka samadoda.

Ukusebenzisa lungiselelo ndawo eyimfama ukuba izinto zokuhombisa kunye eziluqilima kwenza nje kuphela ukuhombisa entanjeni ngaphandle kwesakhiwo. indawo Imfama isebenza indledlana ngeenyawo, ebonelela indlela kwisakhiwo.

Iindonga izinto othwala nomphandle wocango

iindonga yangaphandle ziyinxalenye nkqo lwesakhiwo ebiyelweyo. Bona ke akhuselwe yemeko ezisingqongileyo. Kwilungiselelo kwesakhiwo ukuba sendaweni zinzima. Iindonga nazo umthwalo yayo ubunzima, imigangatho, uphahla lwezakhiwo. Ukongeza, imitha yelanga, umahluko lobushushu ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwesakhiwo, iimeko zemozulu.

Ukuze ukuphelisa deformation beendonga yangaphandle nangaphakathi, ekwakheni ukwakhiwa yokuthenga izixhobo zabo abasebenzisa ukuhlangabezana nazo zonke iimeko amandla ixesha elide.

Xa isakhiwo indawo element yayo eyakhayo "Udonga kwangaphakathi" - oku phakathi kwisithuba eyahlula element yokwakha. Le nxalenye alichatshazelwa siso nasiphi na umthwalo ngaphandle ubunzima bazo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa isithuba esikhulu lwangaphakathi kufuneka ukusetyenziswa iindonga zangaphakathi abasebenza abathwali. iindonga isekelwe phezu kwesiseko kwaye uzikise uhlobo yeendonga umphandle, esebenzisa izinto ezifanayo okanye ezinxulumene.

imigangatho Middle ibekwe phakathi kumgangatho osezantsi kunye imbala eyenzelwe ukuhlala abantu kwaye iimpawu noshowo kwezakhiwo.

Xa inqwelo-moya beendonga ingaphandle zakhelwe of imigangatho efunekayo lonxibelelwano yemeko ezisingqongileyo kunye nezakhiwo nobhazabhaza ezifana iifestile neengcango.

izahlulelo yangaphakathi kunye ngezinyuko

Izahlulelo kwisakhiwo elungiselelwe ukwahlulwa kwisithuba lwangaphakathi kwigumbi elahlukileyo. Ngoncedo lwabo kunokwenzeka ukuba replan le indlu ngumnini. Akukho ntshukumo ungamandla abaziva.

Izinyuko enze umsebenzi ukwazisa phakathi imigangatho, ukuvumela ukufudusa abantu kwiimeko kakhulu, kwaye iimpawu noshowo kwezakhiwo.

Izinyuko eziphambili ibekwe kwiindawo nomthwalo-zithwele iindonga, apho ibekwe iifestile, iingcango zokuhlala. Zonke izakhiwo ezinemigangatho zixhotyiswe nyuko zikaxakeka lwangaphandle ezifunekayo ukuze ngohlangulo olungxamisekileyo kunye neenkonzo zomlilo.

zidlulela

ukweqa oxwesileyo zimele iindawo kwizakhiwo ukuba lwesakhiwo zokwakha ukwenza eyahlula umsebenzi. Bakha imigangatho kwi sakhiwo, kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno ezizodwa amandla, ukuqina, njengoko imigangatho intermediate endlwini kufuneka ukumelana ubunzima bayo okanye ubunzima zonke ezinye kwizakhiwo kunye nabantu.

Awona macandelo tye baya kuthweswa yokusebenza isandi kunye nokuthintela ubushushu thermal okubangelwa nezithethe zococeko.

Uphahla kwanangamacandelo alo

Mauerlat - ilungelelanise inkxaso ukufakelwa imiqadi, isiseko lwesakhiwo eliseluphahleni.

Enye njengenxenye noshowo isakhiwo - oko imiqadi, ekufuneka ukumelana ubunzima bayo, izinto lophahla kunye imithwalo zingumvuka weemeko zemozulu: umoya, ikhephu, imvula, radiation elanga.

inkqubo Iinkcukacha uphahla eyenzelwe ukwenza imisebenzi ethile. inkqubo umqadi kufuneka ilifa iqondo eliphezulu ngqongqo ukuthintela kwiziphakamiso eziyingozi kungabangela intshabalalo kuphela isakhiwo kakhulu kophahla, unako kutshatyalaliswa.

Eyona ndlela isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo na izakhiwo truss olunxantathu, njalo-ebizwa efama. Kunye kungqameko imigangatho ephezulu yesakhiwo enxuseneyo ukuseka iifama, ukubamanya namashishini kunye izinto ezifana dityaniso ngathi ubethwe (eqinileyo okanye ngohlobo element umgca igridi - inkxaso kwezixhaso nemàbhula), baleka (umqadi, amalungiselelo tye kubume eliseluphahleni efunekayo yokuxhasa uphahla) kunye ukuqinisa .

Ukuzisa up Ezomva ubume lwesakhiwo eliseluphahleni, okuhlanganisa i iziqalelo zokwakha kunye noshowo isakhiwo kunye ngokukhuseleka nokusebenza kwalo kufuneka iipropati zokuhombisa.

Uphahla lixhotyiswe into mandatory - uphahla iqokobhe manzi, nayo olukhusela bakha ifuthe ngomatshini, abe ukuthembeka eliphezulu elide. Ukongeza nemisebenzi yokhuselo, uphahla Uyabahombisa isakhiwo, ulunika sobuntu.