Iqela Igazi: scheme ukutofelwa igazi, RH

amacandelo ahlukeneyo igazi eziliqela ezahlukileyo, nto leyo enokuchaphazela kakubi xa ukudibanisa amaqela amabini ezahlukeneyo. внутри организма. simanga luchazwa ubukho komhlaba kunye plasma kwiqela ngalinye lwendibaniso agglutinogens ngamnye kunye agglutinins, ezinako ukukulumkisela ukwahlula basemzini erythrocytes zalo, ukuthintela ukuba ezisebenza ngaphakathi emzimbeni. iiseli omzimba ukusuka agglutinogens yabantu bangaphandle zibonwa njenge isisongelo. Kwaye ngeenjongo zokuzikhusela umzimba lidla ukonakalisa nokususa nabo ngoncedo agglutinins equlethwe plasma iiseli igazi labo abomvu.

Kwanangaphambi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX, kwakukholelwa ukuba uyakwazi ukudibanisa naliphi na igazi ukuba sibi. Kwaye ngamanye amaxesha onke iphelile kwanokufa kuba igazi eli alubonwanga yi umzimba. Ukuphuhlisa adhesion nokonakaliswa iiseli ezibomvu zegazi. Makubulelwe ke uKarl Landsteiner, owaba nako ukubona aze abonise ubukho iiseli zegazi agglutinogens ezibomvu kunye agglutinins ngoku umahluko phakathi kwegazi kunye igazi scheme yaba ekhuselekileyo.

lwegazi

Inkqubo oluphuhliswe Landsteiner, kuthiwa ABO. Yi ligazi ihlelwa amaqela amane ngokuxhomekeke agglutinogens, zibonakaliswe A no-B kunye agglutinins a, phezulu umgca b.

Agglutinogens (Isilwa) - izinto ezintsonkothileyo, ibekwe kwi inwebu yeseli ezibomvu, ezi lecebo kwaye njengelifa kubazali.

Agglutinin (lomzimba) - immunoglobulins, erythrocyte plasma eyenziwe ngendlela yemvelo ukukhusela umzimba izakhi azikho phezu erythrocyte. Bona eziveliswe kunyaka wokuqala wobomi, njengoko zikhusela amajoni omzimba ukuba bangene iiproteni kunye nezakhi amazwe.

Njengoko kubonakala etafileni, iseti ngamnye antigen group igazi umahluko agglutinin leyo ukuphuhlisa awakwazi ezilahlekileyo ngenxa yokhuseleko. Kwi-plasma, iiseli ezibomvu begazi ziveliswa agglutinins uchasaniso uhlobo ezisegazini kwi ndizayo. Le umahluko okhoyo, ukuze, xa tapeworm erythrocytes igazi ngaphandle qela, bakhawuleza wabatshabalalisa ezisegazini ngaphandle kokonakalisa iiseli alo.

RH igazi factor

Ukutofelwa igazi Amaqela scheme ulungelelwaniso kuvumelekile kubalulekile ukuba uthathe ingqalelo egazini RH factor. RH factor - inkalo rhoqo loo nto ukutshintsha phezu ubomi ngegazi inkqubo yokuhlela Rhesus (RH). inkqubo RH isekelwe phezu ukuphawulwa awakwazi ezintandathu C, D, E, c, d, e phezu iiseli ezibomvu, yabhaqwa 1940 Karl Landsteiner kunye Alexander Weiner.

Ukuba erythrocyte umphezulu iantigens ibhaqwe D (efumaneka 80% abantu) okanye ubukho ngaxeshanye antigen C no-E, igazi bobabo RH zemfuduko H. +. Kwimeko yeli qela nezakhi ububonile RH into negative Rh-.

Ukubaluleka i-RH factor in lutofelo

Igazi ukuze ube amaxabiso efanayo kwenkqubo Rhesus. Ngenxa yoko, umamkeli kunye RH negative-Nomalizo igazi liya ilingane kuphela inani lino-minus. Ngokufanayo,, kodwa kwiimeko ezintle ezibalulekileyo wavumela nokubandakanywa legazi ezimbi RH-ngezixa ezincinane, ml kwi abaninzi 200. Xa igazi loo ukungavumelani lungenzeki, kodwa ukufaka igazi kunye iiseli negative-RH red ezinexabiso ezintle baphawula impendulo yokuzikhusela omzimba ukuba iantigens D. Xa uzingela erythrocytes amazwe amajoni omzimba iqalisa ukuvelisa agglutinins (d, c, e), apho umonakalo kuphalala eziseleni egazini ezibomvu, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba nemiphumela emibi ngenxa yento eziphilayo. Inkqubo ABO kunye Rhesus umahluko zonke iintlobo igazi ezisibhozo.

ukuhambelana igazi

Igazi - inkqubo Blood gazi, leyo esetyenziselwa ubuyisele ukulingana kunye negazi ukugeleza kwegazi. igazi kufuneka isebenzisane yezixhobo zombini iinkqubo kunye igazi kumamkeli. Ukuze ixesha elide bekukholeleka ukuba kukho abanikelayo jikelele umamkeli jikelele. Okwangoku, la magama mabini ziye phantse nxeba evela kwinkqubo yonyango. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo ngaphandle uhlobo lwegazi ixesha nalowo efana kunye RH factor maxa wambi elisetyenziswa kuthiwo mali ezincinane, engekho ngaphezulu kwe-500 ml.

