Isenzo somthetho esiqhelekileyo njengomthombo womthetho waseRussia Federation

Kanye kunye neminye imithombo yomthetho, isiko kunye nesiphambili, isenzo somthetho esisisigxina sithathwa njengezityalo ezigqithiseleyo emva kokusekwa kwee-jurisprudence njengeziko elihlukeneyo lobudlelwane boluntu. Namhlanje kuzuza ukubaluleka ngakumbi nakwezo mazwe apho iinkolelo zonqulo zisebenza njengesiseko senkqubo karhulumente kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Elizweni lethu, indima ebalulekileyo iye yabelwe isenzo somthetho esisigxina ngokude. Imithetho kunye nemimiselo yomongameli, amaxwebhu olawulo lwegatsha elilawulayo likarhulumente liyisiseko solawulo lomthetho kunye nokulawulwa kwezigqibo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobudlelwane boluntu.

Indima yemithetho kunye nemithetho kamasipala njengemithombo esemthethweni

Imbali ikhumbula iifom zomthetho ezininzi ezisetyenziswe ngokuthe ngqo kwintsimi yombuso waseRashiya yanamhlanje: esi sivumelwano sokuzithandela, ngokuqinisekileyo umgaqo-mthetho kunye nesithethe. Ngamnye wabo unentsingiselo eyahlukileyo, unomlinganiselo ohlukeneyo. Isenzo somgwebo sasekhaya asizange sisebenze ngokusemthethweni njengomthombo ochanekileyo wokusetyenziswa kwezigqibo ezithatyathwe kwangaphambili kwiimeko zamandulo.

Kwaye nangona izenzo eziqhelekileyo ziyiyona ndlela ephawulekayo yomthetho kwiRussian Federation, kuphela izakhiwo zaseburhulumenteni eziphezulu zivunyelwe ukukhupha imithetho. Elizweni lethu, ukuthotyelwa komthetho kuvunyelwe kumalungu afanelekileyo kunye negqeba elilawulayo. Ukongezelela, umzimba ngamnye wombuso unamandla ekukhutsheni izenzo eziqhelekileyo kwimicimbi ekhethekileyo, oko kukuthi, phantsi kolawulo lwayo.

Ukuthetha ngezenzo zomthetho zolawulo njengemithombo yomthetho, kufuneka siqale siqonde iinkcukacha ezithile zezenzo zabo. Ukususela kumzuzwana wokungena emthethweni kuze kube yilapho ilahlekelwa yilapho, isebenza kwimimandla encinane. Emva kokumemezela (ukupapashwa) kwemimiselo yomthetho kusetyenziswa de uxwebhu oluphelisa, luyeka ukusebenza okanye luvumela ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho oluthile kulo.

Ziziphi izenzo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo kwi-Russian Federation?

Isenzo somthetho esisemthethweni njengomthombo wesiRashiya sinokuhlulwa ngokwemigangatho ethile. Ukuba iimfuno zakhe zenzelwe isangqa sabantu, ukuvunyelwa kwesigqibo esikhethekileyo kuthethwa. Amaphepha angenayo isalathisi esithile ayimfuneko kubo bonke abemi.
Ukongezelela, izigqibo zamabhunga karhulumente zinokubaluleka kombuso okanye kwiphondo. Kwiinkqubo ezizimeleyo, zonke iincwadi ezithatyathwe kwinqanaba likarhulumente zinomgangatho walo kuxhomekeke kumandla omthetho. Ungasasaza ngokusemthethweni ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Umgaqo-siseko weRussia Federation;
• Imithetho ye-Federal, kubandakanywa neyolawulo lomgaqo-siseko;
• Miselo kaMongameli.

Phakathi kwezenzo zokulawula ezinxulumene nemithombo yomthetho eRashiya, kukufanelekile ukukhankanya amaxwebhu olawulo kaRhulumente waseRussia, izigqibo zamasebe aphakathi kunye neenkonzo, iinkonzo kunye nezakhiwo zombuso eziphantsi kwazo. Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, izivumelwano kunye nezigqibo ezivunyiweyo kwiRussian Federation, kunye namaxwebhu amkelwe ngabasemagunyeni ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo, ayingxenye yeqela elihlukile. Ukulawula okunjalo njengemithombo yomthetho isebenza kuphela kwintsimi yommandla owamkele le sigqibo.

