Bulgakov Sergey Nikolaevich, sobulumko Russian, umfundisi, umbingeleli Orthodox: Biography

sobulumko Russian wezakwalizwi, Sergei Bulgakov - abantu ikamva unexhala. Wakwazi iphumele kwamathandabuzo kwaye afumane indlela eya kuThixo, akuba wadala imfundiso yakhe of Sophia, wakwazi ukoyisa kungathenjwa ncam abahlobo neecawa ukulahlwa baphile isazela nokholo.

Childhood noSapho

Bulgakov wazalwa Sergey N. 16 (28) Julayi 1871 e Livny, xa ngumbingeleli intsapho enkulu, umphathi ecaweni encinane emangcwabeni. Uyise Sergei bafundise abantwana (yaye apho yena esixhenxe) kweli siko Orthodox. Usapho rhoqo ukuya iinkonzo ecaweni, abantwana wamphulaphula, yaye kamva ufunde izibhalo ngokwabo. Sergey wakhumbula ebuntwaneni bakhe ngombulelo, xa athe weza wawumdibanisa ubuhle bendalo Russian, exhaswa yi ubuhle amisiweyo ezinkonzweni. Yaba ngeli xesha yake umanyano oluhle noThixo. Yena Ndikhuliswe ungumzekelo omhle ebandleni, kwiminyaka yakhe yokuqala wayekholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo kuThixo.

iminyaka yokufunda

Kwiminyaka 12, Bulgakov Sergey waqalisa ukufunda kwisikolo ngezakwaLizwi, yena ngeli xesha, amazwi akhe, "unyana onyanisekileyo zeCawa." Emva kokuba egqibe isikolo, wangena sobufundisi kwidolophu lakhe lokuzalwa Livny. Ngeli xesha ke nzulu ucinge ukudibanisa njani ubomi bakhe enkonzweni kaThixo. Kwiminyaka emine emva koko, ngokuzalisa izifundo kwikholeji, Bulgakov ongena sobufundisi Orel. Apha wafunda iminyaka emithathu, kodwa ngeli xesha kukho utshintsho kakhulu-Outlook yakhe, yena linengxaki lokunqula, leyo dooms ukuba ukungakholelwa kuThixo. Lost ukholo Orthodox, ngo-1987, Bulgakov washiya sobufundisi koko iminyaka emibini ngaphezulu izifundo kwisikolo igrama weklasiki kwi Yelets. Kamva, wayengena Moscow State University, Faculty of Law. Ngowe-1894 yena ukumelana ngempumelelo uvavanyo lokugqibela waza wafumana isidanga master kunye nelungelo imfundiso.

imibono okuqala

Sele sobufundisi kunyaka wokuqala Bulgakov Sergey abafumana amathandabuzo kakhulu postulates zonqulo basinde enzulu ukholo ugqithayo naye nje ukunyamekela ukusuka secawa, kodwa ukuze ngakumbi ethandwa kakhulu ngeli xesha Marxists. Usebenza nzima kule ndlela entsha bulumko ngokwabo kwaye ngokukhawuleza yaba theoretician ukulawula Marxism eRashiya. Noko ke, kungekudala uyaqonda ukuba ukungaphumeleli ithiyori uguquguquka isandla yimibono. Ngowe-1902, wada wabhala inqaku elinomxholo othi "Ukusuka Marxism ukuba yimibono," echaza utshintsho iimbono zakhe.

Ezi nguqu emibonweni yakhe zihambelana umoya xesha, nezazi Russian kwelo xesha waphawulwa kwimpembelelo yimibono German yaye kamva yenkolo. Nolwazi Bebel kunye Kautsky, imibhalo Vladimir Soloviev kunye Tolstoy ikhokelela ukuba ukuphendla entsimini ezopolitiko zamaKristu ukusombulula umba okulungileyo nokubi. Kangangexesha elithile, Bulgakov uba cosmism, emva Nikolaem Fedorovym. Le quest, apho ngokuthi "ubuKristu lwentlalo" ngokupheleleyo ezilungisele nasekusungulweni Russian ingcamango bulumko kwexesha.

Ngokuthe ngcembe ingcamango Bulgakov luvuthwa kunye neefom, indlela quest yakhe yentanda nokhupho ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ezinkulu - ethi "Ukukhanya of nelingambatshiyo".

umsebenzi wokufundisa

Emva kokuphumelela, Sergei Bulgakov (biography elidityaniswe kuphela nentanda-bulumko kodwa nokufundisa) kweli sebe ukuze ubhale ithisisi yakhe zobugqirha, waqala ukufundisa uqoqosho yezopolitiko i-Imperial Technical School eMoscow. Ngo-1898, iYunivesithi ayithumele kwiminyaka emibini kwi uhambo yophando eJamani. Ngowe-1901 wamela ithisisi yakhe waza wafumana indawo le unjingalwazi kwisebe yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko le Kiev Polytechnic Institute. Ngowe-1906 waba uprofesa e Moscow Commercial Institute. iintetho Bulgakov abonisa indlela ekufuneni kwakhe, uya abaninzi kubo epapashwe njenge imisebenzi yentanda kunye nezentlalo noqoqosho. Kamva wasebenza uprofesa yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko kunye unjingalwazi Tauride University of wezakwalizwi kunye nomthetho Canon yenkolo ePrague.