Xa igazi jikelele ziquka iqela lokuqala kunye nexabiso rhesus thabatha 0 (I) Rh-, ekubeni isakhiwo waso hayi awakwazi self. Universal Umamkeli ingqalelo iqela elungileyo yesine AB (IV) H. +, ngenxa yokuba ubukho kwi erythrocyte ezisegazini inwebu A no-B ke, nangona kunjalo, isimiso ezama ukubamba ukutofelwa kunye namaqela afanayo.

lwegazi I: soGuquguquko yesekethe

Kwiqela I ukutofelwa igazi kunye RH engenaxabiso (0 (I) Rh-) ingaba ukunikela onke amaqela igazi kunye factor akhabayo kunye rhesus ngexesha ukutofelwa likaxakeka kwaye ukuba kuyimfuneko ukwenza isixa esikhulu yomnikelo ngokuba iqela ngesalathisi rhesus efanayo.

Ngokuba uhlobo lwegazi umamkeli kuqala RH factor donor igazi HIV kungenza ukuba ngowokuqala amaqela entle okanye embi 0 (I) RH - / +. Iqela lokuqala igazi kunye RH zokunganyangeki ezimbi ukutofelwa ukuvelisa kuphela iqela efana 0 (I) Rh-.

Zokungahambisani iqela lesibini

Iqela ezimbi yesibini A (II) Rh- unako ukunikela kuba yesibini neyesine nayiphi na rhesus exponent. Iqela lesibini entle A (II) H. + lisetyenziswa AB (IV) RH + factor donor-kuphela yesibini neyesine ezilungileyo rhesus.

Umamkeli neqela yesibini entle A (II) RH donor + igazi ukufumana yokuqala 0 (I) RH - / + A kunye neqela yesibini (II) RH - / + rhesus nayo nayiphi exponent. Ukuba umamkeli igazi amiselweyo rhesus ezimbi Ixabiso A (II) Rh- imveliso igazi kunye namaqela njengokuba ixabiso lesibini ezintle kuphela ezimbi RH.

Iqela soGuquguquko kwezintathu

Njengokuba iqela exhasanayo igazi wesithathu Rhesus factor B HIV (III) RH +
esetyenziselwa abamkeli ukutofelwa igazi kunye neqela lesithathu nakwesesine Isalathisi rhesus ezintle. Iqela lesithathu ezimbi ehambelanayo ukuba mnikelo kwiqela nakwesesithathu nakwesesine igazi, kuba naliphi na ixabiso RH kwi umamkeli.

Abanikazi iqela lesithathu yokutofelwa igazi amaqela wokuqala nowesithathu HIV kunye Rhesus ezimbi okanye ezintle. Eyesithathu ayahambisana ezimbi Lubonakala kunye yesithathu iqela yesine kunye ezimbi-RH.

Zokungahambisani iqela yesine

Wanikela ngegazi iqela yesine nge RH into entle ilungele kuphela abamkeli ukutofelwa igazi kunye namaqela afanayo kwaye kwi inkawu. I-negative yesine iyahambelana ukuba ukutofelwa kwakhona kuphela iqela yesine kunye ezimbi nezilungileyo RH.

Apha umamkeli kwiqela entle yesine AB (IV) H. + ubhetyebhetye kwaye uthatha lixabiso elingqinelanayo iqela igazi rhesus ngokupheleleyo konke konke RH naziphi amaxabiso. Xa ezimpontshelwa ezimbi-RH kokusebenzisa igazi ezibomvu iiseli onke amaqela kuphela rhesus ezimbi.

Imingcipheko ukutofelwa amaqela ezingahambelaniyo

Umngcipheko iphambili ukutofelwa igazi agglutination.

Agglutination - inkqubo nisondelelane erythrocytes, esa entshabalalweni yabo ikhula wadibana khona umzimba kwi agglutinogens egazini apho umamkeli kuphuhliswa agglutinin igazi. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho agglutination xa edibanisa igazi kunye nezakhi ezifanayo kunye agglutinins A kunye, kunye b. Xa ukusebenzisa enjalo omzimba (a okanye b) kuphuhliswa ukuba iantigens angekhoyo (A okanye B) kutshabalalisa donor iiseli ezibomvu, nto leyo ukulungisa agcina kunye hemolysis (yokubola). Igazi ke umthuthi engundoqo mpilo kuzo zonke iiseli emzimbeni, ngoko ke ukuwa kamva iiseli ezibomvu ibunjiwe ukutofelwa othukile, leyo kunokubangela imiphumo ebuhlungu kunye nokufa. Kungenxa yokuba loo ingqalelo kakhulu iingozi igazi Group Schemes igazi ehambelanayo kunye nabanye.

ABO kunye nenkqubo Rhesus yengundoqo kwi Ulwahlulo, kodwa hayi kuphela. Phezu kwamanzi inwebu erythrocyte ibekwe ezinye nezakhi ezininzi aqukiweyo kungokunje ekukhetheni igazi ehambelanayo. Kodwa, izibhedlele ngakumbi nangakumbi abucala Ukongezelela ukufumanisa ubukho okanye engekho kell iantigens ezinqabileyo, leyo ukuba donor HIV iiseli ezibomvu igazi aluhambisani nayiphi na enye.