Umgaqo-siseko - isiseko kwinkqubo yomthetho karhulumente

Kuphezulu kwenkqubo kukuba uMgaqo-siseko weRussia Federation - ngumthetho osisiseko osebenza kuzo zonke iindawo zombuso. Ubukhulu bakhe buchazwe ngamanqaku alandelayo:

• Okokuqala, uMgaqo - siseko ngumphumo wenkululeko kunye nentando yesininzi yoluntu oluhlala ngokusisigxina kwingingqi yeRussian Federation.
• Okwesibini, lo mthetho usungula isakhelo sokwakhiwa kwezixhobo zokusebenza, imigaqo, uluntu.
• Okwesithathu, uMgaqo - siseko unquma kwaye uqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo wabantu kunye nabammi, ubeka imida yobuchule bento ngayinye kwinkqubo yesakhiwo esiphezulu sikarhulumente.

Ukuzisa izilungiso kuMgaqo-siseko weRussia Federation kunye nomnye umthombo womthetho olawulayo, onokubaluleka okungaphantsi komthetho, akulula. Inkqubo yomthetho ibonisa ukuthotyelwa kweemeko ezininzi, kwaye umbhalo wesicatshulwa uqulethe amanqaku angaphezu kwe-130, imimiselo esebenza kuwo onke amasebe omthetho.

Ukumisela komthetho: ngubani obeka imithetho eRashiya?

I-State Duma yimbutho ephezulu ephathiswe umsebenzi wokuthatha izenzo zomthetho. Emva kokufunda umgaqo oqulunqwayo, lo mbhalo uthunyelwa ukuhlaziywa kunye nokuqwalaselwa kwiBhunga leNyunyana. Kwimeko yokhetho olufanelekileyo lwesicwangciso-sithathi sininzi sabathathi-nxaxheba kwintlanganiso yenani lamalungu eSigqeba, umthetho uya kuthathwa njengamkelwe. Indima kaMongameli weRussia Federation ngeli nqanaba, ngokwenene, isisemthethweni: ukufumana isenzo somthetho njengomthombo oyintloko wamandla omthetho, kuyimfuneko ukuba asayine kwaye ayipapashe. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kuyimfuneko, intloko karhulumente inokubuyisela loxwebhu ukuba luhlaziywe.

Kukho nayiphi na imithetho, kubandakanywa ne-federal kunye nomgaqo-siseko, ukupapashwa kuyimfuneko ngokupapashwa. Izigqibo ezithe zagqitywa zonke iinkqubo eziyimfuneko kwaye zithathwe kumazinga aphezulu ziprintwe kwiiofisi zokuhlela "Uqoqo lweMithetho yeRussian Federation" okanye "iRossiyskaya Gazeta". Ngokomgaqo-siseko, izifundo zaseRussia Federation zizimela ngokuzimeleyo izikhokelo zomthetho ezilawula ubudlelwane bezomthetho kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi boluntu kwingingqi.

Izigqibo zikaMongameli kunye noorhulumente

Imimiselo yentloko yeRussian Federation ngokubhekiselele kwimimiselo yedolophu ichaza indlela yokwenza nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo kunye nenkululeko yabantu, iimfuno zabemi. Izenzo zomthetho ezikhishwe nguMongameli welizwe kwinkqubo yemithombo yomthetho ziyaqhutywa ngokunyanzeliswa kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umgaqo womgaqo-nkqubo ngumgaqo-nkqubo wasekhaya waseRashiya.

Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente unomsebenzi wokuphunyezwa kwamandla aphezulu kwisigqeba, ezi zakhiwo azikwazi ukufeza umsebenzi ngaphandle kokuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi. Ngokomzekelo, uRhulumente weRussia uqhuba imiyalelo efunekayo yokufeza imisebenzi kwindlela ekhoyo, kwaye izigqibo zayo ziqhelekileyo kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu.