Amava yomsebenzi lwentlalo

Emva ajoyine Marxists ngo-1903 Bulgakov Sergey ababenza ngokungekho ongumsunguli nkongolo kweManyano Liberation, amalungu bawo Berdyaev, uVladimir Vernadsky, VI akuMazwe angamaThanga. Njengenxenye yemisebenzi ye-Union Bulgakov naa iimbono ubuzwe, njengoko umhleli magazini "Entsha". Ngowe-1906, i-sobulumko ethatha inxaxheba ekudalweni kweManyano ezopolitiko zamaKristu, ithatha apho kwi nesekela yesibini kaRhulumente Duma ngo-1907. Noko ke, iimbono antimonarchist kuyeka ukuba basondele kuye, yaye ke yena uya wacezela phaya. Ukususela ngoko, ayisekho ukuzama ukwenza iintshukumo zentlalo kwaye igxininisa umsebenzi wayo ekubhalweni imisebenzi bulumko kunye journalistic.

filosofi yenkolo

Ngowe-1910, Sergei Bulgakov, ogama intanda uzayo ingongoma ephambili yophuhliso yayo, idibene Pavlom Florenskim. Ubuhlobo phakathi yawona ezimbini zizityebi kakhulu ingcamango Russian. Ngeli xesha Bulgakov ekugqibeleni abuyele esifubeni yenkolo, ifilosofi zamaKristu. Wamphatha kwi umba ecaweni-practical. Ngowe-1917 ukupapashwa yakhe ethi-iqonga "kunye nelingambatshiyo ukuKhanya," nayo kulo nyaka Sergey ithatha inxaxheba All-Russian Local Council, leyo ulibuyele ngubhishophu kweli lizwe.

Sobulumko ngelo xesha okuninzi yokucinga malunga neendlela zophuhliso kwilizwe nongqondongqondo. Wawabona revolution njengoko ukufa kabuhlungu konke ubethandwa kuye ebomini. Bulgakov wayekholelwa ukuba kulo mzuzu esinzima kwi emagxeni ababingeleli baba ebufundisini ekhethekileyo ukugcina uluntu kunye ngokomoya. Le mfazwe yamakhaya balomeleza ingqiqo apocalypse nizihlabe Sergei Nikolaevich ukuba izigqibo ezibalulekileyo ebomini.

umbingeleli Way

Ngowe-1918, Bulgakov wamiselwa ngumbingeleli. Ukuzahlulela lwenzeka ngoJuni 11 Danilovsky Monastery. Uyise uSergiyo ngokusondeleyo uBhishophu Tikhon yaye ngokuthe ngcembe iqala ukudlala indima ngokwanelisayo ebalulekileyo kwi-Russian Church, kodwa iye yatshintsha imfazwe. Ngowe-1919 waya eCrimea ukuba athabathe intsapho yakhe, kodwa ukuba abuyele eMoscow wayeza kuphinda kuba zimiselwe. Ngeli xesha, kwiBolsheviks Bulgakov singasondeli ootitshala ukufundisa le Moscow Commercial Institute. E Simferopol, usebenza eyunivesithi yaye waqhubeka nokubhala imisebenzi bulumko. Ke kaloku urhulumente waseSoviet kungekudala ukuphucwa eli thuba.

izwe

Ngowe-1922, Sergei Bulgakov, iincwadi zazo zingazange eyamkelekileyo, abasemagunyeni abatsha eSoviet, wathunyelwa eConstantinople kunye nentsapho yakhe. Yena ke wanikwa utyikityo kuxwebhu echaza ukuba yena wathunyelwa evela RSFSR ngokusisigxina kwaye kwimeko lokubuya uya kubulawa. Ukusuka eConstantinople Bulgakov wafudukela ePrague.

Sergey akazange afune ukuba bashiye amakhaya abo, nto leyo exabiseke kakhulu kuye. wathetha bonke ubomi bakhe likratshi ngemvelaphi yakhe Russian kunye nomxhasi esebenzayo izithethe Russian, kunyanzeleke ukuba ikhona amazwe. Waphupha ongunaphakade kutyelela eRashiya, kodwa akazange ukuba. Ekhaya wayengunyana ka Bulgakovyh Fedor, lowo baya kuze babone.