Iimpawu kunye nokungafani kwemithetho evela kumasiko osemthethweni

Yintoni eyahlula ezinye iindlela zemithombo yomthetho kwizenzo zomthetho ezilawulayo? Ukwahlula oku:

• Imithetho kunye namaxwebhu angaphantsi awamkelwe kwizinga eliphezulu likarhulumente bumbene kunye nesidingo sokuthobela uMgaqo-siseko weRussia Federation, ngoko ke awuphikisi.
• Ngokungafani nesiko kunye nokuphambili, amaxwebhu aqhelekileyo acacile ngokucacileyo, imithombo ebhaliweyo.
• Akunakwenzeka ukucacisa ngokusemthethweni imigaqo yenkcubeko okanye yangaphambili, ekubeni uhlobo olunjalo luya kufumana isicatshulwa esingaqinisekanga.

Ngako oko, izenzo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo njengemithombo esemthethweni yomthetho zivela kwiziko elilodwa lolawulo, elivumela ukuba lisetyenziswe ekuphuhlisweni koluntu kwinqanaba elithile, ishini esisodwa. Ukongezelela, imithetho kunye namaphepha angaphantsi akhutshwe ngamagumbi karhulumente ephakamileyo asebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuseka umthetho kunye nokuhlelwa. Ukuqinisekiswa kweemimiselo ezenza amaxwebhu ngokubanzi kunomqobo wokumisela amandla kunye nendlela yokwenza imigaqo yolawulo lomthetho ihambelane.

Kutheni, xa kuthelekiswa nesiko, ngumthetho oqhelekileyo wamandla omthetho omkhulu?

Kwimisebenzi esemthethweni yomthetho njengomthombo womthetho we-RF kuyimfuneko kwakhona ukuthetha oku kulandelayo. Njengomqulu obhaliweyo obhaliweyo okhutshwe ngamabhunga olawulo abanobuchule, umthetho ubeka, ulungisa, uphinde uchithe imimiselo esemthethweni ekhoyo. Ngenxa yoko kulula ukugqiba ukuba nayiphi na umthetho okanye uxwebhu olungaphantsi komthetho luyisenzo sokumisa umthetho, kwaye injongo yaso kukuwusebenzisa jikelele kwiqela elingenamkhawulo. Izenzo zikaMongameli kunye nekarhulumente ezinokubaluleka okwaneleyo kokungena kwimimandla yazo yonke into ebalulekileyo yelizwe ngokuqhubekayo isebenza.

Imithetho kunye namaxwebhu angaphantsi ayaba neenzuzo ezininzi ngokunxulumene nazo zonke iintlobo zemithombo yomthetho. Izenzo eziqhelekileyo-zomthetho:

• Unobungozi obalulekileyo kunye namathuba okuququzelela ukuseka imimiselo ethile, imithetho, imiyalelo;
• Ziyakwazi ukwenza imiqathango esekelwe ixesha elithile ngelixa liqwalasela imigaqo ebalulekileyo yenkcazo;
• Ngaba ithuluzi elifanelekileyo lokuxazulula amatyala-afunwa lula, afuna ukuthotyelwa kwamalungelo okanye ukwenza imisebenzi.

Imbali yokubonakala komthetho njengomthombo osemthethweni

Njengoko sele kuthethwe ngaso, isenzo somthetho esisisigxina ngumthombo womthetho, sithatha kuqala ngaphezu kwesiko nangaphambili. Ukutshintshela kwindlela ehambelanayo yokulawulwa kobudlelwane boluntu kwenzeka kancane kancane. Inomdla kakhulu yimbali 'yesingeniso' sezenzo zomthetho zolawulo kwimimiselo yemithombo yomthetho: ekuqaleni amaxwebhu asetyenziswa kuphela kwiindawo ezihambelana ngqo nokuphunyezwa kwamandla karhulumente. Ubudlelwane bezomthetho bobucala, obungenalo propati ixesha elide lihleli phantsi kolawulo lwesigqibo somthetho nesigqibo.

Xa kudlula ixesha, impembelelo yemithetho njengemithombo ebhaliweyo iye yanda kakhulu. Izenzo zomthetho zomthetho kumsebenzi wabasebenzi, kubandakanywa neMigaqo yeMisebenzi yeRussia Federation, umthetho wezomthetho (i-Civil Code ye-Russian Federation, i-Housing Federation ye-RF, iRussian Federation) isetyenziselwa kumacandelo afanelekileyo olwalamano loluntu. Amaxwebhu asemthethweni afakwe kumthetho kwaye angaphantsi aphethwe ngaphandle kwesikhokelo somgaqo osemgangathweni wobudlelwane bomthetho.

Njengomzekelo ocacileyo, i-Code Civil ye-Russian Federation yinto esona sigxina esineziqulatho zomhlaba wangasese kunye nomthetho ongeyena mhlaba, kubandakanywa nemisebenzi yokulawula ezoshishino. Nangona le ncwadana ibhekiswa kwintsimi yobudlelwane bomthetho, isetyenziswa xa kuyimfuneko ukuseka izenzo zomthetho kwi-economic sector.

Iintlobo zemithetho yombuso: yintoni umehluko?

Into ebangelisayo yezolawulo zomthetho ezikhutshwa ngabaphathi-mthetho basemakhaya, ukuhlukaniswa kwaso kumgaqo-siseko kunye nomgaqo-siseko. Okukugqibela, ngokungathandabuzeki, kubaluleke kakhulu kumthetho kumasebe olwalamano lwentlalo olulawulwa ngabo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lezenzo kunye nommandla wokusasazwa kwala maxwebhu, bahlulwe ngo:

• Izenzo eziqhelekileyo zolawulo oluphambili - zamkelwe zikarhulumente okanye kumasipala;
• Izenzo zokumisela zengingqi - zithathwa kwinqanaba lendawo ukuba zixazulule imisebenzi yangoku yommandla.

Iziphathamandla kunye namacandelo olawulo lolawulo lwamaziko olawulo lwengingqi zikhupha izenzo zomthetho ezisisigxina zomthetho, ukubaluleka kwe-republican. Amanye amaxwebhu asebenza kuphela kwintsimi ye-okrugs, iindawo kunye nemimandla nganye. Ukulungelelanisa indawo ethile yobudlelwane bezomthetho eMoscow okanye eSt. Petersburg - izixeko ezineendawo ezikhethekileyo, abaphathi bamkela imithetho ehlukeneyo. Ngokuncediswa kwezi zigaba kunokwenzeka ukusabalalisa ubuchule kumbandela wokulawulwa kobudlelwane phakathi kwamaziko athile karhulumente.

UMthetho njengomthombo obonisa umgaqo wezomthetho

Njengomthombo womthetho, isenzo esisigxina kunye nesomthetho sisona siqhelekileyo kwaye sisebenza ngempumelelo kuba siklanyelwe ukulawula imithetho yokuziphatha, ukuseka amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi njengabameli bee-Federal Federation izifundo kunye nabemi abaqhelekileyo. Imithetho, imimiselo, imiyalelo kunye nemiyalelo zibandakanya amalungiselelo asemgangathweni anquma ukuthotyelwa kwezinto ezamkela isenzo somqulu othile. Ukongezelela, naliphi na le mithetho ekhankanywe apha ngasentla neyezomthetho ebhaliweyo, ngoko ke iqinisekisiwe kwaye iyinyanzeliso yokuthotyelwa ngabo bonke abachaphazelekayo. Nawuphi na umqulu osetyenziswa kummandla wolawulo lwemida yobudlelwane uqulethe imimiselo yendalo jikelele, ubeka, ulungisa okanye uchithe imimiselo ethile yomthetho.

Enyanisweni, umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinto eziqhelekileyo kunye nezomthetho ezivela kwezinye izixhobo zenkqubo yesistim isisicelo esiphindayo. Imimiselo yomntu ngamnye okanye izigqibo zendalo edibeneyo ezithathwa ngamaqela karhulumente zidibana kunye nokusebenza okungenani kanye, kodwa kaninzi ayisebenzi ngaphezulu kweyodwa.

Kwindlela yokulawula kunye nomthetho, zonke izinto zihlangene ngokuthe ngqo, zinamandla amakhulu ngokomthetho, kwaye ezinye zazo ziphantsi komnye nomnye. Injongo kunye nendima yolu xwebhu inqunywe yipropati yolu xwebhu ngokwayo. Ibutho elisemthethweni yesigqibo esithathwe lithembele ngokukodwa kwiinkalo zomzimba owamkeleyo. Isenzo somthetho esisisigxina ngumthetho wokudibanisa phakathi komthetho kunye nombuso, ukudibanisa ubudlelwane obukhoyo ngokubhekiselele kuluntu.