Prague period

Ngowe-1922, Bulgakov Sergey uza Prague, apho waqalisa ukusebenza kwi Russian Institute of the Faculty of Law. Ngelo xesha, ePrague wabizwa ngokuba "Russian Oxford" apha emva kokuba revolution singabala abameli ezinjalo filosofi yenkolo njengoko Lossky, G. Vernadsky, Struve, P. Novgorodtsev. Kwisithuba seminyaka emibini, Bulgakov wafundisa yezenkolo apha. Ukongeza, wenza inkonzo ecaweni umfundi Prague, kwelinye mabandla ipoma.

Bulgakov wayehlala behostele Institute ebizwa ngokuba "Svobodarna", okunyusileyo kunye neqela okhanyayo oosonzululwazi Russian kunye iinkcuba. Uyise uSergiyo yaba ngunozala phephancwadi "Ihlabathi yokomoya lomfundi," apapashwa amanqaku umdla isiqulatho zenkolo. Kwakhona waba mnye wabaququzeleli eziyintloko "Russian Student Christian Movement", ogama amalungu ihamba iinkcuba Russian emigre kunye izazinzulu.

Paris period

Ngowe-1925, Bawo uSergiyo nentsapho yakhe bafudukela eParis, apho, kunye inxaxheba ngenkuthalo, wavula yokuqala Orthodox Theological Institute, umphathi kunye unjingalwazi apho uba. Ukususela ngo-1925, wenza lukhulu yeehambo, babehamba phantse onke amazwe ngamazwe aseYurophu nawaseMntla Melika. Paris nakho iyahluka olunzulu ukusebenza yentanda Bulgakov. Eyona nto iphambili yemisebenzi yakhe eli xesha zezi: trilogy "Xinyimpfana xa Xikwembu", "uMtshakazi beMvana," "uMthetheleli", ethi "Ukutshisa iBush". Njengoko dawson of St. uSergiyo Bulgakov, Sergei kudala iziko yokwenene ngokomoya lwenkcubeko Russian e-Paris. Ihlela umsebenzi wokwakha ye zakhiwo, ebizwa ngokuba "Sergey House." Iminyaka 20 yobunkokheli wakhe ubonakala ezincinane izakhiwo edolophini kunye neecawa. Uyise uSergiyo nabo esebenza nabantu abatsha, ukuba utitshala wodumo zomcebisi abafundi.

, Yena nezilingo ezinkulu zanyanyezelwa Bulgakov kwesesibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi ke ngelo xesha sele egula kakhulu, kodwa kwezi meko zange ayeke umsebenzi wakhe ukudala imisebenzi yenkolo-bulumko. Yena ukhathazeka kakhulu malunga bayahlelwa kwilizwe lawo lonke elaseYurophu.

Sophiology Bulgakov

Ingcamango yentanda of Bulgakov kuhlangene neenkolelo. Ingcamango engundoqo - Nozipho nobulumko bukaThixo - akazange entsha kwengcinga zonqulo, iye ayenziwa Soloviev, kodwa nguBawo uSergiyo waba amava nzulu yangaphakathi, isityhilelo. ngemibhalo yenkolo-bulumko Bulgakov wayeswele ingqibelelo kunye guquki, kunoko, livunywa ezincwadini zabo, uxelela malunga namava akhe eyimfihlakalo. ingqiqo Main yokomoya imfundiso yakhe, Nozipho nobulumko bukaThixo, oko iqondwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: ukusuka ngumfuziselo ubufazi njengoko kokusekwa kwehlabathi main izinto sibumbane, ubulumko jikelele nokulunga. Imfundiso Bulgakov ugwetyiwe yi-Orthodox, akazange wayetyholwa ngokuba ngumchasi, kodwa wachaza iimpazamo miscalculations. Ithiyori khange wazuza uhlobo epheleleyo wahlala zibona kakuhle ezahlukahlukeneyo.

impilo Personal

Bulgakov Sergey Nikolaevich waphila iziganeko ubomi. Emva ngo-1898, watshata intombi umnini-Elene Ivanovne Tokmakovoy, leyo wamthabatha zonke izilingo ebomini, yaye baba baninzi. Esi sibini wayenabantwana ezisixhenxe, kodwa ababini kuphela basinda. Ukufa amathathu Ivasheka waba ngokunzulu, amava esibuhlungu Bulgakov, eqhuba nzulu ngezinto lokucingisisa ubulumko behlabathi. Ngowe-1939, umbingeleli wafunyanwa umhlaza umqala, lwakhe umsebenzi elibi emphinjeni, kodwa lufundwa umgudu omkhulu ukuze bathi emva koko. Noko ke, ngo-1944 wahlaselwa sistroke, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekufeni-13 Julayi 1944.